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  • Earth Surface Processes
    CHAI Hui-xia, ZHOU Cheng-hu, CHEN Xi, CHENG Wei-ming, OU Yang, YUAN Ye-cheng
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    A methodology was designed for the geomorphologic zonalization plan based on Srtm- DEM and TM imagery with a resolution of 90m. The method was demonstrated for Xinjiang. According to interpretation and classification of geomorphologic types, research on the distribution of differently geomorphologic types was conducted using the method of geographical grid from qualitative and quantitative analysis. On this basis, the new method of geomorphologic zonalization was put forward via the system clustering analysis method, by combining the merger from bottom to top with the partition from top to bottom. Firstly, the slope, relief, and altitude value from Srtm- DEM in spatial analyst were calculated and reclassified. Through testing, the 30m relief was regarded as the critical relief value for plain and mountain. And the 7° slope was regarded as the critical slope value for plain and mountain. Combined with the old map of geomorphologic zonalization of Xinjiang, the study area was divided into six subareas as Class 1 geomorphologic zonalization through the merger-partition from top to bottom. Secondly,the data format of geomorphologic types was transformed.The geomorphologic types data was interpreted from Srtm-DEM and TM imagery, and its data format was vector. For constructing the model of geographical grid, vector data was transformed to raster. Thirdly,parameters of the system clustering analysis were calculated. Then, based on the geomorphologic types, the method of merger from bottom to top was used to implement the system clustering analysis. Finally, the new method of geomorphologic zonalization in Xinjiang was primarily realized based on Srtm- DEM, TM imagery and geographical grid. And the new plan of geomorphologic zonalization in Xinjiang was put forward. By the new plan, geomorphologic zonalization in Xinjiang includes three classes,i.e. ,macro geomorphology, medium geomorphology, and micro geomorphology. Class Ⅰ geomorphologic zonalization includes six geomorphologic subareas.Class Ⅱ geomorphologic zonalization includes 23 geomorphologic subareas.Class Ⅲ geomorphologic zonalization includes 200 geomorphologic subareas. This method can achieve the intelligentized partition of geomorphology by computer. After verification, based on the new method of geomorphologic zonalization, the precision of the boundaries of geomorphologic subareas in Xinjiang is very high.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHUO Li, ZHENG Jing, WANG Fang, LI Xia, AI Bin, QIAN Jun-ping
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    The high-dimensional feature vectors of hyper spectral data often impose a high computational cost as well as the risk of "over fitting" when classification is performed. Therefore it is necessary to reduce the dimensionality through ways like feature selection. Currently, there are two kinds of feature selection methods: filter methods and wrapper methods. The former kind requires no feedback from classifiers and estimates the classification performance indirectly. The latter kind evaluates the "goodness" of selected feature subset directly based on the classification accuracy. Many experimental results have proved that the wrapper methods can yield better performance, although they have the disadvantage of high computational cost. In this paper, we present a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based wrapper method for classification of hyper spectral data using Support Vector Machine (SVM), a state-of-art classifier that has found to be success in a variety of areas. The genetic algorithm (GA), which seeks to solve optimization problems using the methods of evolution, specifically survival of the fittest, was used to optimize both the feature subset, i.e. band subset, of hyper spectral data and SVM kernel parameters simultaneously. A special strategy was adopted to reduce computation cost caused by the high-dimensional feature vectors of hyper spectral data when the feature subset part of chromosome was designed. The GA-SVM method was realized using the ENVI/IDL language, and was then tested by applying a HYPERION hyper spectral image. Comparison of the optimized results and the un-optimized results showed that the GA-SVM method could significantly reduce the computation cost while improving the classification accuracy. The number of bands used for classification was reduced from 198 to 13, while the classification accuracy increased from 88.81% to 92.51%. The optimized values of the two SVM kernel parameters were 95.0297 and 0.2021, respectively, which were different from the default values as used in the ENVI software. In conclusion, the proposed wrapper feature selection method GA-SVM can optimize feature subsets and SVM kernel parameters at the same time, therefore can be applied in feature selection of the hyper spectral data.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    JIANG Wei-guo, SHENG Shao-xue, ZHU Xiao-hua, ZUO Wei
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    Flood disasters are among the world's most frequent and damaging types of disaster. Flood hazard, flood risk and disasters are the products of an interaction between environmental and social processes. Accurate comprehension of the condition and rule of flood disaster risk change is of critical importance for early warning and flood disaster administering.The study area, situated in the northeast of Kelantan Delta in Malaysia, is the main flood disaster area. In the other papers, the maps and data of flood disaster risk zones and flood risk index have been calculated using the Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment (FCA) method. In this paper, the condition and rule of risk change in the past decade are analyzed based on risk zone data and risk index data of flood disasters in 1990 and 2000. The risk data of the two phases are overlaid and areas of risk zone changes are summarized. Risk dynamic degree, transition matrix of risk zone change, risk index change, and the mean of change are calculated. Some conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The variation of risk zones is significant in the spatial pattern and time change from 1990 to 2000. (2) Highest risk zone and higher risk zone are increasing. Moderate risk zone and lower risk zone are decreasing. (3) Conversion among risk zones is lopsided. It is the main reason for the variation taking place in the spatial pattern of risk zones.(4) Mean risk index of 2000 is higher than that of 1990 in the whole area. Risk change is different in the local zones. (5) The change process of flood disaster risk is self-organized and complex. The self-organized character of flood disaster system is significant to reveal the internal universal phenomenon and mechanism.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHANG Xue-ping, HUANG Li-rong, JIANG Li-qiu
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    Investigation of seven soil faunas of forest ecosystem in northern Da Hinggan Mountains respectively in June, August and October of 2004 revealed that their total number was 6729, that is, 67 categories, which belonged to 51 families, 18 orders, 7 classes and 4 phyla. The dominant group is Enchytraeidae, and its individual number takes up 58.5%. The total number of common types is about 10 categories, they are Formicidae, Lithobiomorpha etc. , accounting for 35.9%, and the number of rare groups is 56 categories. The categories of soil animals in different forest communities differ greatly, the more favorable condition the habitats is, the greater the number of individuals is, and the more abundant the categories are. The distribution law of individual, group quantity and biomass is not entirely consistent, which showed complexity of community composition, that is, the distribution of individual number is Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ>Ⅵ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ>Ⅶ, the distribution of categories is Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ>Ⅵ,Ⅶ>Ⅰ, and the distribution of biomass is Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅳ>Ⅶ>Ⅴ>Ⅰ>Ⅵ. Furthermore, the proportion of each category of soil animals in total biomass differs greatly, and the biomass of Enchytraeidae and Lumbricidae is in absolute dominant position, accounting for 34.8% and 34.4% respectively, then the insect and its larva account for 22.8%, and the proportion of other categories is less than 8%. However, the dominant group of biomass is Lumbricidae in the forest of temperate zone, about 60% to 70% of the total biomass, which differs apparently from the biomass of soil animals in the forest of cool temperate zone; The vertical distribution of individuals and types is in the order of: 0~5cm>litter layer>5~10cm. The order of soil animals’ diversity index isⅠ>Ⅳ>Ⅶ>Ⅴ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅵ. Evenness and richness index is positively correlated with diversity index, and is negatively correlated with the dominance index. What’s more, individual number, category, biomass and diversity index of soil animals vary with season, in other words, the dynamic change of the total number and category with season is in the order of October > August> June. The dynamic change of the total biomass with season is October> June> August. In addition, the dynamic change of diversity index with season is August > June >October.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    NIU Jun-jie, ZHAO Jing-bo, WANG Shang-yi
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    This article, taking corn and wheat fields in Lishi, Xinzhou, Taiyuan, Shouyang, Linyi as examples, selects five representative 0~600cm deep soils (some are 700cm deep) separately from 12 profiles to analyze soil moisture situation in different seasons and different vertical profiles.The research obtains: The dry layer of soil in the Loess Plateau regionexists universally in corn and wheat fields of the study area, presenting both in mild and moderate dry layers.The characteristic of seasonal dry layer is the main cause that makes crops in the region liable to be hit by drought. The mild dry layer in Jinzhong exists in soils below 600cm. The long-term drought in southern Shanxi; aggravates desiccation degree, the dryness of mild soil has also developed to 600cm. The dry layer of soil in 400cm in western Shanxi tends to be mild. The dry soil layer in northern Shanxi reaches 600cm, indicating a mild dryness there. The occurrence of seasonal dry layer and deep soil dryness of farmland seriously affects the farmland soil water circulation. The main reason that causes the natural phenomenon of the development of dry layer of the local farmland is scarce precipitation,but the formation of temporary dry layer due to increase of productivity, vegetation density and evaporation have also exerted noticeable influence. To mitigate farmland dryness the effective ways are to select low-water consumption dryland crops, and to practise rational close planting, and irrigation in places where condition are permitted.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    CUI Ming, ZHANG Xu-dong, CAI Qiang-guo, WANG Yong, FAN Hao-ming, ZHOU Jinxing
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    Soil on slopes of the gentle hilly black soil region in Northeast China, one of the most important bases of cash rice, degraded seriously after dozens of years of intensive cultivation. The thickness of soil humus layer becomes thinner and less fertile year after year. So it is very essential to deepen the researches of soil restoration and improvement after severe soil erosion. Analysis of main reasons for black soil degradation revealed that the cultivation activities halted the accumulation of organic matter and then baffled the soil development which cannot compensate the decrease of the thickness of soil humus layer caused by soil erosion. Soil developing process and conditions are the most important foundation for soil restoration. So the developing history of black soil and chernozem was reconstructed and the geomorphological and climatic factors, which were the key factors affecting the formation of black soil, were analyzed through studying both the formation time of the underlying strata and the local climate change history since the late Pleistocene. The conclusion is that black soil and chernozem formed in different periods, from early period of late Pleistocene and the beginning of Holocene respectively. The former period was warm and wet, while the latter period was warm and dry. And they formed in different places, the black soil was mainly distributed on the second and the third terraces and the chernozem on the first terrace of the Nenjiang River, which is lower than the distributing places of black soil and can accept more carbonate from the highland to form the characteristic illuvial layer. The processes of the soil formation were very slow, so it is hard to restore. These results provide important basis for forulating policies to improve the quality of soils in the region.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Yue-cong, XU Qing-hai, CAO Xian-yong, YANG Xiao-lan, LI Yi-yin, ZHOU Li-ping
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    The pollen influx, pollen concentrations and pollen assemblages are studied based on pollen tauber traps and surface pollen samples coming from 6 different vertical vegetation zones on the northern slope of the Taibai Mountain. The results indicate that pollen influxes are more than 10000 grains /cm2/y, with the maximum in Larix Chinese belt and the minimum in shrub and meadows belt. Pollen concentrations are more than 25000 grains/g with the maximum in Betula albo-sinensis belt and the minimum in deciduous broad-leaved Quercus belt. The arboreal pollen percentages are mostly more than 45% in 5 forest belts both for pollen traps and surface samples, which are consistent with the vegetation composition. But the arboreal pollen percentages are less than 20% in pollen trap samples and more than 50% in surface samples coming from alpine shrub and meadows, indicating that more ex-local arboreal pollen appeared in surface pollen assemblages. The Abies and Pinus pollen percentages are much higher in surface samples than in pollen trap, suggesting that they can be easily preserved in moss or surface soil. Larix and Ericaceae have rather lower percentages both in pollen trap or in surface samples, compared with vegetation coverages, showing that they have not only lower pollen productions,short transported distance, but poor pollen preservation ability,and can indicate vegetation well. The study on pollen influx of Betula and Quercus shows that the pollen productions are similar, but Quercus pollen concentrations are much lower than Betula in respective forests, showing that Quercus pollen grains can not be preserved as well as Betula in moss or surface soil. The results are obtained from one year's experiments, so further research work should be done.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    YU Jiang-ping, CUI Ping, WANG Wu-yi
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    Based on rural energy consumption for non-production purpose in China, the emission factors of different energy types and emissions of SO2,NOx and TSP resulted from rural energy consumption for non-production purpose were evaluated. Emission inventories by provinces in 2004 and the share of different fuels on SO2,NOxand TSP emissions were estimated. In general, in the year 2004,the total emissions of SO2, NOx and TSP from rural energy consumption for non-production purpose was 5300kt, 720kt and 3900kt respectively. Compared with the year 1979,the emissions of SO2 merely from the consumption of firewood increased by 20%.SO2 and TSP were the main air pollutants of all,the emissions of SO2 was 23.5% of the total emissions in 2004,and the emissions were different greatly in each province. The share of different fuels on SO2, NOx, and TSP emissions in each region was obviously uneven, and coal burning was the dominant source of SO2, straw and firewood were the main emission sources of NOx, straw was the main emission source of TSP. The energy structure influences the pollutants emissions in rural areas. Emissions of three pollulants of (SO2, NOx, TSP) selected in this work were the main cause for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, and these diseases were the main cause of death in rural areas of China in recent years. So this work not only just estimates the quality of emissions in rural areas of China, but also indicates some relationship between energy consumption and illness such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer due to energy consumption.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Shang-yi, ZHANG Hui-zhi, MA Yi-juan, MENG Wan-zhong
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    This article chooses the upper reaches of Fenhe River, which is an eco-fragile region, as the study area. Using "series cross profile" and "pressure-state-response" framework model, this article explores the main problem of the basin's ecological security in historical period. The study indicates that, in line with the social production in historical period, both human capacity to intervene on the environment and the ability to respond to environmental changes are low, hence presenting a fluctuation in ecological security in the historical period; research on the basin ecological security, the cultivated land quantity, the plantation quantity, the level of stock raising, the state's policies, the war frequency and so on in eco-fragile regions in historical periods should be the main indexes; in the "pressure-state-response" evaluation system, the pressure factor and the state factor indexes decreased, while the response factor indexes increased; and the emergence of civil control behavior proves the intensification of the ecological evolution from the other aspect. This paper restores and discusses the evolution state of ecological security of the upper reaches of Fenhe River in historical period. It is necessary for us to do more researches about how to quantify the ecological thresholds in different stages, and how to judge the ecological safety.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Chun-hui, ZHENG Xiao-kang, CUI Wei, PANG Ai-ping, YANG Zhi-feng
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    Ecosystem health assessment is one of the hot issues in current environmental science and ecological research, and watershed-scale ecosystem health assessment is an important development direction. A healthy ecosystem provides a fundamental basis for the realization of regional sustainable development. Using the theory and technique of ecosystem heath to evaluate ecosystem health is of significance in theory and practice for eco-environmental management and regional sustainable development. Watershed ecosystem is a social-economic-natural complex ecosystem. Watershed eco-health assessment can help watershed planning, protection, comprehensive management and provide basis for decision-making. This research puts forward history, current condition and research scale of watershed eco-health assessment and summarizes methods of watershed eco-health assessment in the past years both at home and abroad. Indices system of watershed eco-health assessment is set up taking Hengshui Lake Basin as an example.The indices system consists of seven indices in all. The value of the watershed eco-health assessment shows Hengshui Lake Basin is in a condition of moderate or sub-morbidity. Finally, some measures are put forward for eco-health sustainable development in the future.As we further develop the theory of ecosystem health, the quantitative methods, particularly those from the development of 3S technique will contribute to the capacity to analyze and evaluate ecosystem health over large areas. The advanced technique will promote its further development.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    CONG Ming-zhu, OU Xiang-jun, ZHAO Qing, WANG Zhong-zhi, GE Zhao-shuai
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    On the basis of reviewing related literatures at home and abroad about land use zoning,through the construction of the regional land use divisional comprehensive evaluation index system, by using SPSS software and principal component analysis which is one of the multivariate statistical methods, we made a comprehensive evaluation of land use extent taking counties and cities as units in Jiangsu Province. The comprehensive evaluation index system of the regional land use is built up by selecting 25 indexes from the following six fields of regional land use: structures, inputs, outputs, ecology, dynamics and potential. On the grounds of the comprehensive scores of land use, meanwhile with the combination of space expression of MAPinfo graphical software, the results indicate that the land use extent presents notable urban-rural difference and north-south regional unbalance.At the same time, the synthetic level of landuse is relatively high in economically developed regions and there is a gradually decreasing tendency from south to north in Jiangsu Province, the geographical features of gradient differences are significant. According to the analysis of land use comprehensive level in counties and cities of Jiangsu Province, and considering integrated natural conditions, characteristics of land use and continuity of regionalization units in space position, with the principle that the natural conditions should be consistent with the characteristics of the land use within regionalization units, therefore we can divide the land use extent into three first-order land use zones: Jiang Nan area, Yangtze-Huaihe area and Huaibei area. Based on the principles of physical geographic features and adjacent distance, it can be further divided into seven secondary land use zones: the sub-area around Taihu Lake, Ning-Zhen hilly sub-area, Jianghuai sub-area along the Yangtze River, Jianghuai coastal sub-area, Lixia River plain sub-area, Huaibei coastal sub-area and old Yellow River course sub-area.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    TU Xiao-song, PU Li-jie
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    The Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou(S-X-C)region is one of the hottest spots for socio-economic development in China, the land use change and corresponding eco-environmental problems have intensified further. Taking 12 county-level cities and districts of the region as study units, the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics were revealed and eco-environmental situation was evaluated, based on Landsat TM data in 1980, 1995, 2000 and relevant statistical and investigation data on eco-environment. Further, this paper mainly analyzes the eco-environmental responses to spatio-temporal distribution of land use change. Results of the study show: (1) The dominant types of land use change from 1980 to 2000 are the land expansion for urban onstruction purpose and sharp decrease of cultivated land. The conversion of paddy fields to urban and rural construction land dispersed in every unit. However, the conversion of other different land types relatively concentrated in several main units. And the number of dominant types of land use change more from was greater 1995 to 2000 than that 15 yearsago. (2) As an index used to measure land use diversity, Dj showed that there were different land use structure in every unit, and the diversity degree between every two units was different but the difference showed a tendency of decreasing. The information entropy of land use structure was used to weigh land use system orderliness. On the one hand, it showed that land use system tended to be more and more disordered in the majority of units, on the other hand, the disordered degree becomes gredter more obvious with the development of society and economy. In addition, the index V indicated the similar character of land use change rate with land use system orderliness. (3) Eco-environmental situation tended to deteriorate gradually in most units, especially in the recent five years (1995-2000). There were distinct and different eco-environmental responses to land use change and its spatio-temporal distribution. The phenomenon was more outstanding in the main units of land use change. (4)In different units, the eco-environmental status responded differently to the orderliness and comprehensive change rate of land use. Moreover, the response and its differentiation increased to different degrees with the change of land use. In general, the paper emphasizes the response of eco-environment to land use change and its spatio-temporal distribution characteristics. It puts forward suggestions concerning the adjustment of land use planning, industrial policy and the optimization of land use pattern and improvement of land use mode, on the basis of simulation and prediction of land use change and its possible eco-environmental response.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHANG Xiao-yong, LIU Geng-nian, LI Yong-hua, CHEN Zheng-chao
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    Based on the seven monthly mean precipitation data averaged over years from the Urumqi River basin, the authors put forward the Gauss parameter model which can meet the interpolation demand in time and space dimensions. The fitting goodness of the models is 4%. This model builds the relationship between the Gauss function and precipitation, according to the mathematical meaning of the Gauss function and distributional rule of precipitation, and converts the traditional interpolation into function model, advances the application of the precipitation data, solves the problem of calculating precipitation and precipitation distribution under the conditions of the scarcity of rainfall data, especially in the alpine mountain with sparse meteorological stations. It will significantly improve the availability of precipitation data. This paper presents the principle, derivation process and the typical application methods, integrating with specific data. The precipitation distribution simulated by the Gaussian function is consistent with the actual precipitation amount. Each parameter of Gaussian function has a very clear physical meaning. The method of Gaussian function parameter has a strong practical value, and is widely used.The details are discussed below. As the time function of precipitation distribution, the model can calculate precipitation amount of any time. Through integration of the precipitation distribution function within a certain period, the precipitation amount of any time cycle can be calculated. Through the spatial interpolation of rainfall distribution parameters of different sites, the precipitation distribution function can be achieved in different regions, thereby calculating the precipitation amount of any time periods and at any time. The simplified Gauss model can transform the estimates of three parameters into one parameter, which can meet the needs of application in the high mountains with sparse meteorological stations, but also can calculate precipitation amount in the historical period. The promoted model can be applied to the precipitation distribution of more than one peak, which expands the application of Gaussian parameters. However, we must point out that the method of the Gaussian model is based on the data of meteorological stations in Urumqi River valley. The application of models might have some limitations, especially in this region.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    MA Xiao-qun, XU Ying, ZHAO Hai-yan
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    Under the background of climate warming, characteristics of maximum and minimum temperature variation may markedly affect yield and yield components of rice. Maximum or minimum temperatures in the stage of yield formation during recent 50 years in the Yangtze-Huaihe area were analyzed. The result showed that the temperature-rising rate of minimum temperature has been higher than that of maximum temperature, with a decreasing diurnal temperature range (DTR), and an increasing intensity and frequency of extremely hot weather since 1991. The dynamic analysis of daily maximum or minimum temperature in different step-lengths with rice yield and yield components were made, using experimental data of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences during 2000~2004. The result indicates that there are two negative effect stages of temperature on rice and rice yield before tasseling and after tasseling. And the temperature effect is most obvious on seed-setting rate, secondly on 1000-grain weight and thirdly on yield. The effect of minimum temperature on rice is greater than that of maximum temperature. With the increase of moving step-length in temperature, the increase of negative effect on maximum temperature occurs before tasseling, while the negative impacts of minimum temperature appear throughout yield formation process.

  • Earth Surface Processes
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    This paper explores the methods for studying regional economic disparities in the aspects of research unit being chosen and measurement index being used on the basis of the analysis of the studies on regional economic disparities at home and abroad.It takes output value of marine industries per capita as an index for measuring regional marine economic disparities and 11 coastal provinces and municipalities in China as basic regional study units.It divides the 11 coastal provinces into three regions(the northern, central and southern regions), and uses Gini index and Theil index as quantitative methods to demonstrate the total level of Chinese marine economic sdisparities and the characteristics of dynamic variation of industrial structure of 1996~2005.Then it decomposes the formations of regional marine economic disparities.Finally it analyses the cause of formation and function mechanisms.The main conclusions are:(1)In the late 1990s, Chinese total marine economic diaparity decreased sharply and in the early 21st century it inceases gradually,with fluctuations appearing in several years.The intra-regional disparities mainly devote to the overall disparities.What is more,the intra-regional diaparities of the central region make the greatest contributions with the greatest flutuations.(2)The agglomeration level of specific resources and coastal tourism are the biggest,and that of general resource is the smallest.The development of the second marine industry is a little weak. And the temporal change of marine industrial structure is different from land industrial structure.(3) The causes of formation are historical basis,economic developing level,resource endowment,regional development policy,changes of foreign investment and the level of the drivig force of central cities in the regions. Spatial agglomeration of industry is the dynamic mechanism for regional disparities.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    HE Can-fei, XIE Xiu-zhen, PAN Feng-hua
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    Economic transition, which can be conceptualized a triple process of marketization, globalization and decentralization, has significantly shaped China's economic geography. Marketization introduced market competition and allowed market forces to distribute resources, stimulating firms to locate along the line of comparative advantages. Economic globalization further opened the Chinese economy to international competition, encouraging the geographical concentration of Chinese industries. Regional decentralization however induced fierce interregional competition, resulting in local protectionism and rational imitation of industrial policies and therefore stimulating the geographical dispersion of Chinese industries. As economic transition proceeds, there has been substantial spatial restructuring in Chinese manufacturing industries. Most industries experienced spatially dispersing process in the 1980s and have been increasingly agglomerated since the early 1990s. Chinese provinces had been diversifying their industrial compositions in the 1980s but have been gradually more specialized since the late 1990s. The geographical patterns of Chinese manufacturing industries significantly vary by industry. Statistical results show that significant locational determinants of Chinese manufacturing industries include industrial policies, labor quality and cost, scale economies, natural resources and market accessibility. The significance of locational determinants also depends on the nature of industries. The empirical results would provide scientific supports for regional industrial policies.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Cheng-jin
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    Shipping companies are well aware of the growing importance in global container shipping network. Much attention is directed to the configuration and spatial system of container shipping service by studying schedule tables. In this paper, we chose 24 container shipping corporations, taking monthly container shipping schedule and 530 ports as studying objects, and constructed the spatial analyzing model and appraised the spatial regularity of marine container transport network in detail.This paper demonstrated that there are great diversities among the different regions and Northern Hemisphere. Especially, East Asia and Southeast Asia are the core regions of global shipping network. East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northwest Europe and east coastal region of North America become four port clusters of container shipping lines and schedules starting or calling, only several ports including Hong Kong, Singapore, Shenzhen, Shanghai and Kaohsiung located largely at East Asia and Southeast Asia have uppermost service ability. But global container shipping service system has not been yet developed and there are many regional container shipping networks, and three systems with hubs of Antwerp, Singapore and Hong Kong are most important. The spatial contiguity of marine container shipping networks is obvious and there are often two hub ports in a region. In some regions, there are two container shipping networks with north and south location on the same coast. But in several regions such as Mediterranean Sea, there is spatial configuration of multi-networks of container shipping service. Many literatures point out hub-and-spoke system has been developing in marine container transport. However this paper reveals that it doesn't yet develop a completed and pure hub-and-spoke system. But limited to observed ports and data, this paper could not reveal and describe accurately global container shipping networks, and the importance of some ports may not be reflected. Future study of container shipping network should pay more attention to shipping companies and complement data to modify the conclusion of this paper.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    JIA Sheng-hua, NIE Chong, WEN Hai-zhen
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    This paper was based on the practically significant problem,how to weigh the development degree of function in CBD. Based on the case of Qianjiang New City CBD, we constructed a whole functional maturity index system which included 4 subgroups, namely collective scale, harmony function, agglomeration function and radiation function. From the perspective of feasibility, we subdivided those 4 subgroups into 18 indices. Using the AHP(Analytical Hierarchy Process), we acquired weight of each basic index, and the indices judgement matrix also passed through the consistency test. As to the criterion level indices, we found the degree of agglomeration function and radiation function of CBD is dominant in the regional economy. Then, in the index level, we found that the economic scale is more important than the scale of construction and the population; and that office building is still the core part of CBD, but the retail/service and housing are also important; next, the cluster of the corporate headquarters and the financial industry is the main characters of the agglomerative function of CBD; and the last but not least, under the background of economic globalization, the radiation function put more emphasis on the economic relationship between the international/regional economic body and CBD than on others. And also, the paper aims to do some help to the practical and theoretical society.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Jie
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    With the rise of the concept of city competitiveness in recent years, city ranking has received enormous attention from various areas. Firstly, this paper points out the negative effects of blindly seeking a higher city ranking, and then from a theoretic point of view it indicates that the basic mistake of city ranking is ignoring the connection with the regional space and the hierarchical system of cities. And the advantages of city development based on quantitative evaluation should be combined with the hierarchical system of cities in geographical space. Furthermore, this paper gives quantitative evaluation on the development status of cities in three megalopolitan areas by applying the methods of factor analysis, to explain the process about combining advantages of city development with geographical space and the hierarchical system of cities by case studies. It solves the problems of city ranking, provides scientific basis for reasonable planning of hierarchical system of cities, and promotes the collaboration among cities. It will be a significant study to coordinate the large, medium and small city development. Finally,through the comparison of spatial patterns of three megalopolitan areas, it explores the theory of the hierarchical system of cities.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    YUAN Yuan, XU Xue-qiang, XUE De-sheng
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    With accelerated reform of state-and-collective-owned enterprises since the mid-1990s, urban poverty has attracted great attention of the Chinese academics, but there have been few studies on spatial measurement of mutiple poverty and quantitative analysis of spatial types of urban poverty areas. On the brief review of the studies and indexes of mutiple deprivation in western counties, this paper firstly highlights the expansion of measurement indexes of urban poverty from economic facet to mutiple facets including housing, education and household characteristics etc. Taking Guangzhou as a case, using the MLSP (Mninimum Living Standard Programme) recipients data and fifth census data, the paper summarizes five key factors of mutiple poverty and calculates the comprehensive scores on the level of sub-districts by the method of factor analysis. On the basis of spatial mesurement, the paper classifies 42 sub-districts which have higher scores than the average score into three types by the method of cluster analysis. Three types of urban poverty areas are identified: outer concentrated workers' area, outer concerntrated unemployment area of inner city, and dilaidated core with poor facilities of inner city. Then the authors did questionnaire and comprehensive investigation in three typical commnunities representing three types of poverty areas. The statistics further proved the analytic outcome on sub-districts level. Concerning mechanism of differentiation of three types of new urban poverty areas, it is the outcome of institutional and market factors in planned and transitional period. Though market-oriented factors affect the discrepency, the paper argues the institutional factors are most important. The socialist housing provision system and the construction policy in planned economy is the basis of difference of three types. The housing reform policy and the regeneration of community are the institutional factors in transitional period. The location of different communities and the selected gentrification also influence the differentiation of physical and social characteristics of poverty areas.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    REN Xue-hui, LIN Xia, ZHANG Hai-jing, ZHANG Wen-zhong
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    In recent years, in order to create a better and more suitable space for living and work, and also for improving the living standard of people continuously, whether a city is amenity city has become the research focus of scholars. Hence attention should be paid to the research on spatial characteristics of urban residential suitability which are still inadequately dealt with.Study on the spatial structure of urban residential suitability and restrict factors has great theoretical and practical significance to urban development programming and city environmental planning. Therefore choosing convenience, health, safety, environment comfort level and convenience of going out to travel as the indexes, questionnaires are designed to investigate the residents who had stable life in Dalian for more than half a year. Then the spatial characteristics of urban residential suitability in Dalian are evaluated by AHP and Q cluster analysis method taking administrative divisions and functional regions as basic unit.And the analysis is based on the data of quantifiable questionnaires.We hope that it can provide reference for the urban construction of Dalian.The following conclusions are drawn: In citizens'opinion, some differences exist in urban residential suitability in different districts,and in downtown, the satisfaction descends gradually from the eastern coastal region to the northwestern urban-rural-integration-area. Comparatively speaking, the urban residential suitability in Zhongshan district is the best contrarily, Ganjingzi district in urban-rural-integration-area is ranked last in urban residential suitability evaluation. And in outer suburbs, urban residential suitability satisfaction in Lushunkou district and development zone is higher than Jinzhou district. At the same time, the result of clustering analysis of different functional regions shows that the area which is political, economic and commercial center of Dalian has the highest score of urban residential suitability; the intersections of urban and rural areas in northwest of the city have the lowest score; although the urban residential suitability in some of the outer suburbs is better, the difference is significant among indicators. On the whole, the score descends gradually from city center to suburbs in spatial pattern and divergences of indexes are also lager. It accords with the result of evaluation on district.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    XUE Xi-ming, ZHU Hong
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    Missionary case is one of the most direct reflectations of the conflict and combination between foreign religious culture and local culture. The paper obtains data from the relevant historical literatures and uses GIS graphical technique and the mathematical statistical analysis method to conduct study.It is found out that the evolution process of Guangdong missionary case before 1911 can be categorized into four stages: newborn, multiple, climax, and recession. Their imbalanced spatial distribution in Guangdong can be seen obviously: the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is the distribution center of missionary case from beginning to end; Chaoshan region and Hakka areas in the east of Guangdong also become the inferior centers successively. Furthermore, an analysis on geographic concentration indexes of missionary cases in every state of Guangdong before 1911 evidences the structural character of the centeral areas of missionary case. In view of the cultural dissemination pattern, the diffusion of missionary cases in Guangdong not only belongs to the ink-mark type of migration proliferation, but also obviously has some features of hierarchical proliferation, in which the level of population density is taken as the primary diffusion character, and then is the administrative area rank. The regional cultural causes of the distribution and diffusion of missionary case lie in the geographic environment in Guangdong, which is enclosed to inland and opened to outseas, leading to different regional cultures of various localities among themselves. Our geographical research on the missionary cases gives a new and unique perspective on how to decrease growing regional religious conflicts in the world. Some geographical research methods, including GIS & GCI(Geographic Concentration Index), which is used in the context,could find a new way for the research on religious geography.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    SHI Chun-yun, ZHANG Jie, YOU Hai-mei
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    Previous work of tourism competitiveness has focused more on integrative destinations, such as nations, states (provinces), cities, or destinations having similar attractions. However, appropriate research perspectives and methods havenot been found for evaluating tourism destinations of different types and different sizes.Moreover, early work of Structural Equation Model applied to tourism science has generally limited to a given destination and has rarely compared among different tourism destinations. Therefore, the main thrust of the paper will be concerned with comparing the tourism competitiveness between Jiuzhaigou and Lushan from tourists' perception perspective by applying structural equation model. Based on the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Cross-validation, and Invariance Measurement, the theoretical model has stability and validity between different samples. Jiuzhaigou has more advantages than Lushan by comparing tourist perception in resources, community attitudes, integral satisfaction and loyalty except service through the Mean Model of Structural Equation. Structural Equation Models, especially Mean structural Model, are applied to and validated in this study, which is a step forward toward the quantitive research methods of destination competitiveness. It is the first time that latent variable of community attitudes has been introduced into the tourist perception model, which is testified to be positively correlated with the tourists' satisfaction and loyalty.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    CHENG Zhan-hong, NIU Li-qin, WU Bi-hu
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    The residents engaging in tourism industry are a kind of special crowd in the tourism community. It is of help to tourism industry sustainable development that the inherent relationship between their expression and background toward its impact is analyzed. The relationship between the residents engaging in tourism industry and their expression toward its impact was analyzed by Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis(DCCA)in Luya Mountains Nature Reserve in the paper.The result indicates that there is obvious correlation between the first axis of DCCA and sex, tourism income and the education level, and there is evident correlation between the second axis and the case of violations and sex. From the left lower part to the right upper part in DCCA,four groups transit from the mature active group,the non-mature active group and the receded group to the bland group gradually. The length of arrowhead denotes the relationship between sample groups and different factors,and the angle between the arrowhead line and the ordination axis shows the magnitude of their correlation. Therefore,the DCCA figure can show the relationship between the groups and their characteristics visually. These trends are consistent with the Detrended Correspondence Analysis(DCA)results. Although DCA can also study the relationship between samples types and their background, we need to judge it based on actual condition after completing the ordination. The calculation of constrained ordinations combines the data of sample groups with that of their background characteristic,so their results are superior to the result of DCA on studying their relationship. Moreover,DCCA is the best in all the constrained ordinations because of removing"arch effect".However, DCCA can make the distribution of samples denser, and make the borderline among different types much blurrier. Therefore, if DCA is combined with some classfication ways on studying the relationship among the sample groups, its results are much better than that of DCCA.