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  • Earth Surface Processes
    CHEN Shu-peng, HUANG Chong
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    The contradiction between economic development and cultural heritage conservation is common everywhere. On the one hand, tourism can not be developed at the cost of destroying rare cultural relics while on the other , we shouldn't stop developing tourism for the sake of cultural heritage conservation.Here we reiterated the "China Policy", which is the requirement for fulfilling human culture succession and sustainable development. In grotto culture protection, some problems have been solved, such as the harm of crowded people to fresco and painted sculpture, wind and sand erosion, etc. But there are many other social and natural environmental problems, one of which is the erosion of flood to the base of grotto. Ancient city sites are helpful for paleo-environmental reconstruction. The abundant information from archeological excavation, together with natural environmental change and culture spreading, might contribute to a new way to explain and demonstrate ancient cultures. Explaining the enigmas of many ancient city sites also need to start with virtual paleo-environment. The reconstruction of old buildings should follow the principle of "repair as their origins". Besides, adapting the old buildings to modern environmental and ecological functions should also be considered. New technology and material can be used in some cases. There are several successful examples of applications of remote sensing monitoring to archeological excavation and cultural heritage conservation. We suggested that grid technology used in the field of archeology should be further popularized. And multi-level grid management information systems should be built up to improve cultural heritage conservation and development.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    YAN Bai-xing, TANG Jie
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    The paper investigates the distribution depth of cesium-137 and erosion rate of black soil using cesium-137 tracer, discusses the influence of soil erosion on the contents of particle size, organic matter, specific gravity and water quantity, nitrogen and phosphorus in the tillage layer of 0~20 cm on a typical slope. Cesium-137 activities in the profile, mainly distributed in the layer of 0~25 cm deep, are in the range of 1246.05±85.90 Bq/m2 to 1499.45±101.73 Bq/m2 .So,the annual soil erosion rates can reach 3033.6-3940.3 t/km2 within the last 40 years,which have reached the moderate erosion level. It is the right time to pay enough attention to the black soil erosion. Also, it is completely feasible to investigate the erosion rate of black soil using cesium-137 tracer method. The slope length and gradient have distinctly effects on soil erosion intensity. The trend that the soil particles are becoming increasingly coarser is also obvious. The percentage of sand and clay declines gradually, and silty sand increases from top down to bottom of the slope. Moreover, organic matter (OM) is also in the trend of increase from top to bottom of the slope, but the contents of OM in both erosion and sedimentation profile (2.56~3.10%) are markedly lower than that in original black soil. The specific gravity increases and water content declines in the erosion profile. Furthermore, the phenomenon that the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus decline is clear. Both of the quick degradation of black soil quality and agricultural non-point source pollution should be paid attention to by all circles. Due to the geographical location of black soil belt and its relative location to Pacific and Eurasia, both of frequency and intensity of wind taking place in spring every year are high. So, the above-mentioned soil erosion intensity is the result of wind erosion and water erosion. The percentage of soil quality degradation induced by water erosion and flux of main agricultural non-point source pollutants should be further studied.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    HOU Wei, ZHANG Shu-wen, ZHANG Yang-zhen, LI Ying, CHANG Li-ping
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    Since the 1950s large-scale reclamation of the wetlands has been carried out in Nongjiang and Bielahong River Region of the northern Sanjiang plain. Cultivated land instead of wetland has become the main landscape after large-scale reclamation since 1954. Great changes have taken place in ecological feature of wetlands in the study area. Nongjiang and Bielahong River Region is an important part of Sanjiang Plain. Wetland changes can seriously affect the sustainable development of this region. From 1954, the area of wetlands reduced greatly. At the same time, the area of cultivated land expanded substantially. Wetland environment was badly disturbed and destroyed. Using theory and methods of landscape ecology, land use and land cover change in 1954,1967,1976,1986 and 2000 are analyzed based on RS and GIS. The data sources mainly come from the Landsat TM digital images, topographic maps and statistical data. The processes of land reclamation and wetland shrinkage are also analyzed. Comparative studies of the landscapes between 1954 and 2000 and 1976 and 1986 are mainly conducted. The percentage of the area of wetlands is 64.83% of the total area in 1954, while that of the cultivated land, 0.68%. Wetland, grassland and forestland are the main landscape types in 1954. The percentage of cultivated land increased from 0.68% to 2.26% during the time from 1954 to 1967. The percentage of wetland was separately 50.30%, 19.96% and 16.22% in 1976, 1986 and 2000, and the cultivated land, 9.7%, 29.16% and 39.38% accordingly. The area of wetlands decreases rapidly while that of the cultivated land increases greatly. In 1954, wetland was the main landscape type and was evenly distributed. In 2000, cultivated land became the main landscape type, accounting for 39.38% of the whole area. And its distribution was even while the distribution of wetland was fragmentized. From the transformation of land use types, from 1954 to 2000, 41.79% of the wetlands was converted into cultivated land, indicating that 68.8% of the cultivated land came from wetland.Based on the analysis of the spatial and time variations of wetlands, the causes of wetland shrinkage are further analyzed. Wetlands are distributed in the region with favorable climate and the water-heat arrangement is favorable to the crops. So wetlands are most suitable to crops and easily to be reclaimed into cultivated land. In 1954, the population was only 4,300, but in 2000, the population in the study area increased to 230,700. The increasing population is the main driving force for land use and land cover change in the study area. The reclamation activity has been the main reason for wetland shrinkage since 1954 in this region.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    XIN Zhong-bao, XIE Zhi-ren, JIANG Wei-guo, ZHONG He-xiang, CUI Shu-hong
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    The S/L (sea-level and land surface) system change plays a very important role in the evolution course of natural and human history in coastal area, so it may be an effective solution to study the environmental evolution and human-land relationship development in the Yangtze delta region by performing a virtual experiment on the platform, which relates to the consolidation of the S/L system integrated study and the construction of a digital and visual S/L system model. From the visual angle of the S/L System, this paper introduces the basic framework about the S/L System model, which is composed of four modules: the sliding bottom boundary calculating, segmentation rate of sedimentation calculating, the ancient land surface elevation calculating and simulated result validating, and throws light on the model's data classification system, as well as the model's basic function aims and on the model realized technology system. Using the DEM and GIS technology, through regulating the variable multi-parameters of sea level changes, sedimentation, crust movements and so on, sorts of maps can be automatically created by the preparatory system model, such as 2D or 3D paleotopographic maps, which are compiled respectively according to the control conditions of the randomly designated time or time intervals. Hence this can be used to dynamically demonstrate the delta plain's paleogeomorphology and sea-land relationship evolution history, besides providing the professionals with a new platform in the delta paleoenvironmental reconstruction and virtual experimental study. Based on the existing data of the Yangtze delta region, a preparatory simulative experiment was done by the model on the sea-land change course in the Yangtze delta region since 10000aBP. The good simulative effect is obvious from the hypsometric paleotopographic map and 3D color shaded-relief map, both the output of the model. This provides a visual scene to analyze and discuss the Yangtze delta evolution, coastline shifting, even the relationship between the ancient civilizations migration and environments.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Jing-gui, SU Fen-zhen, ZHOU Cheng-hu, YANG Xiao-mei, DU Yun-yan, CHEN Xiu-fa
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    The protection and rational use of coastal resources are keys to sustainable development in coastal zones, which are influenced by many natural and social factors such as coastal location and management policies. To realize sustainable development of coastal zones, the influence mechanism of impact factors on landuse changes must be studied and rational policies are made based on the study. To learn the effects of coastal location and management policies of coastal zone on their landuse changes, as a case study, the pattern of landuse changes from 1985 to 2000 in Golden Coastal Region of Changli county, Hebei province was studied in this paper. The landuse change in near-coastal and far-coastal zones shows that coastal location has great effect on landuse changes in coastal zone, and landuse change degree of near-coastal zone is greater than that of far-coastal zone and their main change types are different-the main change types in near-coastal zone are the conversions of beaches, lagoons, sand dunes, grasslands and farmlands into fishponds and sand dunes into grasslands and forestlands, while the main change types of far-coastal zone are the conversions of farmlands into rural residential areas and sand dunes, and saline-alkali lands into farmlands, fishponds and grasslands. The comparison of landuse changes between protected area and development area, which are both in near-coastal zone, was made and the results prove that management policies of coastal zones have great effects on landuse changes, too. Landuse change degree in protected area is smaller than that of development area, and the main change types in protected area are sand dunes into forestlands and grasslands and lagoon into fishponds, while the main change types in development area are affected by different development policies, the main change types of tourist area are forest into lands for tourism and recreation purpose and residential areas, and those of fishery culture area are grasslands and beaches into fishponds. The analysis also shows that the protected area has played its positive roles in protection of lagoons, sand dunes and forests after its construction, but the area of the Qilihai lagoon is about 3.5km2 now because of cultured fishponds around the lagoon before the construction of protected area, therefore we must protect the lagoon actively and forbid its continuous culturing and return the fishponds back to the lagoon.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Li-juan| YANG Jun-wei| JIANG De-juan| LI Jiu-yi| HOU Xi-yong
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    Regional land use change is an important part of global change. The Wuding River Basin, located in the middle reach of the Yellow River, is characteristic with high sediment load in less water. Since the 1950s, various conservation measures have been adopted throughout the basin, including vegetation (trees, bushes and grasses) plantting, sand shifting control, terracing, reservoirs and dams construction, and so on. These measures have changed the underlying surface greatly. Based on Landsat TM images data in the 1990s, we analyze the spatial-temporal changes of land use of Wuding River Basin using GIS and statistic methods. The results show that the land use changed greatly in the Wuding River Basin in the 1990s. In the first five years, cultivated land, forestland and un-used land decreased obviously while grassland increased. In the second five years, the situation was reversed, grassland increased and cultivated land, forestland and un-used land decreased. During the ten years, cultivated land and un-used land reduced, at the same time, forestland and grassland increased. The rate of land use change in the first five years is higher than that of the second five years.The major change types were cultivated land turned to forestland and grassland, and un-used land converted into cultivated land and grassland. In the first five years, the rate of the land use change in the study was up to 0.85%. The changing rates of un-used land and grassland were higher, being 3.2% and 1.94% respectively. While, in the second five years, the rate of the regional land use change was 0.3%. The changing rates of forestland and un-used land were 2.75% and 1.71% respectively. Finally, we also come to the conclusion that there are obvious spatial differences in land use changes. For forestland change, the Nalin, Lu and Dali sub-basins were greater. Glassland and un-used land changes mainly occurred in Yuxi and Hailiutu sub-basins. Conservation measures and socio-economic development were the direct causes for land use change in the Wuding River Basin.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    SHAO Xiao-mei, LIU Chun-ling, ZHANG Hong-ye
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    Based on spatial database of 1∶50000 soil map at county level in northwestern Shandong, according to farmer’s current devotion, current agricultural productivity of land resources was estimated using an "investigation method" and the results were compared with actual production records in statistical yearbook and simulation result using relevant computing models of mechanism methodology in this paper. Results indicate that: 1) Per unit area yields of winter wheat and summer corn of each soil type are divided into 5 classes under current management level, and per unit area yield of winter wheat changes from 1920 kg/ha to 7160 kg/ha. That of summer corn is slightly higher than winter wheat and changes from2730 kg/ha to 7725 kg/ha. 2)The management for winter wheat production is at a moderate level, with a small regional difference. However, there is a regular spatial change in the management of summer corn, and it shows a decrease in input from south to north, which is consistent with perceptual knowledge in spot check. 3) The current annual agricultural productivity of land resources changes from 10284 kg/ha to 12789 kg/ha, and the average amounts to 11358 kg/ha each year. Among all counties, Ningjin county has the highest annual productivity, which is 12789 kg/ha each year, and Qingyun county has the lowest, which is 10284 kg/ha each year. Compared with simulation result of mechanism methodology, the differences of potential land productivity between counties are more obvious than those of practical land productivity. As a result, soil quality contributes considerably to the practical agricultural productivity of land resources. The "investigation method" is proved to be effective for investigating land productivity. Moreover, it showed that the devotion in agricultural production has regional heterogeneousness among all counties. The results have important and realistic meanings for programming and layout of grain production.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHENG Yuan-ming, LUO Jin-fa, CHEN Tong-bin, CHEN Huang, ZHENG Guo-di, WU Hong-tao, ZHOU Jian-li
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    Information on the environmental effects of different land uses is lacking, especially in Beijing, a city with a rapidly increasing rate of development. Such information is important for the understanding of the sustainable development and regional agricultural plans. In this study, through the investigation of 6 types of land use in Beijing, including vegetable field, paddy field, orchard, greenbelt, cornfield, and natural soil, Cd concentrations of 595 soil samples were obtained. Compared with background concentration, the accumulation of Cd in the vegetable field, paddy field, and orchard was significant. ANOVA analysis indicated that land use greatly affected the accumulation of Cd in the soils, especially in the cornfield, vegetable field, and orchard land-use types. The mean Cd concentration in the vegetable field was the highest, while samples from greenbelt and cornfield had the lowest mean concentrations. In addition, Cd concentrations of cornfield samples, which comprised the majority of samples under investigation, were low. Factors such as atmospheric deposition, which controls the large-scale distribution of Cd, might not have an obvious effect. Using a baseline concentration as background, the ratio of soil samples above this limit in orchard, greenbelt, and vegetable field were 9.5%, 7.7%, and 4.6%, respectively, while the overall ratio for the study was 3.2%. According to this investigation, some anthropogenic factors such as industrial activities, traffic, and landfill waste, played quite important roles in the accumulation of soil sample Cd. The soil environment around the landfill, therefore, should be considered seriously. In the Shijingshan, Mentougou and Fengtai districts, the ratios of soil samples above baseline were much higher than those in other districts, and therefore reasonable planning of land use in these areas should be considered. According to the mean concentrations of Cd in the soil, the order of the 6 land-use types, from the highest to the lowest Cd concentration, was vegetable field > paddy field > orchard > natural soil > cornfield > greenbelt.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    XING Ke-xia, GUO Huai-cheng, SUN Yan-feng, HE Bin, HUANG Yong-tai
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    Watershed water quality management is a process with many steps. Mathematical model plays an important role in watershed management as it can resolve the problem quantificationally and be operated dynamically. HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran) developed by USEPA was chosen for the application in this paper. Hydrology and water quality simulation processes in the non-point source pollution model were introduced in the study, in which Dianchi Lake Basin was chosen for the case study. The whole basin was divided into nine sub-basins firstly. Then the non-point source database for the Dianchi Lake Basin was built. Sensitivity analysis revealed that only a few parameters were sensitive to the simulation of runoff and water quality processes. In the paper, the simulation processes for river outflow, SS, BOD, TN and TP were introduced in detail. The simulation processes for Panlongjiang Sub-watershed was given as an example. Parameter values were estimated from watershed properties, previous experimental and modeling studies, regional field studies and literature. Optimization of the parameter values, calibration of the model and validation of the simulation was achieved using stream flow and concentration of pollutants in the river outflow of watershed. The simulation results showed that relative error for runoff simulation in some sub-watersheds was very small. On the whole, the runoff simulation results were good. After that, the total and non-point source pollution loads of SS, BOD, TN and TP in each sub-watershed were calculated using the calibrated model. The results revealed that the main contributors of the non-point source pollution in the Dianchi Lake Basin were SS, TN and TP. From the spatial distribution to the non-point sources, nitrogen pollution mostly came from Panlongjiang, Baoxianghe and Chaidahe sub-watersheds. It could be attributed to the large amount usage of fertilizers in agricultural lands. SS and TP pollution status was serious in Chaidahe sub-watershed and western diffused area. The main reason could be explained as many phosphorite mines were distributed in such areas. High water and soil runoff and phosphorous adsorption had caused high non-point source pollution in total phosphorous.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    DUAN Yong-hong, LI Ben-gang, TAO Shu, WANG Xue-jun, XU Fu-liu, CAO Jun, LIU Wen-xin
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    Frequency distributions of contaminants in special medium can reflect from one profile its macroscopic statistic characteristics, and can also supply necessary basic information for the classical, multivariate and spacial statistic analysis, so as to ensure basic needs to all kinds of methods for statistic analytical data.So for special studies on statistic distribution characteristics of PAH content with large numbers of specimen in a vast region have been rarely seen. Characteristics of frequency distributions of anthracene and pyrene in the topsoil of Tianjin, China, which was polluted seriously by PAHs, were studied based on frequency analysis, K-Means clustering and least-square fitting. It was demonstrated that both anthracene and pyrene, especially the former, are bimodally distributed. Double gaussian function can be used to fit the empirical distribution well after log-transformation, suggesting the presence of two independent lognormally distributed populations for either anthracene or pyrene. The geometric means of the two populations were 2.73±2.17 ng/g and 26.52±1.55ng/g for anthracene and 11.05±2.11ng/g and 82.52±3.24ng/g for pyrene. Hereby, the research which adopts two-division-methods and three-division-methods indicates: that the spatial separation of the two pyrene populations is explicitely illustrated by symbol mapping, showing that the indiviudals of the high value population clustered in urban, near-suburb, and newly developed industrial areas.For anthracene, there is a tendency of local clustering. Besides, the similarity between the spatial distribution patterns of pyrene and pyrene/benzo\pyrene ratio suggests that the dual-modal distribution of pyrene was emission-source related. Fitting and separating methods of multi-modal distributions mentioned above provided methodological grounds for deep probing into their differences and origins of the distributive characteristics of different PAHs.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIU Rui-min, WANG Xue-jun, TAO Shu, SHEN Wei-ran, QIN Bao-ping, SUN Ren, ZHANG Wen-ju
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    With the increase of population and the development of agriculture and industry, our human beings are facing more and more serious environmental problems. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the important global pollutants. Using the method of factorial Kriging, the spatial scale-correlation structure among the 16 types of topsoil PAHs in Tianjin area is discussed in this paper. The results revealed that the pollution process of topsoil PAHs in Tianjin area can be attributed to three spatial scales: nugget scale (0~5km), indicates minor spatial variability which is less than the sample interval; small scale (5~10km), indicates local spatial variability; and large scale (10~50km), indicates regional spatial variability. Significant differences in spatial correlations at different spatial scales among PAHs compounds have been identified. In a word, there exist spatial scale-correlations among these 16 PAHs. This analysis can help to identify the sources and migration/transformation law of the PAHs pollutants in the environment. On the nugget scale,the principal origin of the PAHs may be petroleum source. Because of the errors of determination, the analysis of nugget scale may not reflect the real situation. On the small scale, the principal origin of the PAHs may be the burning of fossil fuels. On the large scale, the principal origin of the PAHs may be the regional deposit from atmosphere.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHAO Shu-ling, DING Deng-shan, ZHAO Qing
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    In the mountainous areas, the eco-environment is fragile and the socio-economy is backward, but the tourism resources are abundant. The best way to realize richness in mountainous areas rests on the exploitation of tourism and the development of tourism industry suiting to the actual conditions and demand of the development of mountainous economy. Since we lack knowledge of the features of mountainous tourism resources, characteristics of eco-environment and process, blind exploitation of the tourism resources and construction of the tourism environment still exist in the mountainous areas. This condition causes great damage to the tourism resources and eco-environment, and threatens the sustainable development of the tourism industry. The tourist activities will be one of the latent factors destroying the eco-environment of these areas. So more and more people are concerned about how to protect the mountainous eco-environment and realize the tourism sustainable development effectively. It is of great theoretical significance and practical value to follow the objective law of regional differentiation of the ecological system of these areas and to be engaged in the research on protective regionalization of tourism according to different yardsticks. The concrete procedure is the implementation of the regional sustainable development strategy. This thesis integrates and utilizes both up-to-down macro-analysis deduction and the down-to-up micro-analysis induction methods to analyze the complicated natural environmental factors and the spatial-temporal diversification between complex ecological factors and economic activities of the human being and their interactions. It not only avoids simple cluster of index data but also eliminates the deficiencies in traditional regionalization, which include insufficient concrete analysis of economic activities of the human being, imperfect administration district division and poor maneuverability, etc. Thus, the results of regionalization are more comprehensive and have great directive functions for tourism sustainable development in mountainous areas. We took Longmen County in Guangdong province as a representative case for the discussion of tourism protective regionalization. On the basis of analysis of regionalization results, we identified the key tourism exploited area and eco-environment area that should be brought under control, as well as put forward some strategic suggestions.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LU Song, LU Lin, XU Ming, LIANG Dong-dong, WANG Li, WANG Yong, YANG Zhao
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    As traditional cultural tourism place, ancient villages have been paid more close attention in the process of rapid tourism development. Xidi Village is a typical and famous case in south Anhui province. After it was listed as the World Cultural Heritage, people came to visit in an endless stream. However, because of sharp growth of visitors, uneven distribution of tourist flows and limitation of capacity, the problems such as scenic spots overloading and tourism pollution, become increasingly severe and the pressure of protecting Xidi Village increases. Therefore, it is especially necessary and urgent to reinforce the research on tourism environmental carrying capacity. Taking the world cultural heritage-Xidi Village as an example, on the basis of a considerable on-the-spot investigations, this paper tries to confirm the tourism environmental carrying capacity of ancient villages and raises basic countermeasures in order to promote the sustainable development. The specific measures are: (1)to prolong open period and shorten retention period; (2)to decrease the disparities between the slack period and peak period in order to "cut the peak to fill up the valley"; (3)to reopen the former sights and develop the peripheral sights; (4)to accelerate the development of new areas; (5)to enhance management and improve services; and (6)to enhance the publicity driving force, standardize and guide the visitors' behaviors.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHENG Qun-ming, ZHONG Lin-sheng
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    Based on sampling surveys of 1,200 rural residents with questionnaires in Liuyang city, Huarong county, Xinling county and Fenghuang county of Hunan province from2001 to 2003, this paper makes a detailed analysis of the tourism perspectives on the 1,077 effective samples. Some conclusions are drawn as follows: In Hunan, more and more rural residents become to know tourism while only 1.9% of the samples "never heard about" tourism. However, there is difference in the four survey regions. In Liuyang and Fenghuang, rural residents know more tourism knowledge than the other two regions, because tourism has long been developed there. Rural residents have positive attitudes to tourism in Hunan. Most of them accept tourism as a product, but there are different tourism perspectives among different age groups and different regions in the province. The tourism assent rate related to residents gained from tourism. The residents' assent rate is higher in Fenghuang than the other regions, and the rate is the lowest in Huarong. Tourism motivation of rural residents is multiplicity, but their purpose of touring is simple. Tourism hobbies of rural residents are affected by age and economic level. Especially, in Hunan, tourism hobbies of rural residents are inclined to sightseeing and learning-technology tour. Scenic spots are the most popular sites for rural residents, and big cities and eastern region are other tourism destinations of the rural residents. Most of the rural residents have a desire to go out for travel. Rural residents have abundant and centralized time for travel, whereas their budgetary outlay is normally higher than their actual expenditure. Especially, the older residents are inclined to choose 2~7 days tour, but the youngsters are inclined to 4~7 days or over 7 days tour. The main limited factors for rural residents' touring are income, and farming season and housework are the limited factors for young and middle-aged rural residents. However, the older residents are worried about the security and traffic conditions. And the subjective factors including in-comprehend tourism and the negative effect.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIU Sheng-he, YE Shun-zan, DU Hong-liang, Max X. X. LU
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    This paper characterizes the social and economic situation of Shaoxing County, locating at the southern flank of Yangtze River Delta. According to the characteristics of Desakota, which summed up by T. McGee, the regional features of the County completely tally with the characteristics of quasi-urbanized area. The formation of the quasi-urbanization characteristics in the County is a result of implementation of a series of development policies and strategies, which is different from the common run, and enumerated in the paper. Mainly it is that, the State guided peasants to develop industries on the spot, implementing the policy of "to leave the land but not the native place, to enter factory but not to city", taking industrialization development road for the rural communities refraining from a centralized urbanization. The followed economic policies brought some positive as well as negative influence on the urbanization process in the countryside. And the segregated administration division of the rural county from the urban district helps the decentralized urbanization as well. The sample study concludes that: quasi-urbanization would be an inevitable phenomenon in some densely populated areas of developing countries, where is not possible to grow a new big central city; the some small towns in the area will continue to grow progressively in the order of development of the local urban system from below. The dispersedly quazi-urbanized administrative region is necessary to strengthen its central city to serve the region's development, but normally the prospect central city should not have bigger size than that of the central cities of higher rank. The development of polarized urbanization is limited, and it is un-realistic to expect a conformation of new bigger city nearby the existed local large central city there. Quasi-urbanized area is a particular human-geographical area, where the urban and rural elements are mingled each other. And at the end the authors have made some suggestions for healthier development of the County, such as: to abolish the principle of urban-rural separation for regional administrative division, and to merge the two administrative regions of Shaoxing County with Yuecheng District into one unit; to promote a reasonable distribution of land-uses and to pay close attention to land consolidation and leveling for increasing the land-utility ratio in agriculture and to create favorable conditions for giving the full play of the local potentialities for the agricultural production.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WU Jun-lian, GU Chao-lin, HUANG Ying, LONG Guo-ying
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    The study on urban social areas began rather late in China. Yu Wei firstly introduced the concept of urban social areas in 1986. Then Chinese scholars carried out researches in the cities of Guangzhou, Beijing, Xi'an and so on, which mostly discussed the characters of urban social spaces at the beginning of the shift from planned economic system to market economic system. Along with the strengthening of market economic function, great changes have taken place in the characters of urban social areas. Taking Nanchang as an example, the thesis researched the differentiations of urban social areas in the new era. Based on the data of the Fifth National Population Census at the subdistrict (jiedao) level in Nanchang, the research used the method of factor ecological analysis, which had four steps: constructing data matrix, analyzing data twice by factor analysis, describing the spatial characters of factors and compartmentalizing urban social areas. Through the factorial ecological analysis, the thesis found that differentiations of social areas were taking place in Nanchang. Factor analysis revealed four factors that underlay the social spatial structure in Nanchang: (1) housing conditions as the dominant factor displaying a sectoral pattern, (2) educational and professional status featuring a sectoral pattern, (3) family status exhibiting a combination of sectoral and zonal patterns, and (4) floating population resembling a sectoral pattern. Superimposing the four factors generated a complex urban mosaic in Nanchang. Cluster analysis was used to classify the subdistricts into seven different social areas. The differentiations of urban social areas displayed a combination of sectoral and zonal patterns.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIN Zhang-ping, YAN Xiao-pei
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    The main purpose of this paper is to reveal the temporal and spatial disparities of the performance and potential of FDI within Guangdong province by constructing indices of performance and potential of FDI. Ten potential indicators have been employed and the Pearson coefficients between them and FDI were obtained through correlative analysis. Furthermore, the coupling mechanism between performance and potential of FDI was established to distinguish the coupling types of regional performance and potential of FDI and their transformation through time in Guangdong. Strong evidence from this study shows that just reversing to the trend of the amount of actually utilized foreign capitals, the performance index-scores of FDI in Guangdong are diminishing slowly. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ) has always been the most important area of Guangdong province concerning FDI, in spite of the shrinkage of quotient occupied by it. The decentralizing trend of spatial distribution of FDI in PRDEZ has dominated the decentralizing trend throughout the province, as the values of HI show. Results show that 52% of all the 21 prefectures belong to the region-types of potential lagging behind performance, and 38% belong to the types of performance lagging behind potential, only 10% belong to the type of harmony during 1995-1996. Comparing with the circs of the period 1995-1996, 100% prefectures of PRDEZ and 58% prefectures of the other area beyond PRDEZ had increased their potential level, 67% prefectures of PRDEZ and 42% prefectures of the other area beyond PRDEZ had increased their performance level during 2000-2001. The empirical results have important policy implications for foreign-capital economic development of Guangdong province. For the main central cities such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Foshan have been found to belong to the performance lagging behind potential region-type through quantitative analysis, the concept that all these cities are all saturated with foreign capitals should be renewed.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHANG Xiao-ping
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    Globalization force dominated by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) has increasingly been an important factor influencing regional development. In the last two decades, as a result of increasing globalization and fast technological advances, dynamics behind spatial organization of economic activities have been changing very rapidly and hence spatial arrangements of economic activities become more and more complicated. To actively participate in globalization via attracting foreign direct investment and technological transfers, the Chinese government has established various kinds of development areas since the opening up and reform in the late 1970s and provided tax holidays to foreign investors in the development areas as well as domestic investors in the high-tech sectors. By employing the cases of MNCs' investment in the development areas of China, local ties of global production networks (GPN) are analyzed and three patterns, namely, gradual pattern, embedded pattern and following pattern, are put forward. It indicates that the GPN of MNCs have been strengthened through their investments in the development areas of China. Accordingly, the development areas of China can be regarded as the local nodes of GPN. However, in the interest of local development, connections between GPN and local production networks have not been well developed, which should be gained more concern by local governments and administrators.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    JIA Ruo-xiang, LIU Yi, HOU Xiao-li
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    With the globalization of economy and progress of science and technology, more and more enterprises currently find it very difficult to develop all by oneself in the furious market competition. In order to deal with the furious market competition, many enterprises make adjustment to their competition strategy by turning from antagonistic competition to cooperative competition. Enterprise cooperation, as an innovation in enterprise organization, has become an effective way to strengthen the enterprise's competitiveness. The main part of enterprise cooperation consists of two or more than two independent corporate enterprises free from administrative affiliation.Enterprise cooperation exceeds the normal market transaction but does not reach the integration under certain economic system in order to share resources and pool risk, including frequent exchange of technology, capital, information and personnel. The main driving force of enterprise cooperation is to reduce production cost to gain the market competitiveness. Then according to the activities of the enterprises, enterprise cooperation is classified into different models such as research and development cooperation, manufacture cooperation, marketing cooperation (co-marketing) and capital cooperation. Some concrete enterprise cooperation models can still be extended from these four types of models. To the regional economic development, enterprise cooperation is like a two-edged sword, which can either quicken regional economic development or block regional economic development. Generally speaking, enterprise cooperation can bring advantages and disadvantages to the regional economic development. The advantages are as the following: expand regional market, construct regional innovation network, improve regional science and technology level, and collect regional development capital. The disadvantages are as the following: make the regional development depend on the outside too much, bring heavy energy consumption and induce pollution transfer, loss of regional market and band. It is deemed that cooperation is still an effective way to improve the enterprise's competitiveness in the near future.In the process of enterprise cooperation, we should bring into full play the advantages of enterprise cooperation while avoid its disadvantages.