GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH ›› 2018, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (8): 1495-1514.doi: 10.11821/dlyj201808003
Special Issue: 人地系统
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Xiaoyun LI1,2, Yu YANG1,2(), Yi LIU1,2
Received:
2018-02-22
Revised:
2018-05-18
Online:
2018-08-20
Published:
2018-08-20
About author:
Author: Shi Zhenqin (1988-), PhD, specialized in regional development and land space management in mountain areas. E-mail:
*Corresponding author: Deng Wei (1957-), Professor, specialized in mountain environment and regional development.
E-mail:
Xiaoyun LI, Yu YANG, Yi LIU. The evolution process and its mechanism of man-land relationship in China[J].GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018, 37(8): 1495-1514.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
Tab. 1
The core connotations and characterizations of man-land relationship"
时间轴 | 核心需求 | 主要人类活动 | 核心要素 | 人对“地”作用的 维度/强度 | 人对“地” 的认知 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
史前文明 | 公元前200万年以前 | 果腹生存 需求 | 采集、渔猎 | - | 原点/微不足道 | 几乎没有 |
原始文明 | 公元前200万年至公元前1万年 | 渔猎、刀耕火 种等 | 天命论 | |||
农业文明 | 公元前1万年至公元1700年 | 生存安全 需求 | 农耕等 | 土地 | 一元人地关系/浮动中加强 | 人地相称 |
工业文明 | 公元1700年至今 | 以工业品为主导的物质需求 | 工业生产,能矿 开发,城市扩 张等 | 能源、矿产、土地、淡水 | 无边界的多维(围绕土地、水、能源、矿产等)/范围和强度急速扩大 | 人定胜天 |
生态文明 | 现代至未来 | 以生态品为主导的精神需求 | 区分主体功能,核算生态价值等 | 生态环境 | 有边界的多维(围绕土地、水、能源、矿产等)/以生态环境容量作为约束边界 | 可持续发展 |
Tab. 2
The core representation of man-land relationship in different historical periods"
人地关系 核心表征 | 历史阶段 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
夏商周 | 秦汉 | 三国 | 隋唐 | 两宋 | 元 | 明 | 清 | |
核心社会特征 | 青铜器、铁器;人口缓慢增加 | 精细铁器、牛耕;人口增加,个别地区人口集聚 | 战争频发,人口减少、主动南迁 | 经济繁荣,人口增加; | 疆域缩小,人口激增、商贸繁荣 | 开荒拓疆 | 灾荒严重,人口流动大 | 人口膨胀,边地开发 |
人的核心需求 | 以农产品为主的生存安全需求 | |||||||
人影响“地”的核心活动 | 农耕 | 农耕、圩田、修筑堤防 | 农耕、战争、迁移 | 农耕、商贸、开通大运河、漕仓、围海 | 农耕、商贸,开发山地,扩大 圩田 | 农耕,开辟沙地、梯田、 圩田 | 农耕、政治移民 | 农耕、开辟边地及深山密菁 |
核心“地”类要素 | 土地 | |||||||
人对“地”的认知 | 天人合一、顺时而治 | 人地相称 | ||||||
人地关系演变阶段 | 一元化人地关系初期 | “人地发展必相称”的认知期 | 在跌宕起伏中逐渐趋紧期 | |||||
人地关系核心特点 | 人类顺应自然,适度改造利用水土资源;空间上,总体和谐,局部冲突;时间上,长期协调,短期矛盾 | |||||||
人类活动多被限在河流流域,以土地开发为主的一元化人地关系开端 | 人对“地”的认知增加,作用途径丰富,强度加大;“地”的产出增加,人地基本相称 | 南北分异:北方人少地多,土地撂荒;南方适度开发,人地联系增多 | 人作用于“地”的途径增多,力度增大。南方成为人口重心,人地互动性更强 | 区域人地关系紧张有所扩展;商贸活动兴起,开始开发丘陵,人类活动范围增大 | 地广人稀,人地冲突较少;继续拓展人类活动空间 | 人多地少、人少地多并存;区域性人地不相称矛盾突出 | 人多地少矛盾渐显;人类活动空间再次扩展 |
[1] | 吴传钧. 论地理学的研究核心: 人地关系地域系统. 经济地理, 1991, 11(3): 1-6. |
[Wu Chuanjun.The core of study of geography: Man-land relationship areal system. Economic Geography, 1991, 11(3): 1-6.] | |
[2] | 伊懋可. 大象的退却: 一部中国环境史. 梅雪芹, 毛利霞, 王玉山译. 南京: 江苏人民出版社, 2014. |
[Yin Maoke.The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environment History of China. Translated by Mei Xueqin, Mao Lixia, Wang Yushan. Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Press, 2014.] | |
[3] | 李小云, 杨宇, 刘毅. 中国人地关系演进及其资源环境基础研究进展. 地理学报, 2016, 71(12): 2067-2088. |
[Li Xiaoyun, Yang Yu, Liu Yi.Research progress in man-land relationship evolution and its resource-environment base in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(12): 2067-2088.] | |
[4] | 吴传钧. 人地关系与经济布局: 吴传钧文集. 北京: 学苑出版社, 2008. |
[Wu Chuanjun.Relationship and Economic Layout: Collected Works of Wu Chuanjun. Beijing: Xueyuan Press, 2008.] | |
[5] |
安•布蒂默. 多元视角下的人地关系研究: 第32届国际地理大会上的主题演讲. 周尚意, 吴莉萍, 张镱宸译. 地理科学进展, 2013, 32(3): 323-340.
doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.03.001 |
[Anne Buttimer.Diverse perspectives on society and environment: Plenary lecture at the 32nd International Geographical Congress. Translated by Zhou Shangyi, Wu Liping, Zhang Yichen. Progress in Geography, 2013, 32(3): 323-340.]
doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.03.001 |
|
[6] | 王丽歌. 中国人地关系问题简论. 党史博采(理论), 2010, (6): 31-32. |
[Wang Lige.Brief remark about the relationship of man-land relationship in China. Extensive Collection of the Party History, 2010, (6): 31-32.] | |
[7] | 丹尼斯·米都斯. 增长的极限: 罗马俱乐部关于人类困境的研究报告. 李宝恒译. 成都: 四川人民出版社, 1984. |
[Meadows Donella H.The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind. Translated by Li Baoheng. Chengdu: Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1984.] | |
[8] | 西蒙. 没有极限的增长. 李宝恒译. 成都: 四川人民出版社, 1985. |
[Simon J. Ultimate Resource.Translated by Li Baoheng. Chengdu: Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1985.] | |
[9] | 世界环境与发展委员会. 我们共同的未来. 王之佳译. 长春: 吉林人民出版社, 1997. |
[The World Council for Environment and Development. Our Common Future. Translated by Wang Zhijia. Changchun: Jilin People's Press, 1997.] | |
[10] | 鲁西奇. 山区人口、资源和环境的相互作用与动态关系. 江汉论坛, 2008, (10): 141-143. |
[Lu Xiqi.The interaction and dynamic relationship among population, resources and environment in mountainous areas. Jianghan Tribune, 2008, (10): 141-143.] | |
[11] |
郑度. 21世纪人地关系研究前瞻. 地理研究, 2002, 21(1): 9-13.
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2002.01.002 |
[Zheng Du.Prospects of studies on man-land relationship in the 21st century. Geographical Research, 2002, 21(1): 9-13.]
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2002.01.002 |
|
[12] | 刘毅, 金凤君, 等. 沿海地区人地关系协调发展战略. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2005. |
[Liu Yi, Jin Fengjun, et al.The Coordinated Development Strategy for Man-land Relationship in Coastal Areas. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2005.] | |
[13] |
郭跃, 王佐成. 历史演进中的人地关系. 重庆师范学院学报: 自然科学版, 2001(1): 22-26, 31.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6693.2001.01.006 |
[Guo Yue, Wang Zuocheng.Relationship between man and earth in human history. Journal of Chongqing Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2001(1): 22-26, 31.]
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6693.2001.01.006 |
|
[14] | 张雷. 我国现代人地关系与资源环境基础. 中国人口. 资源与环境, 1999, 9(4): 32-37. |
[Zhang Lei.Resources and environment foundation and man-land relationship in modern China. China Population, Resources and Environment, 1999, 9(4): 32-37.] | |
[15] |
李祖扬, 杨明. 简论中国古代的环境伦理思想. 南开学报, 2001, (4): 62-68.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4667.2001.04.010 |
[Li Zuyang, Yang Ming.Ethical thought in environment in ancient China. Nankai Journal, 2001, (4): 62-68.]
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4667.2001.04.010 |
|
[16] | 吴宾. 中国古代粮食安全问题研究. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学博士学位论文, 2007. |
[Wu Bin.The research of food security in ancient CGINA. Yangling: Doctoral Dissertation of Northwest A & F University, 2007.] | |
[17] | (汉)王符. 潜夫论. (清)汪继培(笺). 北京: 中华书局, 1997: 卷五(实边第二十四). |
[(Handynasty)Wang Fu. Political Comments of Qianfu on the Era. Noted by Wang Jipei (Qing dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1997: Vol.5 (shi bian twenty-fourth).] | |
[18] | 中国水利百科全书编辑委员会. 中国水利百科全书. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2006. |
[China Water Resources Encyclopedia Editorial Board. China Water Resources Encyclopedia. Beijing: China Waterpower Press, 2006.] | |
[19] | 芮乔松. 中国交通纵横谈. 上海: 上海教育出版社, 1984. |
[Rui Qiaosong.Transport in China. Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press, 1984.] | |
[20] | 王丽歌. 宋代人地关系研究. 保定: 河北大学博士学位论文, 2014. |
[Wang Lige.The study on man-land relationship of Song dynasty. Baoding: Doctoral Dissertation of Hebei University, 2014.] | |
[21] | 樊明. 种粮行为及粮食政策. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2011. |
[Fan Ming.A Study on Grain Policy based on Grain Production Behavior. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2011.] | |
[22] | 吴海涛. 元明清时期淮河流域人地关系的演变. 安徽史学, 2010, (4): 102-106. |
[Wu Haitao.The change of man-land relationship of Huaihe river valley in Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Historical Research in Anhui, 2010, (4): 102-106.] | |
[23] | 张显清. 明代后期粮食生产能力的提高. 学术探索, 2005, (5): 96-105. |
[Zhang Xianqing.The progress of food production in late Ming dynasty. Academic Exploration, 2005, (5): 96-105.] | |
[24] | 梁方仲. 中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计. 北京: 中华书局, 1980. |
[Liang Fangzhong.The Statistics of Chinese Historical Households, Field and Assignments. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980.] | |
[25] | (清) 洪亮吉. 洪北江全集: 治平篇. 1793. |
[(Qing dynasty) Hong Liangji. The Whole Segments of Hong Beijiang: Zhiping Paper, 1793.] | |
[26] | 张雷, 黄园淅. 改革开放以来中国能源供需格局演变. 经济地理, 2009, 29(2): 177-184. |
[Zhang Lei, Huang Yuanxi.The changing pattern of energy supply-demand in China since reform and opening. Economic Geography, 2009, 29(2): 177-184.] | |
[27] | 朱国宏. 人地关系论: 中国人口与土地关系问题的系统研究. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 1996. |
[Zhu Guohong.Man-land Relations Theory: The Systematic Study of China's Population and Land Relationship. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 1996.] | |
[28] | 赵成. 生态文明的兴起及其对生态环境观的变革. 北京: 中国人民大学博士学位论文, 2006. |
[Zhao Cheng.The rise of ecological civilization and the transformation of environmental view. Beijing: Doctoral Dissertation of Renmin University of China, 2006.] | |
[29] | 雷莉萍, 钟惠, 贺忠华, 等. 人为排放所引起大气CO2浓度变化的卫星遥感观测评估. 科学通报, 2017, 62(25): 2941-2950. |
[Lei Liping, Zhong Hui, He Zhonghua, et al.Assessment of atmospheric CO2 concentration enhancement from anthropogenic emissions based on satellite observations. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2017, 62(25): 2941-2950.] | |
[30] | 曾裕淇, 徐進鈺. 永续发展:一个都市政治生态学的批判性视角. 地理学报, 2016, 82: 1-25. |
[Zeng Yuqi, Hsu Jinnyuh.Sustainable development: A critical persperctive from urban political ecology. Journal of Geographical Science, 2016, 82: 1-25.] | |
[31] | 杜文苓, 李翰林. 国际永续发展趋势初探: 以联合国千禧年发展目标为例. 台湾国际研究季刊, 2008, 4(2): 211-237. |
[Du Wenling, Li Hanlin.The study of international sustainable development trend: Take the UN millennium development goals as an example. Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, 2008, 4(2): 211-237.] | |
[32] | 包双叶. 当前社会转型条件下的生态文明研究. 上海: 华东师范大学博士学位论文, 2012. |
[Bao Shuangye.The study of ecological civilization in the current Chinese social transformation. Shanghai: Doctoral Dissertation of East China Normal University, 2012.] | |
[33] | 张旭平. “生态文明”概念辨析. 系统辩证学学报, 2001, 9(2): 86-90. |
[Zhang Xuping.The analysis of the definition of ecological civilization. Journal of Systemic Dialectics, 2001, 9(2): 86-90.] | |
[34] | 张建民. 明清长江流域山区资源开发与环境变迁: 以秦岭—大巴山区为中心. 湖北: 武汉大学出版社, 2007. |
[Zhang Jianmin. The Resource Development Changes in the Yangtze River Basin in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Take Qinling-Daba Mountains as the Center. Hubei: Wuhan University Press, 2007.] | |
[35] | 李并成. 历史上祁连山区森林的破坏与变迁考. 中国历史地理论丛, 2000, (1): 1-16, 247. |
[Li Bingcheng.A study of forest damages and changes in Qilian mountain area in history period. Journal of Chinese Historical Geography, 2000, (1): 1-16, 247.] | |
[36] |
刘毅, 杨宇. 历史时期中国重大自然灾害时空分异特征. 地理学报, 2012, 67(3): 291-300.
doi: 10.11821/xb201203001 |
[Liu Yi, Yang Yu.Spatial distribution of major natural disasters of China in historical period. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(3): 291-300.]
doi: 10.11821/xb201203001 |
|