中国人地关系的历史演变过程及影响机制

doi:10.11821/dlyj201808003

Abstract

Abstract:

The evolution of man-land relationship is inheritable. Understanding the evolution process of man-land relationship and its mechanism from the historical perspective can help us to increase the comprehensive cognition about this relationship. According to the core connotation of man-land relationship, this paper points out that resources and environment factors are the chief interaction point between human and "land", and human are in the positive position in man-land relationship. Based on this, the paper focuses on the primary human-needs, the main human activities and their action intensity as well as the cognitive ability on "land" to unfold the evolution process, and then to generalize the evolution characteristics of man-land relationship in China, and further, to extract the dynamic factors. Findings suggest that: with human productivity level rising, the perception of human to "land" has experienced successively the following periods: Almost unconscious, Unity of man and land, Mutual matching of man and land, Superior man than land, Co-exist harmoniously man and land. Accordingly, the man-land relationship in China has gone through from the bud, to the singleness relationship centered on farmland, then to the disordered multielement relationships centered on farmland, freshwater, energy and mineral resources etc. till nowadays to well-organized multielement relationships chased by human again. Historically, the dynamic mechanism of the man-land relationship evolution in China is that, productivity is the most core motivation, which promoted the development of humans' ability to act on "land"; The population is the most active power, since the population demands, and the population size and together quality increasing, enhance the closeness between human and "land"; the production relationship mainly influences the evolution process of man-land relationship indirectly through influencing human's enthusiasm for production and resource ownership; both wars and natural disasters have promoted and hindered effects on the historical evolution process of man-land relationship in China. Taking history as a mirror, the study of man-land relationship cannot be divorced from its varying background, both theoretically and practically. Also, the formation of contradictory between human and "land" in modern China has its inevitability. The basis of long-term harmonies between human and "land" rests on promoting human's scientific cognition about "man -land relationship", and also adjusting human's behaviors under various local conditions. Besides, speeding up the technology development and upgrading the mode of production are also important approaches to relieving the present contradictions between human activities and multiple land elements.

Key words: man-land relationship, historical evolution, process, mechanism, China

Xiaoyun LI, Yu YANG, Yi LIU. The evolution process and its mechanism of man-land relationship in China[J].GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018, 37(8): 1495-1514.

Figures/Tables 7

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References 36

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时间轴		核心需求	主要人类活动	核心要素	人对“地”作用的维度/强度	人对“地” 的认知
史前文明	公元前200万年以前	果腹生存需求	采集、渔猎	-	原点/微不足道	几乎没有
原始文明	公元前200万年至公元前1万年	果腹生存需求	渔猎、刀耕火种等	-	原点/微不足道	天命论
农业文明	公元前1万年至公元1700年	生存安全需求	农耕等	土地	一元人地关系/浮动中加强	人地相称
工业文明	公元1700年至今	以工业品为主导的物质需求	工业生产,能矿开发,城市扩张等	能源、矿产、土地、淡水	无边界的多维（围绕土地、水、能源、矿产等）/范围和强度急速扩大	人定胜天
生态文明	现代至未来	以生态品为主导的精神需求	区分主体功能,核算生态价值等	生态环境	有边界的多维（围绕土地、水、能源、矿产等）/以生态环境容量作为约束边界	可持续发展

人地关系核心表征	历史阶段
人地关系核心表征	夏商周	秦汉	三国	隋唐	两宋	元	明	清
核心社会特征	青铜器、铁器;人口缓慢增加	精细铁器、牛耕;人口增加,个别地区人口集聚	战争频发,人口减少、主动南迁	经济繁荣,人口增加;	疆域缩小,人口激增、商贸繁荣	开荒拓疆	灾荒严重,人口流动大	人口膨胀,边地开发
人的核心需求	以农产品为主的生存安全需求
人影响“地”的核心活动	农耕	农耕、圩田、修筑堤防	农耕、战争、迁移	农耕、商贸、开通大运河、漕仓、围海	农耕、商贸,开发山地,扩大圩田	农耕,开辟沙地、梯田、圩田	农耕、政治移民	农耕、开辟边地及深山密菁
核心“地”类要素	土地
人对“地”的认知	天人合一、顺时而治	人地相称
人地关系演变阶段	一元化人地关系初期	“人地发展必相称”的认知期	在跌宕起伏中逐渐趋紧期
人地关系核心特点	人类顺应自然,适度改造利用水土资源;空间上,总体和谐,局部冲突;时间上,长期协调,短期矛盾
人地关系核心特点	人类活动多被限在河流流域,以土地开发为主的一元化人地关系开端	人对“地”的认知增加,作用途径丰富,强度加大;“地”的产出增加,人地基本相称	南北分异：北方人少地多,土地撂荒;南方适度开发,人地联系增多	人作用于“地”的途径增多,力度增大。南方成为人口重心,人地互动性更强	区域人地关系紧张有所扩展;商贸活动兴起,开始开发丘陵,人类活动范围增大	地广人稀,人地冲突较少;继续拓展人类活动空间	人多地少、人少地多并存;区域性人地不相称矛盾突出	人多地少矛盾渐显;人类活动空间再次扩展

The evolution process and its mechanism of man-land relationship in China

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