基于复杂性科学的绿洲城镇化演进理论探讨

doi:10.11821/dlyj201602004

Abstract

Abstract:

Oasis cities are the most concentrated zones of human activity and the most vulnerable places in the arid region of northwest China. The urbanization rate rose from 15% at the beginning of the reform and opening up to 44.75% in 2013. Oasis urbanization is a typical complex giant system, featured with nonlinearity, self-organization, self-adaptability, fluctuation and feedback. Research on the mechanism of oasis urbanization is significant for the planning and construction of new-type urbanization in China's arid areas. Based on complexity theory, we analyzed the generation, evolution and transformation process of oasis urbanization, and built the theoretical framework of oasis urbanization evolution mainly from three dimensions of the emerging generation, coordinated sustenance and critical phase transition innovatively, by using proper concepts like emergence and synergism and the model of basin of attraction, according to which the Northam Curve was reinterpreted. The study indicated that: (1) Oasis city is an entire structural and functional emergence phenomenon of a human-centered oasis region system from the perspective of multiple spatial and time dimensions, and its formation conditions include generating subjects, self-organization and limited formation mechanism and environment policy. (2) Competitive and synergic mechanisms keep the vitality and evolution stability of the oasis urbanization system, which is the basic motive force of the system evolution. According to the synergetics theory and dissipative structure, we build the synergy degree and order degree of oasis urbanization evolution to recognize the evolution direction of such system. (3) Oasis urbanization process is also essentially a self-organized critical phase transition, which is the dialectical unity in the aspects of rheology and mutation, order and chaos, stability and non-stability. (4) The positive and negative feedback mechanisms in space and time improve the complexity and order of oasis urbanization, which approaches to the state of self-organized criticality; meanwhile, the vitality and diversity of urbanization system are reinforced in this process. Furthermore, the complex system models, such as multi-agent model, the complex adaptive system model, bionic calculation and social computing, will play an important role in the research of urbanization simulating and forecasting.

Key words: oasis urbanization, complexity theory, new-type urbanization, emergence, synergism, basin of attraction, Northam Curve

Haimeng LIU, Chuanglin FANG, Hanying MAO, Peiji SHI. Mechanism of oasis urbanization: A theoretical framework based on complexity theory[J].GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2016, 35(2): 242-255.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

References 52

[1]	方创琳. 河西走廊:绿洲支撑着城市化: 与仲伟志先生商榷. 中国沙漠, 2003, 23(3):334-336.
	[Fang Chuanglin.Hexi Corridor: Oasis supporting urbanization. Journal of Desert Research, 2003, 23(3): 334-336.]
[2]	张小雷, 杜宏茹. 中国干旱区城镇化发展现状及新型城镇化路径选择. 中国科学院院刊, 2013, 28(1): 46-53.
	[Zhang Xiaolei, Du Hongru.New type of urbanization in arid zone of China: Regional characteristics and strategical choice of sustainable development path. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2013, 28(1): 46-53.]
[3]	Henderson J V, Wang H G.Urbanization and city growth: The role of institutions. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2007, 37(3): 283-313. doi: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2006.11.008
[4]	魏后凯. 现代区域经济学. 北京: 经济管理出版社, 2006.
	[Wei Houkai. Modern Regional Economics.Beijing: Economic Management Press, 2006.]
[5]	叶超, 柴彦威, 张小林. “空间的生产”理论、研究进展及其对中国城市研究的启示. 经济地理, 2011, 31(3): 409-413.
	[Ye Chao, Chai Yanwei, Zhang Xiaolin.Review on studies on production of urban space. Economic Geography, 2011, 31(3): 409-413.]
[6]	段学军, 虞孝感, 陆大道, 等. 克鲁格曼的新经济地理研究及其意义. 地理学报, 2010, 65(2): 131-138. doi: 10.11821/xb201002001
	[Duan Xuejun, Yu xiaogan, Lu Dadao, et al. The study of new economic geography of Krugman and its significance. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(2): 131-138.] doi: 10.11821/xb201002001
[7]	姚士谋, 汤茂林, 陈爽, 等. 区域与城市发展论. 第2版. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社, 2009.
	[Yao Shimou Tang Maolin, Chen Shuang, et al. Regional and Urban Development Theory. 2nd ed. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press, 2009.]
[8]	顾朝林, 吴莉娅. 中国城市化问题研究综述(I). 城市与区域规划研究, 2008, (2): 104-147.
	[Gu Chaolin, Wu Liya.Studies of China's urbanization (I). Journal of Urban and Regional Planning, 2008, (2): 104-147.]
[9]	方创琳, 李铭. 水资源约束下西北干旱区河西走廊城市化发展模式. 地理研究, 2004, 23(6): 825-832. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2004.06.013
	[Fang Chuanglin, Li Ming.Urbanization mode with the restraint of water resource in Hexi Corridor arid area of Northwest China. Geographical Research, 2004, 23(6): 825-832.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2004.06.013
[10]	杜宏茹, 刘毅. 我国干旱区绿洲城市研究进展. 地理科学进展, 2005, 24(2): 69-79. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6301.2005.02.008
	[Du Hongru, Liu Yi.Progress on the study of oasis cities in arid zone of China. Progress in Geography, 2005, 24(2): 69-79.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6301.2005.02.008
[11]	王录仓, 程国栋, 赵雪雁. 内陆河流域城镇发展的历史过程与机制: 以黑河流域为例. 冰川冻土, 2005, 27(4): 598-607. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.04.020
	[Wang Lucang, Cheng Guodong, Zhao Xueyan, et al.The history process and developing mechanisms of the cities in the inland river basin: Taking the Heihe River Basin as a case. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2005, 27(4): 598-607.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.04.020
[12]	钱学森, 于景元, 戴汝为. 一个科学新领域: 开放的复杂巨系统及其方法论. 自然杂志, 1990, (1): 3-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3862.2005.05.001
	[Qian Xuesen,Yu Jingyuan,Dai Ruwei.A new discipline of science: The study of open complex giant system and its methodology. Nature Journal, 1990, (1): 3-10.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3862.2005.05.001
[13]	成思危. 复杂科学与系统工程. 管理科学学报, 1999, 2(2): 1-7.
	[Cheng Siwei.Complex science and system engineering . Journal of Manegement Sciences in China, 1999, 2(2): 1-7.]
[14]	宋学锋. 复杂性、复杂系统与复杂性科学. 中国科学基金, 2003, 17(5): 262-269. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8217.2003.05.002
	[Song Xuefeng.Complexity, complex systems and the science of complexity. Bulletin of National Science Foundation of China, 2003, 17(5): 262-269.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8217.2003.05.002
[15]	唐恢一. 城市学. 第3版. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2008.
	[Tang Huiyi.Science of City Emergence. 3rd ed. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology Press, 2008.]
[16]	Batty M.The size, scale, and shape of cities. Science, 2008, 319(5864): 769-771. doi: 10.1126/science.1151419 pmid: 18258906
[17]	吴康, 方创琳, 赵渺希. 中国城市网络的空间组织及其复杂性结构特征. 地理研究, 2015, 34(4): 711-728. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201504010
	[Wu Kang, Fang Chuanglin, Zhao Miaoxi.The spatial organization and structure complexity of Chinese intercity networks. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(4): 711-728.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201504010
[18]	Portugali J.Complexity, Cognition and the City. London: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-19451-1
[19]	吴良镛. 人居环境科学导论. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2003.
	[Wu Liangyong.Introduction to Sciences of Human Settlements. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2003.]
[20]	周干峙. 城市及其区域: 一个典型的开放的复杂巨系统. 城市规划, 2002, 26(2): 7-8. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-1329.2002.02.002
	[Zhou Ganzhi.City and its region: A typical open complex huge system. Urban Planning, 2002, 26(2): 7-10.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-1329.2002.02.002
[21]	李双成, 王羊, 蔡运龙. 复杂性科学视角下的地理学研究范式转型. 地理学报, 2010, 65(11): 1315-1324. doi: 10.11821/xb201011001
	[Li Shuangcheng, Wang Yang, Cai Yunlong.The paradigm transformation of geography from the perspective of complexity sciences. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(11): 1315-1324.] doi: 10.11821/xb201011001
[22]	Holland J H.Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity. New York: Basic Books, 1995.
[23]	陈隆亨. 荒漠绿洲的形成条件和过程. 干旱区资源与环境, 1995, 9(3): 49-57.
	[Chen Longheng.Formation conditions and process of desert oasis. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 1995, 9(3): 49-57.]
[24]	杨发相, 穆桂金, 岳健, 等. 干旱区绿洲的成因类型及演变. 干旱区地理, 2006, 29(1): 70-75. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6060.2006.01.012
	[Yang Faxiang, Mu Guijin, Yue Jian, et al.Formation causes and evolution of oases in arid areas. Arid Land Geography, 2006, 29(1): 70-75.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6060.2006.01.012
[25]	张君弟. 论复杂适应系统涌现的受限生成过程. 系统辩证学学报, 2005, 13(2): 44-48. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-6408.2005.02.013
	[Zhang Jundi.On constrained generating procedures of emergence in complex adaptive system. Journal of Systemic Dialectics, 2005, 13(2): 44-48.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-6408.2005.02.013
[26]	Serugendo G D M, Gleizes M P, Karageorgos A. Self-organization and emergence in MAS: An overview. Informatica, 2006, 30(1): 45-54.
[27]	Cilliers P, Spurrett D.Complexity and post-modernism: Understanding complex systems. South African Journal of Philosophy, 1999, 18(2): 258-274. doi: 10.1215/10642684-6-4-659
[28]	刘易斯{Invalid MML}芒福德. 城市发展史: 起源, 演变和前景. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
	[Mumford Lewis.The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformation, and Its Prospects. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2005.]
[29]	Kostof S.The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meaning throughout History. Boston: Bulfinch Press, 1991.
[30]	黄欣荣. 涌现生成方法: 复杂组织的生成条件分析. 河北师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2011, 34(5): 28-33.
	[Huang Xinrong.Emerging generation method: Conditions of formation of complex organizations. Journal of Hebei Normal University: Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition , 2011, 34(5): 28-33.]
[31]	Holland J H.Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Boston: Da Capo Press, 1999.
[32]	苗东升. 系统科学精要. 3版. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2010.
	[Miao Dongsheng.Essentials of System Science. 3rd ed. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2010.]
[33]	黄佛君, 张永明, 金海龙, 等. 绿洲的形成、发展与转型分析.干旱区资源与环境, 2008, 22(9): 5-9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-7578.2008.09.002
	[Huang Fujun, Zhang Yongming, Jin Hailong, et al.Oasis transformation and its influence. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2008, 22(9): 5-9.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-7578.2008.09.002
[34]	王德利, 高莹. 竞争进化与协同进化. 生态学杂志, 2005, 24(10): 1182-1186.
	[Wang Deli, Gao Ying.Competitive evolution and co-evolution. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 24(10): 1182-1186.]
[35]	杨亮洁, 杨永春, 王录仓. 城市系统中的竞争与协同机制研究. 人文地理, 2014, (6): 104-108.
	[Yang Liangjie, Yang Yongchun, Wang Lucang.Research on the competition and synergetic mechanism of urban system. Human Geography, 2014, (6): 104-108.]
[36]	方创琳. 耗散结构理论与地理系统论. 干旱区地理, 1989, 12(3): 53-58.
	[Fang Chuanglin.Dissipative structure theory and geography system. Arid Land Geography, 1989, 12(3): 53-58.]
[37]	董春雨. 试析序参量与役使原理的整体方法论意义. 系统科学学报, 2011, 19(2): 17-21.
	[Dong Chunyu.Analyzing the meaning of order parameter and slaving principle for wholism. Chinese Journal of Systems Science, 2011, 19(2): 17-21.]
[38]	林珍铭, 夏斌. 熵视角下的广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力分析. 地理学报, 2013, 68(1): 45-57.
	[Lin Zhenming, Xia Bin.Analysis of sustainable development ability of the urban ecosystem in Guangzhou city in the perspective of entropy. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(1): 45-57.]
[39]	刘海猛, 石培基, 杨雪梅, 等. 人水系统的自组织演化模拟与实证. 自然资源学报, 2014, 29(4): 709-718. doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2014.04.015
	[Liu Haimeng, Shi Peiji, Yang Xuemei, et al.Self-organization evolution simulation and empirical study of human-water system. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(4): 709-718.] doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2014.04.015
[40]	王浩, 杨贵羽. 二元水循环条件下水资源管理理念的初步探索. 自然杂志, 2010, 32(3):130-133. doi: 10.3969/j.issn 0253-9608.2010.03.002
	[Wang Hao, Yang Guiyu.Preliminary study on new concept of water resources management under dualistic water cycle condition. Chinese Journal of Nature, 2010, 32(3): 130-133. doi: 10.3969/j.issn 0253-9608.2010.03.002
[41]	Bak P. How Nature Works.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5426-1
[42]	Walker B, Holling C S, Carpenter S R, et al.Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 2004, 9(2): 5. doi: 10.1890/04-0463
[43]	陈彦光. 城市化:相变与自组织临界性. 地理研究, 2004, 23(3): 301-311. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2004.03.003
	[Chen Yanguang.Urbanization as phase transition and self-organized critical process. Geographical Research, 2004, 23(3): 301-311.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2004.03.003
[44]	Pulselli R M, Ratti C, Tiezzi E.City Out of Chaos: Social Patterns and Organization in Urban Systems. London: WIT Press, 2006. doi: 10.2495/ECO-V1-N2-126-135
[45]	杨永春. 突变生长: 中国 (西部) 城市转型的多维透视. 兰州: 兰州大学出版社, 2011.
	[Yang Yongchun.Transilient Growth: Multidimensional Research on City Transition in (Western) China. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press, 2011.]
[46]	Bak P, Sneppen K.Punctuated equilibrium and criticality in a simple model of evolution. Physical Review Letters, 1993, 71(24): 4083. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.4083 pmid: 10055149
[47]	贾武, 范文涛, 丁义明. 自组织临界性模型: Bak-Sneppen模型的研究进展及其展望. 系统工程理论与实践, 2006, (12): 1-8.
	[Jia Wu, Fan Wentao, Ding Yiming.The advances and prospects of a self-organized criticality model: Bak-Senppen model. System Engineering Theory and Practice, 2006, (12): 1-8.]
[48]	Northam R M. Urban Geography. New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1979.
[49]	方创琳, 刘晓丽, 蔺雪芹. 中国城市化发展阶段的修正及规律性分析. 干旱区地理, 2008, 31(4): 512-523.
	[Fang Chuanglin, Liu Xiaoli, Lin Xueqin.Stages correction and regularity analysis of urbanization course of China. Arid Land Geography, 2008, 31(4): 512-523.]
[50]	陈彦光. 城市化水平增长曲线的类型、分段和研究方法. 地理科学, 2012, 32(1): 12-17.
	[Chen Yanguang.On the urbanization curves: Types, stages, and research methods. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(1): 12-17.]
[51]	Mulligan G F.Reprint of revisiting the urbanization curve. Cities, 2013, 32(4): 113-122. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2013.03.014
[52]	Taleb N N.Antifragile: Things that Gain from Disorder. New York: Random House Incorporated, 2012.

Mechanism of oasis urbanization: A theoretical framework based on complexity theory

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 7

References 52

Related Articles 7

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 10

[1]	Sainan LIN, Qi LIANG, Zhigang LI, Ruiqiu PANG. Family migration and settlement intention in China’s medium-sized city: A case study of Wenzhou [J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(7): 1640-1650.
[2]	Jie FAN, Rui GUO. Re-recognition of precondition and driving mechanism of new-type urbanization [J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(1): 3-12.
[3]	Shan YANG, Hongni YANG, Zengmin JI, Lulu YU. The reorganization mechanism of the life circle of rural residents under the background of rapid urbanization: Based on the case study of Qunyi Community of Kunshan [J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(1): 119-132.
[4]	Tianzhao LIU, Peilin LIU, Liangjian WANG. The protection and tourism development path of ancient villages and old towns under the background of new-type urbanization: A case study of old town of Xuanzhou in Hunan province [J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(1): 133-145.
[5]	Yuemin NING, Chuankai YANG. Social integration of rural migrants under the background of new-type urbanization [J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(1): 23-32.
[6]	LU Dadao, WANG Zheng, FENG Zhiming, ZENG Gang, FANG Chuanglin, DONG Xiaofeng, LIU Shenghe, JIA Shaofeng, FANG Yiping, MENG Guangwen, DENG Xiangzheng, YE Chao, CAO Guangzhong, DU Hongru, ZHANG Hua, MA Haitao, CHEN Mingxing. Academic debates on Hu Huanyong population line [J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2016, 35(5): 805-824.
[7]	Chong PENG,Leyi CHEN,Feng HAN. The analysis of new-type urbanization and the intensive urban land use: Spatial-temporal evolution and their relationship [J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2014, 33(11): 2005-2020.