乡村旅游地文化胁迫类型、格局与机理研究——以苏州东山镇为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj020191039

Abstract

Abstract:

Under the background of rapid urbanization, the culture of rural tourism destination is increasingly impacted, and the decline of rural culture has become an indisputable fact. Following the development trend of the rural revitalization strategy and integration of culture and tourism in the new era of China, taking Dongshan Town in Suzhou city as an example, we explored the types, spatial pattern and mechanism of cultural stress in rural tourism destinations by using qualitative research and spatial measurement methods. The results show that: (1) the scale of cultural stress of rural tourism destination constructed by the grounded theory and questionnaire survey contains 23 items and 5 dimensions, namely natural landscape culture stress, settlement landscape culture stress, production and living culture stress, interpersonal culture stress and spiritual ritual culture stress. (2) According to the results of GIS spatial analysis, the rural cultural stress space is mostly distributed along the street and water. Traffic jams are the most common stress symptoms in rural areas at the early stage of tourism development. With the development of tourism, the problems which are closely related to the life of local residents, such as water pollution and price rise, are becoming increasingly prominent. Otherwise, the spatial distribution characteristics of the cultural stress in each dimension are quite different. The general space of rural culture stress shows significant agglomeration, among which the production and living culture is most vulnerable to tourism development and shows symptoms of spatial stress. (3) The rural culture stress space has the core-peripheral pattern with multi-core hierarchical distribution, and its spatial agglomeration degree will be significantly improved with the development of tourism. There is a big difference among the spatial agglomeration characteristics of the cultural stress in each dimension. Among them, the settlement landscape cultural stress has the characteristic of large aggregation and small dispersion. (4) Factors affecting cultural stress of rural tourism destination can be identified into the individual and whole levels. The differences in social attributes and conceptual cognition at the individual level, as well as the basic conditions, social development and policy propaganda at the whole level, play a role in the emergence and development of cultural stress in rural tourism destinations.

Key words: rural tourism destination, rural culture, spatial pattern, stress mechanism, Dongshan town

XU Dong, HUANG Zhenfang, HONG Xueting, LI Dongye, SHEN Weili. Types, spatial pattern and mechanism of cultural stress of rural tourism destination: A case study of Dongshan town in Suzhou[J].GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(10): 2249-2267.

Figures/Tables 9

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项目	类型	人数(人)	百分比(%)	项目	类型	人数(人)	百分比(%)
性别	男	19	48.72	家庭所在地	陆巷	21	53.85
性别	女	20	51.28		杨湾	9	23.08
出生年份	1930—1949	4	10.26		翁巷	9	23.08
	1950—1959	8	20.51	受教育程度	初中及以下	19	48.72
	1960—1978	16	41.03		高中(含中专)	9	23.08
	1979—1989	6	15.38		大专及本科	10	25.64
	1990—2000	5	12.82		硕士及以上	1	2.56
职业	学生	2	5.13	本地居住年限(年)	≤10	2	5.13
	公司职员	8	20.51		10~20	2	5.13
	农民	8	20.51		20~30	7	17.95
	私营业主	14	35.90		>30	28	71.79
	公务员	2	5.13	是否参与旅游	是	15	38.46
	退休工人	5	12.82	是否参与旅游	否	21	53.85
家庭年收入(元)	≤10000	2	5.13	收入来源 (多选)	务农	30	76.92
	10001~50000	10	25.64		旅游相关服务业	16	41.03
	50001~10000	12	30.77		其他(外出打工、单位上班)	7	17.95
	>100000	13	33.33		其他(外出打工、单位上班)	7	17.95
	不清楚或未填	2	5.13	参与旅游年收入	平均收入(元)	95444

访谈录音片段	编码
DS-01：现在河里的水质真的很差,农家乐开多了就会产生很多污水,洗洁精那种化工的东西都留在河里了。以前小的时候,我们的井水都可以喝的,现在井水不能喝啦,整个太湖的污染都很重。还有就是整个村子的格局都已经变掉了,从我小学的时候开始变化的。	河;农家乐;井水;太湖;村落格局
DS-14：这个路（紫石街）不好,十个人十个都说这个路不行,农民出去不方便,车子开起来太颠簸了,用车子把农副产品像杨梅、枇杷运出去全颠坏了,现在都是农民肩挑着山上采下来的杨梅和琵琶挑出去,原来的路都是铺砖路,都是我们自己铺出来的,现在这个路是不行的。	紫石街;杨梅;枇杷
DS-03：我们这里游客多了以后,比如说你发了财,邻居他们就会眼红,有竞争关系了,大家都在做农家乐、开餐馆这些生意,就是旅游带来的。	农家乐;餐馆;邻里关系
DS-05：家庭和邻里关系以前也没有太好,然后旅游发展之后变得更不好。他们的思想就停留在那里,人的格局不一样,邻里关系就发生了变化,家庭关系也好不到哪去,你看这边干活的都是老人,年轻人是不干活的,到我们80后这一代可能还会干一干,炒茶和采枇杷,我觉得以后也是没有人做了。	家庭关系;邻里关系;炒茶;采枇杷

题项	自然景观文化胁迫	聚落景观文化胁迫	生产生活文化胁迫	人际交往文化胁迫	精神仪式文化胁迫
破坏了山地的生态环境（Z1）	0.624
加重了河井湖泊的环境污染（Z2）	0.776
游客采摘花果破坏了果树林木（Z3）	0.759
使当地噪音增多了（Z6）	0.425
带来大量垃圾并使村落卫生环境变差（Z7）	0.541
导致村落的地理区位优势下降（J1）		0.513
加速了村落格局的破坏（J2）		0.781
损坏了村落的古街古巷（J3）		0.794
挤压了村中居民休闲的公共空间（S2）			0.699
导致了交通拥堵和出行不便（S3）			0.639
侵犯了个人隐私并扰乱了居民的正常生活（S4）			0.565
提高了农副产品和生活用品的价格（S5）			0.661
导致家庭和亲戚关系冷淡和疏离（R1）				0.653
导致邻里之间交流变少且关系逐渐淡漠（R2）				0.819
加速了方言、谚语、民谣等的流失（R4）				0.488
导致地方民俗风情等节庆活动的商业化（Y1）					0.733
促使地方婚丧嫁娶等传统文化发生变异（Y2）					0.845
促使宗教祭祀活动氛围下降或低俗化（Y3）					0.857
导致乡约家法等规制的忽视遗忘或形同虚设（Y4）					0.825
伤害或异化了本地居民的精神信仰（W1）					0.767
居民道德素质和乡村风气下降（如W2）					0.689
降低或沦丧了居民的文化自信和文化认同（W3）					0.770
淡化或忘却了家乡的历史人物和诗文传说（W4）					0.752
特征值	2.401	1.668	2.353	1.577	5.636
解释变异量（%）	10.439	7.251	10.232	6.858	24.504
累计解释变异量（%）	10.439	17.690	27.922	34.780	59.285

案例地	类目	平均最近邻距离(m)	期望平均最近邻距(m)	NNI	Z得分	P值	空间分布类型
陆巷	乡村文化	12.07	17.18	0.70	-8.06	0.00	显著集聚
	自然景观文化	29.65	27.37	0.92	-1.08	0.28	不显著
	聚落景观文化	29.48	29.06	0.99	-0.19	0.85	不显著
	生产生活文化	35.45	27.70	0.80	-2.46	0.01	显著集聚
	人际交往文化	19.61	25.00	1.28	0.01	0.01	显著离散
	精神仪式文化	18.26	29.32	0.62	-4.15	0.00	显著集聚
翁巷	乡村文化	29.37	34.64	0.85	-3.81	0.00	显著集聚
	自然景观文化	56.60	64.54	0.88	-1.49	0.14	不显著
	聚落景观文化	38.41	40.43	0.95	-0.79	0.43	不显著
	生产生活文化	43.69	71.23	0.61	-4.25	0.00	显著集聚
	人际交往文化	53.43	58.17	0.92	-0.52	0.60	不显著
	精神仪式文化	58.41	63.43	0.92	-0.64	0.52	不显著
杨湾	乡村文化	28.58	42.00	0.68	-7.43	0.00	显著集聚
	自然景观文化	111.32	102.23	1.09	0.82	0.41	不显著
	聚落景观文化	25.33	51.31	0.49	-8.44	0.00	显著集聚
	生产生活文化	40.23	58.93	0.68	-3.38	0.00	显著集聚
	人际交往文化	69.72	61.55	1.13	0.84	0.40	不显著
	精神仪式文化	96.74	33.06	2.93	9.75	0.00	显著离散

Types, spatial pattern and mechanism of cultural stress of rural tourism destination: A case study of Dongshan town in Suzhou

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