In the process of modern geography in China, Prof.HUANG Bing wei, with his profound wisdom and diligent work, made outstanding contributions to the promotion of the development of modern geography and improvement of the research level of geography. The core of the geographical academic thought of Prof. HUANG is to emphasize the basis of geographic subject. Prof.HUANG regarded the integration and regionality as the main characteristic of geography, exploiting and instructing the geographical integrating works,such as the integrated physicographical regionalization in China and the integrated research on natural process of the earth surface, etc. Prof.HUANG emphasized the stratagem of geography in terms of service and and construction and thought much of the combination of theory with practice. He advocated that geography should serve agriculture and be geared to the construction practices. Prof. HUANG always paid much attention to the problems of soil erosion and conservation in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, water conservancy and agricultural development in North China and the sloping farmland improvement and utilization in South China. He actively introduced new thought, new technique and new methods. He promoted the deep research of geography and exploited the direction of experimental geography with his innovative thought. He watched closely the international research direction and trend and advocated the cross between the natural science and social science. He thought much of the global environment change and its impacts and the research on the regional sustainable development in China. He brought forward the view that the terrestrial system science is the strategic direction of geographical development, which is a notable indicative. Prof. HUANG Bing wei's geographical academic thought and research practice is the invaluable fortune of modern geography in China, which will keep on directing the development of geography and make positive contributions to the Chinese modernization construction and the prospects of people's homeland.
Based on a z coordinate 3D baroclinic numerical modeling (ZOM) developed by Fang & Yu (1998), currents (include tidal current) of the Bohai Sea are diagnostically simulated considering the wind driven circulation and thermohaline circulation. The splitting mode technique is used in model discretization and forward elimination and back substitution is employed in solving water elevation equation. The advection, bottom friction, buoyancy, and vertical eddy viscosity are elaboratedly treated in order to keep numerical stabilization. The horizontal resolution is 10′. There are 5 layers in vertical. The numerical results coincide with observation data quite well when comparison between the calculated current and observation data in an oil rig of the Bohai Sea during Dec. 1995 to Sep. 1996. The deviation of current direction between the calculation and observation is smaller than 14.8°,while that of current speed is 8.8cm/s(23%). A modified Bagnold load sediment formulas is used in mass transport model. The suspend sediment transport is calculated according to formular given by Dou et al. (1995). The numerical sediment transport model shows that the head of the Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay are alluvial sea areas. In the rest sea area of the Bohai Sea, especially in the Bohai Strait, appears erosion area. In order to calibrate the numerical results, a comparison between the numerical output and secular changes of the depth of the Bohai Sea during recent 50 years is achieved, and the result illustrates the consistent change pattern. Of course, this paper is only a preliminary research on connection of the physical process and sediment process. In next step, the function of ocean wave, fresh water dilute, cohesive sediment transport, sediment entrainment and near shore process will be considered in the model.
As the southernmost strait of China, the Qiongzhou Strait connects the Beibu Gulf and the South China Sea, and is very important to Hainan Province in terms of environmental protection and resources management The tidal process in the Qiongzhou Strait is very active, with average tidal current speeds of 0 15 0 74 ms-1 (springs) and 0 12 0 51 ms-1 (neaps) Suspended sediment concentrations in the strait during spring and neap tides are rather close (0 028 and 0 026 kgm-3 , respectively), but with clear temporal and spatial changes Suspended sediment transport flux of the strait varies at about 30 11,000 kgm-1 tide-1 Tide and/or wave induced sediment resuspension has a great influence on the suspended sediment concentration and transportflux In the same time, tidal currents also produce bed load sediment transport across the strait, with a maximum bed load sediment transport flux of 16,400 kgm-1 tide-1 On the whole, affected by tidal wave systems and topographic configuration of the strait, the north bank of the Qiongzhou Strait is dominated by westward water and sediment transport while NE and/or SE transport dominate the south bank Regionally, tidal current speeds, residual tidal current speeds and suspended sediment transport fluxes are all higher in spring tides than in neap tides, and in the north bank than in the south bank of the strait Future studies require detailed wave observation for a better understanding of the wave process and the combined processes of tides and waves
Ecological environmental problems in Dongting Lake area have become more and more protruding in recent years The fragile and deteriorated eco environment along with rapid economic growth at the expense of overuse and irrational exploitation of land resources, resulted in shrinkage of Dongting Lake area and drop of lake level,thus aggravatius serious flood threat In this paper the strategy of flood hazard mitigation of Dongting Lake is discussed on the background of the Three Gorges project construction Water and silt coming from rivers of Yangtze, Xiangjiang, Zishui, Yuanshui and Lishui are key factors leading to flood hazards of the lake area The authors put forward some proposals about improving the relationships between the rivers and the lake, between the lake and protective embankments in lakeside areas, and between storing floodwater and sluicing flood water, between scouring and depositing Comprehensive security of hydrologic environment of Dongting Lake area is a prerequisite for large scale economic development. Based on requirements for safety construction of Dongting Lake area, combining with Three Gorges Project, this paper explores the interaction of Dongting Lake and Yangtze River runoff, discusses some problems about coordinating relationship between Yangtze River floodwater and Dongting Lake floodwater, strengthening safe facilities construction of water detention basin of the lake area, as well as recovery and reconstruction of life line and production line We should take into considerration of overall situation while making plans according to the interests of both Hunan and Hubei provinces It is of importance to the utilization of the Three Gorges Project to cut down floodwater entering Dongting Lake and to the improvement of the lakeside area's environment On the basis of flood disaster risk analysis of the lake area, we must strengthen construction of water conservancy facilities and realize scientific management between the Three Gorges Project and Hunan province's reservoirs
In allusion to the most outstanding pollution problem of water resources in northern China, one calculating method of basic environmental water requirement of the rivers which can guarantee the river function of depuration and dilution is proposed, namely, the monthly (annual) guaranteed frequency method Under the precondition of different monthly (annual) guaranteed frequencies, this method takes the percentage of different natural annual mean discharge as the grade of environmental water requirement of the rivers with the help of series of hydrological statistical data, and the monthly (annual) basic environmental water requirement of the rivers is calculated individually under different guaranteed frequencies and different grades As a case the Huang Huai Hai plain of North China is analyzed Firstly, the main problems existing in the course of water resources utilization and water environment of research area are analyzed, and the main function of river system is confirmed Secondly, the current water utilization of rivers is evaluated with the criterion of Tennant method, and the results indicate that the average water consumption of the rivers in Huang Huai Hai plain in 1997 is shortage, and except that basin slice of Huaihe River belongs to "extremely good grade", the others all fall into the category of "worst" grade or "extremely bad"grade Thirdly, the basic environmental water requirement of the rivers in Huang Huai Hai plain was calculated using the method put forward in this paper, and the results showed that the minimum environmental water requirement of the rivers in Huang Huai Hai plain is 21 76 billion m3 , accounting for 15% of normal annual runoff In which, 3 09 billion m3 are for Haihe River basin, 5 2 billion m3 for the downstream of the Yellow River and 13 47 billion m3 for Huaihe River basin The results are verified through Tennant method, which proved that the calculation result is reliable The countermeasures and suggestions to meet the need of basic environmental water requirement of the rivers in research area are proposed finally The research of this article not only enriches the environmental water requirement theory, but also set up good foundation for further study of ecological (environmental) water requirement, and can offer effective basis for water resources planning and water environmental conservation for the research area at the same time
Se and F are important life elements closely related to health Toxicity or deficiency diseases in plants, animals and human bodies may arise from the abnormal distribution of Se and F in the natural environment In addition, serious pollution effects caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization also create uneven distribution of Se and F, threatening the health of all living organisms Scientists of related disciplines have, in recent years, faced these issues and been involved in studying such relationships Daba Mountains, one of the most poverty stricken areas of China, is also an area with high occurrence of coal burning fluorosis Moreover, its environmental enrichment of Se has produced new problems concerning potential toxicity effects and threats to human health In this work, typical soil profiles in Daba Mountains are selected as our investigative objects, the concentrations and distributions of Se and F in soils are studied The results are shown as follows: The mean concentrations of Se and F in soils of Daba Mountains are 5 70±13 31 μg/g and 622±434 μg/g, respectively, and those values are far higher than their background values in soils of whole China; distributions of Se and F in soil profiles are not the same In general, Se is enriched in surface soil layer, whereas F is enriched in subsoil layer;Se and F concentrations in soils are mainly governed by their concentrations in soil parent The correlation between the two variables can be expressed as Y Se =1 266X Se -0 547(r=0 995, P<0 01), Y F =0 340X F +258 25(r=0 762, P<0 05), respectively, where Y is the Se or F concentrations in soil, and X is the Se or F concentrations in the soil parent Otherwise, environmental geochemical processes, biologic processes and human actions can also profoundly impact the concentrations and redistributions of Se and F in soils
Located in north western China, the Bosten Lake is the largest continental fresh water lake in China, and the water environmental problems of the lake are very serious. Based on field investigations and monitoring data during 1999 2001, the water environmental problems and its causes in the Bosten Lake have been discussed by analyzing the characteristics of pollutants, changes of water quality, distributions of dumping pollutant sources and dumping pollutant quantity. The results show that: with the descent of water level and the shrinkage of water area of the lake from 1048.75 and 1005 km2 in the 1960s to 1045.21 and 900 km2 in the 1980s respectively, the mineralization increases as high as 2.74 times; there are about 26 pollutant drainage canals in the Bosten Lake area with an annual discharge of over 2.74×10 8 m3 of pollutant water into the lake;the main pollution source to water quality of the Boston Lake is Huangshui general trunk canal drainage alongside some other trunk canal drainages; the third quarter is the highest season in water pollution and the amount of chloride ion, sulfate radical and mineralization entering the Bosten Lake is 2 to 4 times that of discharging from the lake; the amount of industrial sewage drainaging in the lake is about 500×10 4 m3 , an increase of 70% compared with the 1960s; the main pollutants of industrial sewage are COD, BOD 5 and SS, and the amount of drainage is 11214 t, 7029 t and 2431 t respectively. The water body pollutants mainly contain the chloride ion, the sulfate radical, the mineralization, COD and the ammonia nitrogen and so on. The countermeasures for water environmental protection and sustainable utilization of the Boston Lake were proposed in the paper. Firstly, the pollution control in the basin should be done by establishing nature protection area of the Bosten Lake, hancing management and law enforcement, strengthening management of pollutant discharge to the lake and strictly control industrial sewage to enter the lake. And secondly, some ecological engineering measures for water resources protection in the basin should be taken through rehabilitating of lake shore and wetland, increasing the source and saving irrigation water and speeding up water cycle of the Bosten Lake.
Regional discrepancy is a common phenomenon in every society, and without administrative instrument, market economy can’t resolve the problem well, so regional policy plays an important role in regulating economic development Fiscal shift is an important measure by which central government regulates the financial revenue and expenditure among different provinces The main goals of this regional policy include: firstly, balancing the basal public service capability among different provinces; secondly, carrying out partial policies to special regions; and thirdly, controlling the local financial level In this paper, by plenty of analysis work, the authors find that fiscal shift system has partly obtained its original targets, although there are many rules which need to be improved Firstly, after the fiscal shift reform in 1994, fiscal shift has made great contributions to getting over finance difficulties of underdeveloped areas In the period of 1995 and 2000, fiscal shift capital accounted for more than half of the total finance expenditure in most underdeveloped provinces, especially in Tibet where the ratio was up to 95% Secondly, fiscal shift has impelled the regional economic development to a certain extent But in general, the situation of developed areas is better than that of underdeveloped areas Thirdly, fiscal shift is useful to improve income of towners, but unfortunately, the villagers of underdeveloped province are not so lucky as them Efficiency evaluation is an important link in the system of regional policy Scientific evaluation should be established on the basis of quantitative analysis of impact on regional economy, and fully take account of the macro background of regional policy
On the basis of retrospection of the internal and external studies on carrying capacity, this paper points out that study on solo factor carrying capacity such as land carrying capacity, resources and environmental carrying capacity is very limited in reflecting the real regional carrying capacity. It tries to resolve the problem through introducing the status space method to calculate the synthetic regional carrying capacity. That is, this paper discusses synthetically how much the regional land, resources and environment could carry under certain economic development and social improvement level. Taking the Bohai Rim area, which has comparatively poignant contradiction between the resources and environment and economic social development, as example, this paper computes the real status quo of its regional carrying capacity. The result shows that the resources and environmental carrying capacity has been surpassed. Among them, water, land resources, and eco environment which are the essential basis of economic development have the most serious problem. The mineral and energy resources are very near to their upper limit of carrying capacity. In the last part of this paper, the drawbacks and problems which need improving further are discussed. We point out the key of using this way to effectively weigh a certain region's carrying capacity lies on how to accurately determine the reasonable value of each index describing regional PRED system and the relationship between the present values and the reasonable ones.
This paper analyzes the coupling mechanism between urbanization and eco environment: the intimidation on eco environment from urbanization is caused by contamination from population, enterprises and transportation; Meanwhile, the restriction against urbanization from eco environment results from changing the flow direction of population and capital. On the basis of the above, the authors deduce the coupling function and theshape curve between urbanization and eco environment in two ways: algebra and geometry, and then opens out the relationship law: regional eco environment decays at first, and thenameliorates after the curve inflexion. This paper also discusses the coupling process of urbanization and eco environment, andclassifies it into four stages, whichare low level coordination stage, resisting stage, ameliorating stage and harmonious stage. Finally, the authors demonstrate the coupling relationship between urbanization and eco environment in Zhejiang province, and points out that industrialization is still the main momentum of urbanization in Zhejiang.In spite of the emergence of partial inflexion in the coupling curve between waste water and urbanization in Zhejiang, becausethere is no complete conversion in industrial structure, once policies concerning environmental protection change, the coupling curve between eco environment and urbanization will fluctuate. That is to say, Zhejiang is still at the resisting stage.
Land reclamation at the expense of deforestation has causing serious environmental problems in China As a process of land use changes, the lost forest can be identified based on remote sensing technique The nationally covered Landsat TM images in 2000 and the 1980s are spatially corrected and manual classification is carried out The forest land converting to cropland from the 1980s to 2000 are investigated with GIS method The results show that altogether 17630 km2 of forest land were converted to cropland during this period of time Among them, the area of densely covered forest is 10467 km2 ,accounting for 59 4% of the total deforested area; the sparsely covered forest is 3142 km2 ,accounting for 17 8%; the shrubby land area is 3560 km2 , accounting for 20 2%; and the other types of forest area is 460 km2 With the aid of 1∶100000 watershed map, the distribution of reclaimed deforested land in each main watershed is analyzed The results show that the reclamation mostly happens in Northeast China, being 71 1% of the total lost forest For the three main watersheds in Northeast China, the Songhuajiang Liaohe Watershed (the southern part of Northeast China) occupies 9107 7 km2 , accounting for 52 4% of the total reclaimed deforestation area; the Heilongjiang Watershed (the northern part of Northeast China) and the watershed in eastern part of Northeast China occupy 1883 4 km2 and 1351 3 km2 of lost forest respectively The percentages of the lost forest in watersheds of Yangtse River, the northern part of North China and southeastern part of Northeast China are 3 1%, 3 4% and 3 6% respectively Watersheds of Huaihe and Zhujiang rivers, and the coastal area of Southeast China have more than 1% of reclaimed forest Other watersheds in China have less than 1% of reclaimed forest each With DEM data, the reclaimed forests with different slopes are dealt with in the paper The forest with a slope greater than 3° covers 5205 km2 , taking up 29 5% of the total lost forest in China Overlapping analysis of the data of soil erosion intensity derived from remote sensing and the spatial distribution of deforestation in China is carried out The deforestation process led to the increase in the slope cropland area and sharp increase in the value of C factor in soil erosion model of RUSLE , both contributing to the aggravation of soil erosion in China
The present paper introduces the concept of “regionally based” GIS controller which applies general GIS operational functions to specific geographical regions and creates a new program module Using the techniques of Microsoft's COM(component object model), this module is ActiveX controller based on GIS The controller is a macro level extension of object technology in GIS Its essence is that it not only packaged the data module of GIS as well as the necessary functional operations, but also packaged all of the basic geographical information With this GIS controller, the user does not have to create his own geographical data base and process spatial data He can easily look up and display geographical data for his own purposes, spatially calculate such data, process them, categorize and turn them into graphic form, to name just a few of the functions By combining the geographic object of controller with his own data, the user can conveniently use the various GIS functions for systematic development of specific geographic regions Since there is no need to put in and process spatial data, this GIS controller is especially suitable for non GIS specialists in the management of various information systems, in automatic office management and in the functional GIS extension of support systems for decision making This is a new direction of development in the application of GIS This paper explores the organizational techniques and development methods in this “regionally based” GIS controller It examines the key points in the spatial data module and the data base and the main features and techniques of the controller Finally, this paper provides two cases of application, “the Shaanxi Environmental Database System”and “Shaanxi Population GIS System”
Traditional geographical information system uses file system to manage spatial data, which only suits to personal GIS (or named expert GIS), but cannot meet the requirement of enterprise GIS. The technology of spatial database, which uses Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) to manage spatial data, is an advanced technology driven by the socializationof GIS application. Integrating spatial data and other data into relational database, it is possible to give its rights of management spatial data to RDBMS, this can achieveseamless integration and take advantages of RDBMS, include data sharing, bulky amount of spatial data management, data consistent maintenance, data safety, high query efficiency, and more others. Therefore, studies on spatial database (also named Spatial Data Engine) to manage spatial data have become a research focus in GIS fields. In this paper, the author brought forward and analyzed the spatial data object which has four properties: common attributes, temporal, geometry, and behavior. Among these properties the geometry is the essential property of spatial data object distinguishedcommon data object which is the componentof the database. The mapping of spatial dataobject's properties to relational database are columns (or fields), methods and valid rules respectively. Alsothe author analyzed the realization of the application of spatial database technology in Cadastral Administration System from the points of spatial data interoperability, large quantity of spatial data management, the efficiency of queryin large area, and the control of the data safety and others based on the development of specific application system, it figuredout the frame of Land Information System using spatial database technology.
This paper introduces a preliminary stage of this development with Cudgewa catchment in Northeast of Victoria, Australia as a case area: the building of the 3D models from GIS data sets, construction of different simulated environments, and a group survey of the cognitive verification of simulated environments Our research development involves the following major phases: 1) creation of geo database and texture library, 2) data processing, 3) 3D modeling, simulating and rendering, 4) interactive visualization and 5) effective testing In the PC environment, ArcView 3 2 (and more recently ArcGIS 8) with multi extensions is used for data format conversion, feature generation, two dimensional mapping and three dimensional visual analysis Smart Image and ERDAS Orthobase have been used for aerial photo processing, registration and mosaicing, and Photoshop 6 0 for texture creation and image format conversion The real time 3D system has been developed using Performer and OpenGL libraries under IRIX (Silicon Graphics) operating systems Immersion is provided by the use of three screens and three projectors to give a 135 degree field of view Further, we have undertaken an "acceptability of landscape simulation" survey Subjects with various backgrounds were included at different stages of survey Presently, 63 undergraduate and graduate students had responded They were exposed to pairs of static computer simulated images and real digital photographs These showed different combinations of fore, middle and background vegetation, buildings and fences The major tasks were inclusive of collecting sufficient data on the understanding of simulation, the perception of scenic beauty and the degree of realism A series of questions about the identification of features and cognitive understanding and level of ease of interpretation of images were asked The difference of cognitive aspects will be identified and explained As the tests develop, dynamic, interactive, semi immersive simulated environment in fly or drive mode will be provided with different settings of parameters to test the effectiveness and acceptability of construction of virtual landscapes
Locust hazard is a destructive biological disaster It is amongst the three major natural hazards together with floods and droughts Once it outbreaks, it will severely threat to the safety of local agriculture, farmer’s income and the stability of society The combined use and analysis of remote sensing and GIS and their integration with historical records as well as some other field observational data can help to understand the characters of locust living environment, the occurrence time of locust hazard and the extent of locust hazard In recent years, locusts hazards in East Asia have become more server than before in terms of frequencies of occurrence and agriculture damages in eastern reed areas Based on statistics released by the Ministry of Agriculture, during summer and autumn of 1995～2000,about 8000 hm2 of farmland and grassland were affected by locust hazards In the summer of 2001 the affected area increased 50% and in the summer of 2002 other 10% was added in the affected areas In Dagang of Tianjin about 2400 hm2 were affected by the locusts, the most server case in the district with densities ranging from 1000 to 5000 heads/m2 ,far more exceeding the national prevention and control standards of 0 5 heads/m2 Presently, the traditional locust observation forecasting system is still used It is very difficult to deal with the new development situation of locust habitat, the increase of affected area and new outbreaks are just the cases In this paper we introduced our recent research results in using remote sensing to detect locust egg hatching conditions, soil temperature and soil moisture in combination with field observations to implement the migratory locust hazard information monitoring system
