According to 6-year investigations in the south of China and available recordation,the geographical distribution maps of P.vittata in China were compiled,and the ecological adaptabilities of P.vittata,including sunlight,thermal condition,precipitation and soil pH,were summarized.It was found that P.vittata were distributed within the tropical and the subtropical regions south of Qinling Mountains.Mean annual temperature above 10℃,mean monthly temperature of January above 0℃,mean monthly temperature of July above 20℃,the accumulated temperature ≥10℃more than 3800℃,annual frost-free periods more than 200 days and annual precipitation more than 500 mm are the ideal water and heat conditions needed for P.vittata growth.Among them,mean monthly temperature of January and annual frost-free periods seemed to be the main limiting factors that restricted distribution of P.vittata further up to the high latitude area.A wide range of soil pH was found within the distribution areas of P.vittata,indicated that it had little restriction to the distribution of P.vittata.It can be concluded that P.vittata could not only be used to phytoremediate arsenic contaminated soils within its natural distribution area,but also in the North China Plain north of its natural distribution area,with proper agricultural measure to ensure the underground part of P.vittata against low temperature and frost in winter.According to the distribution area and the habitat characters of P.vittata,it can also be concluded that P.vittata could be used for phytoremediation with little ecological risk.
Tianjin is situated in the northeastern part of the North China Plain, with the Yanshan Mountains on the north and Bohai Sea on the east. It is the largest opening coastal city of North China and the economic center of the Bohai Coastal Region. Since 1978, the Tianjin's economy has grown substantially. In the 24 years from 1978 to 2003, China's e-conomy grew at an annual rate of 10. 6%. With the rapid development of economy, the ecological environment bears great stress. In recent years, there has been contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection, although the policies of environmental protection have been adopted. Guided by the principle of sustainable development and based on the theories and methods of economic-environment, the author analyzed the dynamic relationship between economic growth and environmental deterioration of Tianjin through EKCs. From the examination of the EKC for Tianjin, the relationship between e-conomic growth and environmental degradation presents a U + inverted-U pattern, which is different from traditional EKC.The results show that the curve conforms to the three periods' function,including before 1992, from 1992 to 1998 and after 1998. The curve descended from 1985 to 1992, and the environmental deterioration trend had been held back through improving environmental protection realization and strengthening waste treatment capacities. But from 1992 to 1998, as for industrialization of Tianjin, the industrial structure took heavy industry in lead, resulting in more serious solid and gas pollution. Therefore, the urban condition became worsened. After 1998, the environmental quality was gradually improved, depending mainly on the adoption of comprehensive treatment measures.From the further examination of the EKC, the relationships between economic growth and waste water, waste gas and waste solids of industries present weak inverted-U, U + inverted-U and weak inverted-U patterns respectively.Based on the research, it is considered that environmental policy, environmental awareness of residents and the spread of environmental technology are the main factors which lead to the environment improvement in Tianjin city.
The vulnerability assessment in this paper is based on the following points: 1) The vulnerable eco-environment is that with unstable structure,therefore it is sensitive to outside interfere factor sensitive and is easy to develop deterioration under external interference,and the self-restoring force of the eco-environment is worse.2) The type of vulnerability in the research area belongs to that being liable to be degradated caused by erosion,so the authors choose the key element and major indicator which are easy to cause erosion as the assessment indices.3) The vulnerability of ecosystem includes the potential vulnerability before influenced by human activity and the realistic vulnerability after influenced by human activity.This paper chooses altitude,gradient,soil erosion index K,annual rainfall,the proportion of rainfall in rainy period and the drought index of rainless period as an evaluation system of potential ecological vulnerability.In addition to the above factors,two other factors-forest coverage and sloping land index are added to denote the comprehensive effects of regional human-earth relation,economic development and managing level.The revised system indicates the realistic vulnerability. This paper takes Hengyang Basin as a case to study the evaluated potential vulnerability degree of the relevant counties and the realistic vulnerability degree of the same counties respectively in 1984 and 2000.The calculation results show that the potential environmental vulnerability in most parts of Hengyang Basin is at light degree,among them the vulnerable degree of Hengnan County in the central part of the basin is the biggest and Hengyang County comes second.Either in 1984 or 2000,the realistic ecological the vulnerability degree is the biggest in Hengnan County and Qidong County comes next.Comparing the realistic vulnerability degree in 1984 with that in 2000,the latter of all the counties reduces to various degree,among them,Hengyang County reduces the most and the least is Hengnan County.The assessment results show that the eco-logical vulnerability of Hengyang Basin is relatively low before the environment is destroyed by human activity,tending to be absolute degradation and relative restoration.Among all of the counties,the ecosystem of Hengnan County located in the middle part of the Hengyang Basin is most vulnerable,so the degradation here is serious and the restoration is very difficult.
Gansu province located in northwest China has an arid and semi-arid climate with an annual mean precipitation of 40800mm.Deficiency of water resources has become the major factors restricting the agricultural development in Gansu province.Using field water balance model,monthly field wheat water balance has been estimated for 80 counties in the province for a period of 1960-2001.Deficit ratio and frequency were adopted to analyze spatial-temporal distribution of field water resources balance.The results show that under normal precipitation condition,rainfall cannot meet water demand for wheat,and that water deficit is the main character of field water resources balance in Gansu.Deficit of field water resources tends to increase from southeast to northwest,and from mountains to basins,varying significantly among the counties studied.Results show that water demand for winter wheat is 464.47 mm,the corresponding water deficit is 144.42 mm and the surplus water is 3.75 mm.As for spring wheat,water demand is 443.83 mm,the corresponding water deficit is 262.87 mm and the surplus water is zero mm.Water deficit of spring wheat is higher than that of winter wheat.Deficit water reaches the largest amount in May and July for both types,but the stability of water deficit for winter wheat is lower than spring wheat.For winter wheat,the highest frequency of water deficit is media,while it is more severely for spring wheat.
Based on the land use survey maps and data of 1984,1992,1995-2001,and assisted by spatial analysis techniques of GIS and statistic analysis methods,the spatial-temporal process and differentiation of land use change since 1984 in Fengtai district of Beijing were analyzed.Using the data of land use and economic output,the benefit differentiation of economic output between different land use types was calculated in 1999.And according to the data from 1992 to 2001,a correlative model between non-agricultural land use and fixed asset investment,population,secondary and tertiary industries was set up.As a result,this paper found: （1） The total area of agricultural land-use decreased continually,and the decreased area was 8968.76 hm2,with 527.57 hm2 of annual average and 3.91% of annual average decreased rate from 1984 to 2001,of which the decreased area of farmland and grassland was much larger.But that of non-agricultural land-use increased speedily with years,and the annual increased area and rate were respectively 569.34 hm2 and 4.4% in 1984 to 2001,of which the main increase types were urban & town land and industrial & mining areas. （2） During 1984 to 1999,the spatial different features of land-use change in the district was very remarkable.Along with temporal process,the peak areas of land-use change composed of agricultural land decrease and non-agricultural land increase have been transferred away from center city since 1984.The peak areas of land-use change were between circle-road 2 and 3 in 1984-1992 and between circle-road 3 and 4 in 1992-1999.And predictably,the peak areas will be between circle-road 4 and 5 in the coming 10 years. （3） The comparative analysis of economic output benefits between different land-use types shows that the distinct differences of economic output benefits are pivotal powers of driving land use conversion from agricultural land in nonagricultural land.During 1992 to 2001,the total asset investment,population growth and secondary industrial development are three key factors enlarging non-agricultural land area.
Markov model was used to represent the land-use change data for several reasons.Firstly,land use change is not unidirectional in nature.A given parcel of land theoretically may change from one category of land-use to any other at any time.Markovian analysis uses matrices that represent all the multi-directional land-use changes between all the mutually exclusive land-use categories.Land use changes and scenarios in Lhasa district were analyzed in this paper using Markov model.The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Land use changes in Lhasa district during the last ten years were related to this period's integrated agricultural development project.In 10 years from 1990 to 2000,186.53 ha of cultivated land were converted into forest land,accounting for 54.857% of the total cultivated land area converting into the other land use categories;and 130.05 ha were converted into residential area,being 38.247%.The remaining limited area was converted into the other land use categories such as rangeland and water body. (2) The most extensive changes of land use from 1990 to 2000 in Lhasa district was rangeland conversion.Rangeland was converted into cultivated land,horticultural land,forestland,residential area and water body.Among them,2333.33 ha of forestland were converted from rangeland,or 94.093 %,the largest of all in area.These land use changes were related directly to the integrated development and construction project carried out in the central Tibetan Plateau in the mid 1990s.Because of the implementation of biological and engineering measures consisting of large scale of forestation and construction of field safeguarding forest,since the 1990s,remarkable effects in soil erosion control have been obtained through improving surface vegetation and land cover conditions. (3) Markov chain model prediction indicated that the general trends of land use changes,in Lhasa district in future were that cultivated land,rangeland,water body and unused land will decrease and forest,horticultural land and residential area will increase. (4) It should be pointed out that since there are many factors impacting land use changes,in particular in a short period of time,policies,regulations,important regional projects and human activities and other uncertain factors will affect regional land use changes,hence causing certain errors in prediction accuracy of land use changes in Lhasa district. (5) The simulated areas of land use changes in the future in Lhasa district by Markov mode are very close to the planning areas of land use changes of Tibet,therefore,land use change scenario based on the Markov model has an important value for making land use plan.
Being a kind of agricultural and productive action,cultivation and reclamation have closely correlated with certain governmental policies.In the Qing Dynasty,the agricultural technology was in a poor condition,and the importance of certain policies of cultivation and reclamation was even more distinctive.As a result,a thorough analysis and implementation of the cultivation policies at that time is a very important way to know the cultivation and reclamation in the Qing Dynasty.The cultivation and reclamation policies during Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong periods in the Qing Dynasty were analyzed in this paper,and the spatial and temporal distributions of cultivation and reclamation during the early Qing Dynasty were also set forth.The characteristics of cultivation and reclamation during these periods were as follows.The Kangxi period was characterized by the resume of the past cultivation that was stopped during the war.The most important aspect of cultivation during the Yongzheng period was the transitional character that was transformed from the resume of past cultivation to the settlement of requiring more cultivated land due to the quick increase of population.And the most important task of cultivation for the government duing the Qianlong period was to solve the problems of increasing poor population.Various cultivated policies were reflected in the field of reclamation and cultivation at that time.During the Kangxi period,the cultivation was resumed,and the cultivation during Yongzheng period was marked by the transformation from the reclamation of wasted cultivated land to the cultivation of virgin soils in some areas.And the characteristics of cultivation during the Qianlong period were the clear representations of cultivation of virgin soils.In the meantime,the cultivation in the early Qing Dynasty was distributed spatially.
West Liaohe Basin is one of the key regions in the West development strategies implemented by the Chinese Government,and its eco-environment is vulnerable.Study on land reclamation and its influence on environment is the only way to explore the cause of land desertification and seek for the proper pattern of land use. (1)This paper examines changes of the land reclamation in West Liaohe Basin in about 100 years(1902-1990).At the end of the Qing Dynasty,it had no land to open up in the south of West Liaohe,but areas of plowland got increased in counties and Qis(banners) in the north of West Liaohe.In the period of Republic of China,much plowland was turned into wasteland in the south of West Liaohe,but in the north of West Liaohe,a great amount of grassland was developed into arable land.After liberation(1949),because of unreasonable land policies,all grassland was almost opened up completely. (2)Above all,natural environment in West Liaohe Basin has been greatly influenced.First,vegetation was destroyed,so the virgin forest of the Qing Dynasty now becomes the secondary forest dominately composed of mountain polar and white pirch,and the thick forest gets the thin one.Secondly,wild animals lost their natural living environment owing to vegetation destruction,so small animals such as rabbits,pheasants,crows,pied magpies and so on,now become rarer and rarer besides of macro-animals being extinct. (3)Soil erosion happened in the Qing Dynasty,lately reclamation took place at a large scale at the end of the Qing Dynasty,much plowland changed into wasteland in Republic of China,and extensive reclamation after liberation makes it on the rise.
Integrated Physical Geography(IPG) is an important subdiscipline of physical geography,i.e.narrow-sensed Physical Geography.The IPG studies physiographical environment the whole terrene which is the habitation of human beings comprehensively and systmetically.It emphasizes the matter-energy relationship among factors of physiographical environment,interprets the historical formation,modern process,type structure,terrain differentiation and evolution of physiographical environment.Integrated study includes correlative and complementary aspects: modern process and historical process.The modern process integrated study of the physiographical environment involves the distribution,transformation of heat and water on land surface,as well as its function in physiographical environment.It also involves chemical elements migration in the physiographical environment,the matter-energy exchange between the biological community and the environment.Landscape science and land science study natural complex from type structure point view comprehensively,while physical geographical regionalization makes the integrated study at regional angle differently.The physiographical environment is the product of the history.Paleogeographical environment,especially the historical study about the paleogeographical environment-forming process since the Neogene,is a subdiscipline of the IPG,just the content of paleogeography.In China,the IPG with Chinese characteristics has been formed and developed since the 1950s.Chinese IPG integrated study has made so much remarkable progress in paleogeography:integrated physical geographical regionalization,landscape science,land science,modern physical geography processes,regional physical geography,integrated research of physical geography,etc.This paper will make a generalization and retrospection about the achievement from the aspects above.
From an interdisciplinary point of view of urban geomorphology,this paper discusses the land deformation process（LDP） of the urban area of central Shanghai,the controlling role to the sedimentation of river system,and relations to the flood prevention wall as well as the problems faced and countermeasures at present time.Conclusions can been drawn as follows: （1） The LDP has been characterized by obvious stages in relation to human activities during industrialization and urbanization since 1843.Five stages divided:（a） embryonic deformation stage from 18431920 AD;（b） relatively strong deformation stage from 19211956 AD;（c） strong deformation stage from 19571965AD;（d） slow deformation stage from 19661989 AD;and（e） accelerate deformation stage from 1990 to the present.Each stage has different extents of land subsidence and ranges of depression. （2） The LDP here is considered as a catastrophic process.It has given rise to many negative environmental effects and even calamities.The most serious one of them is the threatening of flood to the city safety.The LDP has become a controller of the sedimentation of rivers and creeks within the area of depression.Here the authors put forward a conceptual model of land deformation controlling sedimentation.If land deformation develops continuously,it can be foreseen that the drown valley system at the estuary of the Yangtze River will advance toward land area of Shanghai,and the depression will enlarge toward the lowland（or marshland） in the west of Shanghai.Land deformation has caused a loss of 260 billion Yuan（RMB）.In fact,the ultimate economic loss is difficult to calculate as known as an irreversible process. （3） The flood prevention wall standing along banks of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek,the fourth flood-defending line in Shanghai,has close relation to the land deformation.So it is considered as a passive countermeasure to the catastrophic urban geomorphic environment.Further study shows that this countermeasure at present time is effective,but not in the future as a result of the ongoing land deformation.The flood prevention wall 5.72m（Wusong Elevation System） tidal table of "one time over one thousand year" recorded by Huangpu Park Station will be probably broken through soon.So a new flood-defending countermeasure for Shanghai is to be urgently needed. （4） The flood prevention wall,as a product of urban geomorphologic evolution,still has safety problems,e.g.uneven land subsidence,water erosion,artificial impacts,piles of heavy materials,and even purposely removal of it.An urgent response to the flood prevention wall system is still not established.So it should be strengthened both in design and management.Furthermore,its importance of eco-environmental effect must be recognized in the future development along Huangpu and Suzhou river banks. （5） Finally,the authors recognize that the urban geomorphic environmental problems should be solved completely only on a level of city planning.The pressure of human activities to the physical geographical system in central urban area must be reduced during re-urbanization,aiming to realize the sustainable development and avoid more economic loss.
The ancient marine eroded landform located at Huangpuzhen town extends more than 200m along the eastern foot of Jianfengshan,a small relic mountain in Zhujiang river delta plain,with well formed marine notches,cliffs and platforms.It is one of the largest ancient marine eroded landforms in Guangdong.However,there is not any marine biological deposits remained in the cliffs or notches for radiocarbon dating to find out the age of the landform.The features of the marine eroded landform,stratum date and 14C dating from boreholes in the nearby areas,changes of transgression boundaries in Zhujiang estuary during the Holocene era and recording of historical documents have to be used together to identify ancient geographical environment of Huangpuzhen and the time when the landform was formed.The result of this study shows that the area of Huangpuzhen had been a projecting block of red Cretaceous conglomerate by the time of the first transgression which happened in the later Pleistocene.Jianfengshan,the relic mountain of the block,was therefore located as an island in the ancient Zhujing estuarine bay in the most of time of Holocene transgression.When the transgression ended,the shoreline of Zhujiang delta moved out seaward,and the bay was gradually filled into a deltaic plain and the low hill became a relic mountain on the plain.The period for the marine eroded landform at Huangpuzhen to be formed was 6100-1600 aBP,when the low hill was as an island in the Holocene transgression.
Leshan Grand Buddha is one of the most important heritage resources of the World Heritage of Culture and Nature in China,which is located in Lingyun Mountains at Leshan,Sichuan province,China.The surface weathering problem of the carved stone is very serious,and how to protect it from the bad weathering is a difficult task.Therefore,this paper studies on the surface weathering problems of the siltstone in Lingyun Mountains,where Leshan Grand Buddha is located,in order to get more deterioration information about the carved stones. The test results of the siltstone samples with the X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry（XRFS） indicated that the SiO2 is the main component and its quality percentage is up to 84%,the next parts are Al2O3 of 7.5% and Fe2O3 of 1.7%,etc.In addition,the siltstone includes a great deal of quartz powder,most of its diameter is around 0.250mm,and the other is the mauve cementation. In order to measure the erosion rates of the siltstone,we installed four suits of micro-erosion meter（MEM） instruments based on the principle of screwing measurement.The results indicated that the erosion thickness is mostly close 0.216-0.303mm of the year.We also investigated the environmental factors besides the experiment and found that water and biological intrusions are two important factors affecting the erosion rates. At the locale,we also tested the rigidity of the siltstone surfaces too with grout rebound instrument（ZC5 Model）,which proved that siltstone weathering is faster than that of limestone because of the very low rigidity.The surface rigidity of siltstone will reduce quickly and become soft once it touches water,so the siltstone surface is easy to be destroyed by environmental factors. Therefore we can conclude that the Leshan Grand Buddha will go on weathering because the siltstone rocks has loose structure,and siltstone surface can be ruined easily.The good natural environment such as water vapor from the river,complex components of the siltstone cementation conditions is favorable for the microorganism and plants to grow.Therefore,water and bio-environment are important external factors accelerating the heritage surface deterioration and the fundamental internal factor is the unstable structure of the quartz grain and cementation system.
Based on S.Beer's "spatial resolution taper",applied hierarchical system theory and combined with present research result of hierarchical system,the article tried to set up "the unit hierarchical taper of regional geographic system",a kind of regional geographic system model which is a scale-unit structure.The article analyzed the structural relationship and unit constitute of the taper.The research result showed that "the unit hierarchical taper of regional geographic system" is made up of the following units: the unit of geographic minimum structure,the unit of geographic basic function,the unit of geographic landscape,the unit of geographic landscape class and the unit of geographic landscape class combination.They represent the geographic research methodologies of "the partition of minimum spatial granularity","the analysis of a basic spatial process","the conjugate analysis of spatial processes","class partition" and "reciprocity among the classes" respectively and embody the geographic research thinking of "redutive analysis","process analysis","whole analysis","class partition" and "synthesis analysis" respectively.In addition,the article conducted an experiment of the research method on structure of the unit hierarchical structure of regional geographic system in a particular experimental district.
Spatial hydrological process involves the 3D geospatial and a temporal dimension.The visualization of it is helpful to understand it more correctly and more efficiently.In this paper an approach representing spatial hydrological process dynamically and interactively is developed,using Huangtuling watershed in Zhejiang province as a case area.Our research development involves the following major phases: 1) creation of ground spatial reference,2) 3D display of spatial hydrological process and 3) dynamic and interactive display.In the PC environment,OpenGL functions are called through Visual C++ to realize the dynamic 3D display.OpenGL functions are powerful in 3D modeling and rendering and therefore suitable for presentation of the spatial hydrological process,while the technology of double buffers ensures the continuous display of the temporal changes of spatial hydrological process.The main aspects of the approach such as surface modeling,terrain coloring,normal computation in lighting,water transparency handling,temporal hydrological data processing and interaction parameters inputting,are discussed in details. The system can display realistically the 3D dynamic changes of water continuum at different surface elevations,and the navigation and synchronized animation play important parts in observing,analyzing and comparing spatial hydrological process.
In social and environmental sciences,researchers are interested in the analysis and modeling of the spatial data.Unlike ordinary data,the locations of the observation are also concerned as well as the values relating to the objects in spatial data analysis.Real estate has gone through a dramatic growth in China these years,and there were a lot of researches on the development of real estate.But most of the studies just considered the social and economic attributes of the real estate.The location of the real estate was not fully considered.With the development of the Geographical Information Sciences(GISc),the theories and methods about spatial dada analysis developed too.And there are more tools and softwares focused on spatial analysis,which improved the application of the spatial data analysis.In this paper,the way of spatial data analysis,such as point pattern analysis,spatial correlation analysis and spatial interpolation were recommended and used in the study about the real estate in Beijing,the capital of China.By using the quadrat analysis,nearest neighbor analysis and Ripley's K function,the clumped pattern of the real estate in Beijing is found.The Moran's I,which is often used to test the spatial autocorrelation,also suggests that there is significant spatial autocorrelation in the price of the house in Beijing.This means that the research about the price of the house in Beijing must concern about this important characteristic.By use of ordinary kirging,the spatial pattern of the house price in Beijing was simulated,and the results also show that the price has some interesting relationship with the development of the city itself.
Region is an open system.The economic growth in each region not only depends on its own characteristics,but also on those of the regions that form the neighborhood to which it belongs.Growth poles theory or core-periphery pattern suggests that different spatial interactions between a region and its neighbors can enlarge or lessen regional disparities.Unfortunately,the traditional approaches to regional disparities suppose that each region is independent from others,so they just evaluate the regional disparity variations of "isolated" regions and cannot tell the dynamics of interrelated regions.This paper firstly explores the feasibility of exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) in analyzing regional economic disparities.Unlike traditional statistical methods,such as coefficients of variation,ESDA can incorporate spatial effects into the analysis of regional disparities,identifying global and local disparities at the regional scale and visualizing the spatial distribution and patterns through Moran scatterplots or maps.By means of global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses,this paper then investigates the spatial dynamics of regional disparities at the county level in Jiangsu by analyzing per capita GDP data,1978-2002.Empirical results show that after more than 20 years of reforms and opening-up,the overall county-level spatial disparities of regional economy in Jiangsu have been greatly decreased over time.Moreover,the regions and their neighbors tend to have the similar trends towards shrinking the disparities of regional economy,especially the counties(or cities) in southern or northern Jiangsu.Thirdly,the significant spread or trickling-down effect has been observed across southern Jiangsu since 1992.But for the whole province,its polarization effect is beyond its spread effect because significant lagging areas located in northern Jiangsu have appeared with the growing up of southern Jiangsu.Finally,the reduction of county-level regional disparities in Jiangsu is not the symbol of regional development in a coordinated way,indicating the spatial ramifications of the whole regional economy into two different clubs through the process of cumulative causation.
Sustainable development is the topic of world research nowadays.Developing eco-economy is an essential way to achieve sustainable development.Jilin province,according to its status quo of society,economy and environment,formulated the developmental strategies for the realization of eco-economic province in 1999,intended to develop eco-economy of the whole province so as to improve Jilin province's competitiveness and realize sustainable development.In China,Jilin province is the second one after Hainan province which put forward the developmental strategies for the accomplishment of eco-economic province. Jilin Province,located in the middle part in Northeast China,is one of the oldest industrial areas,governing 9 districts: Changchun,Jilin,Siping,Liaoyuan,Baishan,Tonghua,Songyuan,Baicheng and Yanbian.Although it had contributed much to the national economic development,yet its previous economic development pattern was only focused on the utilization of resources while neglecting the protection of eco-environment,hence leading to serious deterioration of eco-environment and damage of natural resources.Now the regional competitiveness,with decreasing resources and degraded environment,declined quickly.So in order to improve integrated competitiveness of the whole province,it is quite important to sustain and restore eco-environment and realize sustainable development.Based on the analysis of economic,social and ecological conditions and characteristics,the strategic goals were designated,aiming to improve eco-environment,accelerate economic development,improve competitiveness and realize sustainable development of Jilin Province.It planned to take 30 years to achieve an eco-economic province. This paper explains the connotation of eco-economic and regional competitiveness,and establishes the assessment indexes system and methods,with which to evaluate eco-ecological competitiveness of eco-economic district,including 9 districts.The assessment result shows that the best region is in the middle,and then is the east region,the region between the east and the middle,and the worst is the west region.At last some advices based on the research result are proposed for constructing Jilin eco-economic province.
The study was carried out based on the method of combining theoretical analysis with demonstrative research. In demonstrative research, questionnaires were designed and distributed. The subjects of the study mainly belonged to the wealthy class people of the maximal emissivenes in the urban district of Hangzhou, who hadn't been involved in leisure tourism for 3 or 4 weeks on end. The major content of the questionnaire included 32 items under, 7 sections-they were financial factor, factor of time, transportation factor, psychological factor, safety factor, learning factor and other factors. Of all the questionnaires, 551 copies were effective. Based on the analysis, the following conclusion was made:The impeditive factors influencing leisure tourism of the maximal emissivenes residents in the city of Hangzhou were mainly the factor of time and traffic factor, the latter was closely related to the former factor, and next to them came the learning factor. As to the specific factors, the chief of all was that the interviewees had jobs, indicating that they were under great pressure. Most of the interviewees preferred traveling by bus, but such factors as the limited number and no direct bus constituted the most important barrier. To the people of different professions, factors were complicated, but among them time, transportation and learning pressure were considered first. In the aspect of sex, men were restricted by time, transportation and study pressure, while women, besides time which was similar with men, gave more concern to transportation and safety factors. The influence of impeditive factors on people of different age groups was relatively complicated. Students had more study pressure, middle-aged people had limited time, and the elderly might worry more about transportation. As to education, the most impeditive factors were that of time, transportation and safety.
The processes of tourism destination choice are influenced by both psychological variables(motivations,attitudes,beliefs and images) and non-psychological variables(time,destination attributes,perceived costs of tourism product,buyer characteristics and benefits sought).As tourism is an experience,it includes many intangible attributes,and does not offer the chances of trial experience.Tourist image affected by both stimulus elements of the product and the characteristics of the perceiver is a valuable concept in understanding the destination selection process.The inclusion of product characteristics or attributes in tourism analysis appears to strongly contribute towards the better understanding of travel choice behaviour.However,the traditional demand theory ignores the particularities of the product and the existing demand models exclude measures of traveller's attitudes including perceptions of service attributes and personal feelings toward different destinations and/or services.Therefore,despite its contribution to tourism research,the traditional demand theory is insufficient to justify comprehensively the direction of tourist flows in space and time.To address these issues,the paper has provided a conceptual mode and analysis model of tourism destination choice based on Lancasterian product characteristic theory and tourist destination image theory,which extends further the Lancaster product characteristic framework as applied to tourism.And the estimation of tourist preference ordering by utilising a conditional Logit analysis has been discussed.With the proposed model the characteristics of the tourism product/destination combined to generate a perception/feeling regarding the tourism destination in the mind of the tourists.Finally the conditional Logit model generates the probability of revisit given the characteristics of tourists and the Jiangxi tourism product.Because of the inter-disciplinary character of the research and the knowledge limits of the author,there are many areas in the research that deserve further to study,especially the application of the Lancasterian theory in tourist development and plan.
