政策主导下的区域土地利用转型过程与机制——以中国东北地区为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj020190257

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

从构建政策主导下区域土地利用转型解释框架入手,以东北地区为例,探究政策主导下区域土地利用转型机制。结果表明：① 1995—2015年,东北地区经济社会发展可划分为“经济低速增长,城镇化与人口发展停滞期”与“经济波动,城镇化稳定发展,人口转型期”两大阶段。② 伴随经济社会转型,东北地区发生土地利用转型。转型特征主要表现为：在数量上,区域耕地规模持续扩张,但增速放缓,耕地内部水田占比上升;林地与草地规模持续缩减,但下降速度放缓;区域建设用地加速增长,增长主体由农村建设用地转变为城镇建设用地。在空间上,耕地分布重心持续向东北方向移动,林地与未利用地分布重心向西南方向移动,建设用地与草地分布重心呈现显著的转折特征。③ 东北地区土地利用转型是区域内不同土地利用类型在空间上由冲突到协调的持续性重构过程。区域功能定位以及经济现代化与城镇化是导致土地利用转型的核心因素。政策主导下的区域土地利用转型是政策引导下的社会-生态反馈路径与政策影响下的社会-经济变化诱发路径综合作用的结果,两者间存在耦合与拮抗过程。前者决定区域土地利用转型的方向,后者决定区域土地利用转型的速度与强度。

关键词: 土地利用, 转型, 机制, 政策, 东北地区

Abstract:

In view of the typical regional development strategic areas such as Northeast China and West China, this paper constructs a policy-led interpretation framework for regional land use transition. Based on the empirical study of land use transition process in Northeast China from 1995 to 2015, this paper further explores and explains the regional land use transition mechanism guided by policy. The results show that: (1) There are two main paths for the regional land use transition guided by policy, namely, the socio-ecological feedback path under the policy guidance and the social-economic change path under the policy influence. Land scarcity and land intensification, ecological environment protection and policy intervention, regional function orientation and land use, economic modernization and urbanization, market and globalization, population growth and migration are the main factors leading to regional land use transition guided by policy. (2) From 1995 to 2015, the socio-economic development of Northeast China showed a process of transition and land use transition took place at the same time. The transition of regional land use is mainly manifested in the change of regional land quantity structure, the conversion relationship and intensity among different types of land, and the change of spatial structure of land use. (3) Empirical study on land use transition in Northeast China shows that the policy-led regional land use transition is the result of the comprehensive effect of the social-ecological feedback path under the policy guidance and the social-economic change path under the policy influence. There is a coupling and antagonistic process between the two paths. The former path affects the process of regional land use transition by influencing the supply of different types of land. The government's understanding of the importance of different resources determines the direction of its policy role and changes the land supply. The socio-ecological feedback under the guidance of policies determines the direction of regional land use transition. The latter path comes from the changes of regional socio-economic development. In this process, economic modernization, population growth and migration, market and globalization bring about changes in regional land use demand. Regional industrial development policy and urbanization policy affect the process of land use transition by changing the direction of regional development and accelerating the process of regional development. The socio-economic change under the influence of policies determines the speed and intensity of regional land use transition. The regional function orientation, as well as economic modernization and urbanization, are the two core factors leading to the regional land use transition under the policy guidance. We also have some other findings about the regional land use transition guided by policies. For example, the implementation of some inclination policies led to the unsustainable use of regional land. Therefore, how to improve the policy system and realize the transition of land use to sustainable development through policy guidance and policy coordination should be the focus of future research.

Key words: land use, transition, mechanism, policy, Northeast China

田俊峰, 王彬燕, 程利莎, 王士君. 政策主导下的区域土地利用转型过程与机制——以中国东北地区为例[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(4): 805-821.

TIAN Junfeng, WANG Binyan, CHENG Lisha, WANG Shijun. The process and mechanism of regional land use transition guided by policy: A case study of Northeast China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(4): 805-821.

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土地利用类型	面积(万hm²)				变化量(万hm²)		变化率(%)
土地利用类型	1995年	2005年	2010年	2015年	1995—2005年	2005—2015年	1995—2005年	2005—2015年
耕地	2934.05	3017.36	3020.58	3038.89	83.31	21.52	2.84	0.71
水田	368.79	437.25	468.10	528.57	68.45	91.31	18.56	20.88
旱地	2565.25	2580.11	2552.48	2510.31	14.85	-69.79	0.58	-2.71
林地	3538.76	3481.45	3476.94	3467.30	-57.31	-14.15	-1.62	-0.41
草地	508.24	495.77	497.44	493.61	-12.46	-2.16	-2.45	-0.44
建设用地	236.04	241.76	245.20	254.71	5.71	12.95	2.42	5.34
城镇建设用地	50.32	54.26	58.58	68.24	3.93	13.97	7.83	25.75
农村建设用地	185.72	187.50	186.62	186.47	1.78	-1.02	0.96	-0.55
未利用地	426.60	409.95	405.03	391.53	-16.64	-18.42	-3.90	-4.50

主要转化类型		1995—2005年	2005—2010年	2010—2015年	2005—2015年
耕地内部转化	水田-旱地	34.41	14.88	4.02	18.90
耕地内部转化	旱地-水田	89.53	39.89	44.46	84.35
耕地-林地		16.49	4.65	0.83	5.48
耕地-草地		10.51	3.11	0.25	3.26
耕地-建设用地	耕地-城镇建设用地	2.78	3.00	6.94	9.94
	耕地-农村建设用地	2.89	0.61	0.86	1.47
	总计	5.67	3.61	7.80	11.41
林地-耕地	林地-水田	1.57	3.03	6.12	9.15
	林地-旱地	61.53	4.21	3.21	7.42
	总计	63.10	7.24	9.33	16.57
草地-耕地	草地-水田	4.21	0.55	3.29	3.84
	草地-旱地	26.26	2.47	1.63	4.10
	总计	30.57	3.02	4.92	7.94
未利用地-耕地	未利用地-水田	9.96	3.17	10.19	13.36
	未利用地-旱地	16.98	1.55	0.83	2.38
	总计	26.94	4.71	11.02	15.73