The advances on the research into the mechanism of hydrological cycle in Yellow River drainage basin are generalized from four aspects. Firstly, it is shown that the researches on hydrological processes have mainly focused on the single aspects such as precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, interception and runoff. Further studies should focus on the coupling between vertical water transfer and horizontal water movement, with special attention to the prominent characteristics of Yellow River such as man made dry out and high silt content. Secondly, the research results at several hydrological field experimental stations and hydrological laboratories are generalized. These stations and laboratories accumulated a large amount of hydrological data of the Yellow River over years. Unfortunately, most of these stations and laboratories ceased to run in the1960s. A new hydrological experimental laboratory, based on an old laboratory, is available soon to explore the key links in the hydrological cycle in Yellow River drainage basin. Appealing is to the government for reforming more old and/or establishing new hydrological experimental installments. They are one of the most important aspects to basic hydrological research Thirdly, the hydrological models used in operational Yellow River flood forecasting are listed. As Yellow River is mostly located in semi arid and arid climatic zone, the hydrological scenarios of the river are very complicated with high spatial variability. Sometimes the empirical method can get better results of hydrological forecasting than hill slope and or conceptual models. Because distributed model can well consider spatial variability, it is worthy to try to establish a distributed model over the Yellow River. The model will couple vertical and horizontal water transfer and movement, be parameterized by making use of remote sensing and field experimental data and interfaced with Global Circulation Model. The model is established for exploring the mechanism of hydrological cycle in Yellow River diainage basin and simulating the responses on land use/land cover change and other environmental changes. Last but not least, the scale problem, which is another key to explore the mechanism of hydrological cycle of Yellow River, is discussed. It rises because theories of many hydrological processes such as infiltration, evaporation, overland flow, sediment transport and subsurface water movement have been developed at small space-time scales. However, predictions are required at much larger space and time scales. These include the scale of large catchments where not only are the basic theories questionable but other processes or controls on spatial and temporal heterogeneity come into play. In essence, the scale problem is a search for connections between nonlinear hydrological theories developed for small scales, and the large scale hydrology of complex natural systems. Representing spatial and temporal variability in models, exploring the existence of natural time and space scales and statistical downscaling are specially needed in Yellow River drainage basin.
Water environmental pollution, which is a complex problem, deals with the systems of ecology, society, economy, and resources Therefore, synthetic analysis of the above mentioned factors must be carried out along with the study of the coordinated development of water environment and economy.The macro economic system should be taken as a fundamental starting point to study how to control the pollution to the optimum level, and seek suitable economic structure and developing rate, so as to realize the aim of water environmental protection The regional water environment economy decision support system was designed to address water environment management issue, assisting decision makers to resolve the decision making problems of the coordinated development of water environment and economy The decision support system used modularization idea according to the characteristics of the system, for convenient model modification and expansion,each module has its particular function and independency.Meanwhile, all these modules are an integral one,taking fully into account the entire harmony. In which the macro economic module is regarded as the primary module which promotes other modules assisting decision making for decision makers, so as to achieve computerization in assisting decision making of the regional water environment and economic coordinated development The system consists of three components: database, model base and user interface Database management system, the basis of decision support system, provides the information of basic data to decision makers and the supporting data for model run so as to store calculated results The model base integrates models of macro economics, environment economy multi objective programming, water resources demand, water environmental capacity, and water environmental analysis, and the multi objective programming model includes production structure optimization model and industrial structure optimization model, the water resources demand model includes ecological, agricultural, industrial and domestic water demand model After the basic information made up and operated by the model, the optimization recommended schemes and development mode under different environmental protection aims, different economic development speeds and different macro policies were put forward, then the man machine conversation system provides this result to decision makers, thus it can help the decision makers produce correct judgement through schemes comparison The solution was achieved by using multi objective programming and regarding the constraints as optimization objectives, and the decision making information was obtained by means of input expert experience and knowledge via the step by step method The system has some functions, such as prediction, optimization, simulation and management, accordingly it provides an effective means for water resources and water environment management
Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental issues in China It is very important to investigate the mechanism of soil erosion and to develop soil erosion model, which is the useful tool to design the measures of soil and water conservation and sustainable use of soil and water resources, and is also closely related with the rehabilitating of the degenerated environment The development of soil erosion models in U S A, Europe, and Australia was reviewed briefly and then the development of soil erosion model in China was analyzed in detail Both empitical models, process based models,and the utilization condition of new techniques such as GIS, RS, REE in soil erosion were evaluated in this paper On the basis of the above evaluations, the issues existing at present research , which need to be enhanced in the future research, were identified The purpose of this paper was to learn the overseas experience and promote future soil erosion model development in China
Resenzweig and Parry published their paper on Nature to discuss China's Food Security in 1994 American president Clinton authorized the development report the science and technology strategy to buildup the American economic security in 1996, and the problem to buildup national economic security was presented as an important national target In 1997, President Jiang Ze min presented the problem of Chinese economic security The report of Clinton especially emphasized the problem of economic security under global change Each nation will be faced with not only the change of environment and the conflict between the economic development and the exploitation of resources, but also the problem of national economic security caused by the change of environment In fact, because of the rapid development of China, just only the use of resources probably will cause the problem of economic security The paper built models to analyse the environment and economic security of China in the future 3050 years The paper is based on the food demand and production model, which was established at the Stockholm Environment Institute （SEI） At the same time, we use the model established by Ds and Shaw to calculate different global change variables' influence to the food demand and supply,then use the result to calibrate the variables In our analysis, the food demand for future people was divided into two levels, and access the quantity Then we conclude that, with the influence of global change, China's future food production can't meet the need of the increasing demand It has been estimated that there maybe 78%'s insufficiency Because of the uncertainty of different global change variables, and technological progresses will enhance the increase in food production, according to the result, the risk of hunger can be avoided, if only we adopt appropriate methods to decrease the affects of global change
The pathogens, epidemiology, prevention and control of plague, a deadly infectious disease most harmful to human beings are all highly related to physical and human factors People still have not completely understood some facts concerning plague epidemic formation and its relationship with eco-environment Hence it is very important to study the geographical epidemic law of plague and distribution of plague natural foci, and analysis on their environment-health vulnerability for more effective control of its outbreaks and epidemics The assessment of environment-health vulnerability will present a synthesis analysis talking human health as the core This paper firstly presents the background of spatial distribution of plague and natural plague foci in whole China,and then studies the environment health vulnerability by taking a typical plague focus as a case Chifeng in Inner Mongolia, a typical dauricus plague focus, and one of the ten types of natural plague foci in China, was selected for study based on 13 natural and social indicators such as rat density, annual average rainfall, annual average temperature, forest coverage, meadow coverage, population etc For the purpose of analyzing the trend of environmental change and its impacts on plague prevalence, the threshold value of environment-health vulnerability was deduced through clustering analysis and matrix operation of 13 indexes, and 4 different types of environment-health vulnerability were divided according to the threshold value Corresponding to this, 4 types of environment-health vulnerable areas in the typical plague foci, such as very high vulnerable area, high vulnerable area, moderate vulnerable area and low vulnerable area were identified The characteristics of low vulnerable area mainly manifested higher forest coverage or high urbanization level where it was unsuitable for dauricus survival anymore Consequently, the risk of plague prevalence changed into very low possibility On the contrary, the original surroundings in the very high vulnerable area became deteriorating seriously, and it posed higher probability of plague prevalence These imply that rehabilitating environment status in plague foci is the essential way to improve the environment-health vulnerability and control plague prevalence effectively
According to the statistical and survey data at provincial and county levels, trend of cultivated land change and its driving forces in Shandong Province during the last 50 years are discussed in this paper. It was found that (a) since the 1950s, the total area of arable land and per capita availability are reducing. For example, the total area under cultivation reached its top in 1955, and declined after the year of 1955. Per capita cultivated land decreased nearly in a straight line year after year and changed from 0.192 hm 2 to 0.075 hm 2 ,and the trends of decrease will continue with further development of economy and increase of population; (b) according to the GIS spatial analysis, the movement of the gravity center and the relative change indices of the cultivated land in Shandong Province have regional differences, the change is smaller in the eastern part than that in the central-western, the distribution core of the cultivated land in the whole province has been shifted 10.62km northeastward; (c) as a result of the principal component analysis, the eight driving forces variables affecting arable land changes were analyzed which could be classified into three types, i.e., the dynamic development of economy, pressure of social system and progress of science and technology in agriculture. As to the specific factors, per capita net living space, population and yield of grain per ha are the main driving forces, which play an important role in the changing of cultivated land;(d) by using regressive equation, along with population growth and economic development, the prediction of cultivated land in Shandong Province is done for 2005 and 2010, the prediction result is that Shandong's farmland area will be 6 435.47×10 3hm2 in 2005 and 6 336.23×10 3hm 2 in 2010. The analytical results and conclusions of this paper will provide scientific basis for sustainable agricultural development in Shandong Province.
The man earth areal system is the nucleus of the research in geography. It has very important influence on knowing connotation of the sustainable development for the theoretical research and practice of man earth areal system. At the same time, the man earth areal system itself must be developed, so the abundant and philosophical connotation of the sustainable development would be promoted. In the more and more not knowing about the thinking of the sustainable development in the world today, the article studies the interactive mechanism of man earth areal system and the sustainable development, than discusses the essence of development of man earth areal system, the essence of the sustainable development, background of space and time of man earth coordinated development, and philosophic essence of the interactive mechanism of the two developments. It concludes that the full and necessary conditions of the two developments helping each other should consist of selfless realm of thought in the human society, human spirit merging with physical geographical environment, specially the philosophic thinking of existentialism of self disciplined and self examined critically possessed by ancients We can see that the philosophical significance reoccurs the connotative way development landscape of the man earth areal system.
In regional economic development, the profit-making enterprise is the microcosmic basis. So it is full of vigor in market-economy. The author thinks that the coordinated process of regional economy is actually the operational process of regional economy of the profit-making enterprises. It means that only through the circulation of resources,fund and commodities among these enterprises, can the regional economy achieve coordination. On the basis of economic location and lots of statistical data, this paper researches the models and ways about enterprises spatial effect, which is the microcosmic mechanism of the regional economic coordination, for the purpose of making regional economy achieve marketablization, and regional economic coordinated and healthy development. In this paper the authors analyzed the leading industries in the cities of Wuhan,Shiyan and Xiangfan and came to the conclusion:(1)from Shiyan to Huangshi the metallurgical and engineering industries take the lead and are stretching to Henan and Jiangxi provinces;(2)Shashi and Xiangfan are the cores of textile industry, they will become stronger and stronger and will eventually unite as one.
In this paper, we try to apply the economic model of economic growth and trade expansion (in the case of large country) to the economic analysis of regional economic difference in order to research the expansion course of regional economic difference At first, we introduce the economic model of economic growth and trade expansion (in the case of large country) briefly Secondly, we apply the economic model of economic growth and trade expansion (in the case of large country) to the regional economic analysis to set up the regional model of economic growth and trade expansion and use this model to research regional economic difference We find that the welfare of some regions begin to decrease correlatively due to economic growth and trade expansion in the regional labor division Thus we draw a conclusion that it is the term of trade that leads the regional economic difference to expand Thirdly, we inspect the conclusion with the figures of east and west of China Moreover we inspect the causal relationship between the term of trade and the regional economic difference through hypothesis testing of Granger causality and find out that there exists some causal relationship between the term of trade and the regional difference At last, we draw some conclusions as follows: (1) In the regional labor division, some regions are inevitably in a unfavorable state With economic growth and trade expansion, their terms of trade degenerate and welfare begin to decrease correlatively which led to expansion of regional economic difference (2) By inspection of the west and east of China, we find that there is causal relationship between the term of trade and regional economic difference (3) With the study of regional economic difference, we draw a conclusion that demand change is the main cause of degeneration of the term of trade Because the demand is in the base of industrial structure, so our study supports the conclusion that changes of industrial structure are the main impetus of regional economic growth
s: Shanghai is one of the most important industrial centers in China Since the implementation of reform and open policies, with the market economic system gradually being built up, the industrial spatial structure in Shanghai has turned out the following pattern The labor intensive urban industry will be located primarily within the inner ring road, technology intensive industry between the inner ring and outer ring roads, and capital intensive "pillar" industries, which include heavy industries and chemical industries, primarily in the exurbs beyond the outer ring road Accordingly, as one moves outward from the city center, the degree of labor intensity and the efficiency of industrial production per unit of land will gradually decline, while capital intensive production, the contribution to the city's overall economy and the influence to the environment gradually increases It thus performs an obvious circularity structure Conventionally, Weber's industrial location theory mainly analyzed the effect of raw material and fuel, market, transportation cost and agglomeration to the location of industries from the static view However the layout of industry in Shanghai has shown that it is not sufficient to analyze the location of industry only from static view It's very important to discuss it in a dynamic way In addition, with the development of new industries, there are still some other important factors besides the above-mentioned four, such as rent at different ranks and modern transportation implement will also deeply effect the industrial location in Shanghai Furthermore, as one of the relatively developed metropolises in developing country, employment has taken a more and more important role in the economic and social development in Shanghai, and thus the influence of employment in the layout of industry is more obvious For the improvement of industrial allocation, Shanghai should greatly enhance the efficiency of industrial land, emphatically establish the industrial parks affiliated to the central government or the municipal government, and sharply decrease the quantity and area of parks affiliated to the villages or towns government Shanghai should also rationally construct some manufacture basements Hi industries should be mainly developed in Jinqiao, Zhangjiang, Waigaoqiao (in Pudong) and Caohejin (in Puxi) In the region out of outer ring road, the pillar industries such as motor vehicles manufacturing, steel industry, petrochemical, power generating electricity equipment and fittings manufacturing will be developed mainly in Baoshan, Jinshan, Minhang, Songjiang, Jiading, Kangqiao and Pudong New Area In addition, Shanghai government should formulate some relevant policies to stimulate the modification of industrial allocation First of all, the government should try to change the development mode of township enterprises and to accelerate their shift to the industrial parks affiliated to the central government or the municipal government through multiple means and thus realize the target of each town (village) possessing one industrial spot Secondly, there should be some policies to strengthen the relationship among universities, research institutes and enterprises, and thus accelerate the industrialization of research results Finally, enterprises should positively take part in the plan of infrastructure in the exurb and thus strengthen the coordination between infrastructure plan and industry layout plan All the above policy advices are very important for sustainable development of industry in Shanghai
Liaoning Province,facing the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea,is not only a part of regional economy of Bohai Yellow Sea Rim, but also a part of national marine economic region Trough evaluating marine resources of Liaoning,and analyzing development of marine economy,composition of marine industries and distributional characteristics of marine economy,Liaoning is divided into Bohai Sea marine economic region and Yellow Sea marine economic region based on differences of marine resources and marine economy between the two Thereby we go further into the formation of regional marine economic region and distributional mechanism of regional marine economy In the study,we adopt the method of combining qualitative with quantitative,and from that of quantitative to that of qualitative The Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP)is adopted to determine development orientation of every marine economic region and major marine industrial sectors According to the study of sustainable development of marine economy, strategries and measures facilitating a sustainable development of regional marine economy in Liaoning are thus put forward.
Tongwan city is a focus of Mu Us for discussion. For many years, some experts have tried to prove that Mu Us Sandy Land was once a beautiful place by citing the fact that Haolian Bobo set up his capital in Tongwan city at the beginning of the fifth century. The reason why he gave up Gaoping city where he rose to power and position and established his capital in Tongwan city was that he intended to compete with Northem Wei dynasty in Hedong (East of Yellow River) , at least to keep a balanced position with it, and than conquer Later Qin dynasty in the central part of Shaanxi, and finally unify China. When Haolian Bobo set up his capital there, sand was already in existence. We found fine sand under the ruins of the Palace to the west of Tongwan city when we explored the place in May, 2000. The base of the city wall 13 meters under the ground was built on sand directly, which tallies with the descriptions in book "Shui Jing Zhu" by Li Daoyuan, a famous historical geographer who wrote it after. his inspection tour to Ordos Plateau himself. It proved that there was sand surrounding the Tongwan city, but not desert. The sand has no influence on the decision made by Haolian Bobo to set up a capital city there. Changes in natural environment were contributed to natural forces as well as human activities. The latter had a greater influence on it. A good case in point is that, the scale of both farming and grazing exceeded the land and vegetation carrying capacity because of agricultural and husbandry development, and frequently erupted large scale battles. In addition, the dry weather led to the drying up of lakes. The sand dunes expanded and connected together. Consequently the natural environment took a turn for the worse . Till Tang and Song dynasties, Mu Us had formed sandy environment. After Ming and Qing dynasties, farming scale was further expanded and the areas covered by plants became smaller, which accelerated the formation of desert. Therefore the changes of Tongwan city were resulted from political and military activities as well as natural evolution. We concluded that the city is the reflection of human and social activities in Mu Us area and its rise and fall have little to do with sandy land in Mu Us Sandy Land.
Southeast Asia is a region where ethnic Chinese society has the longest history, the largest population and the prominent economic role in the world. In general, overseas ethnic Chinese lives in harmony with the indigenous people where they live. They have gradually integrated themselves with the mainstream society and have made contribution to the progress of the local society. But there are big differences in the integration of ethnic Chinese with the indigenous people in various countries because of the difference of the history in political, economic, social and cultural development. A comparison of Indonesia and Thailand in this aspect and its background is studied in this paper. Historically, the Dutch colonialists ruled Indonesia for more than 300 years, but Siam maintained the continuity of independence. This was the source of the contrast in the integration of ethnic Chinese with the mainstream society in Indonesia and Thailand. The analysis in this paper is made in two aspects. The first aspect covers the political and economic factors;the second aspect includes the social and cultural factors. This paper comes to the conclnsion that the contrast between the integration of ethnic Chinese with the mainstream society of Thailand and Indonesia was the result of the historical development of the two countries. In Southeast Asia the relation between ethnic Chinese and the native people is a part of the general problems of the society. The resolution of this part of the problem depends on the progress of the whole nation. The improvement of the relation between ethnic Chinese and indigenous people in Indonesia will mostly depend on whether the Indonesian economy is able to regain the high growth rates of the 1970s and whether the trend towards corporatization generated by such a growth has the effect of breaking down the lines of demarcation in economic live between ethnic Chinese and the native people there. Only if the social and political contradictions of Indonesia have been mitigated, economy growth has been achieved continuously,social stability has been brought about, great improvement has been made in living and education of native people, harmonious development can just be made between Chinese and native people.
GIS application in government agencies opens up a specialized research field and the General Provincial Situation GIS is one of the important research contents. Organization and management of billions of data with multi-scaled and multi-temporal characteristics, composed of vector data, image data and DEM data, is the key issue in giving the field a push to develop rapidly and be applied practically. And the system must make the strict demand on security of data. In order to provide consultation service for leaders to immediately make a strategic decision, the data organization in this paper breaks away from the constraint of the traditional map management, which has some evidently shortcomings that are unfavorable for querying and indexing information of some administrative units. As a result, the seamless spatial data organization scheme based on administrative units is put forward to organize the vector data and the snapshot model is used to process the temporal data. So all data are stored according to administrative units. And data of different scales are stored in different databases and the image data and DEM data are stored separately in line with blocks. Consequently, querying and indexing to all data can be done according to different administrative units, different scales, time (temporal resolution), different object classifications,image or DEM blocks,etc. and the speed to query and index is improved distinctly.
Land property right is the kernel of land cadastral management Cadastral information is dynamic because land property right and land use often change It is the pivot and difficultical of cadastral information system about how to manage history cadastral information In this essay, the cadastral entities variation rule in cadastral information system are analyzed based on Object-Oriented method and Time-GIS technology Land parcels, land certificates and obliges are the fundamental entities of Cadastral Information System Land parcel is the principal part of a land certificate while the oblige is the object part The lifecycle of land parcels is the time-span when the spatial and topologic relationship keep changeless The lifecycle of land certificate is the time-span when the principal part and the object part don't change The state succession in the lifecycle of a land parcel can be divided into basic properties variation and apportion properties variation Then the relationship between old entities and newborn entities in the evolution of Cadastral Entities is analyzed Based on the discussion of cadastral entities variation rule, the solution about how to use GIS and Database Technology to record and query the cadastral entities is brought out Two aspects are emphasized when recording history cadastral information:(1) State time successions in lifecycle of cadastral entities;(2) inheritance relationship between old entities and newborn entities Two ways can be applied when querying historical cadastral information:(1) parent entities tracing of a cadastral entity;(2)parcels distribution resume in a specified area and time Thus the academic and the technologic groundwork are provided for the cadastral information system to manage historical cadastral information
The article widely gathers the information on hail disasters from many sources in China, such as weather bureau, government gencies of disaster reduction, and reports from news media According to the characteristics of report on hail disasters , the main statistical unit of hail disaster is "county" or "province" So we choose "county" as the basic unit for mapping and analysis Based on these cases, the integrated databases of hail disasters in China were established The spatial patterns of hail disasters in China were set up by the function of GIS The article expounds the spatial patterns of three different sources Concerning the characteristics of data source, the similarities and differences of the established patterns were discussed The differences of the three patterns are observable,meanwhile the differences prove themselves the differences of data sources and the data characteristics The similarities show the common laws in the spatial patterns of hail disasters in China We epitome the spatial patterns as one region, two strips, seven centers One region means the area of high-risk hail disasters covering eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, southern part of Yanshan Mountains, and to the north of Changjiang River Two strips mean the following two regions: one is the outer margin of the first topographic step , especially the eastern part; the other is the eastern margin and the eastern part of the second step Seven centers mean seven places of high-risk hail disasters distributing in the two strips, including high value area of Nenjiang Plain, high value area of North China Plain, high value area of Dabie Mountains, high value area of Nanling Mountains, high value area of Southwest China, high value area of Gansu-Qinghai provinces and high value area of Kashi-Aksu Finally, the causes of hail disasters were analyzed Obviously, the scope of hails and hail disasters is different and the hail disaster-affected bodies somewhat can explain why the high-risk areas of hail disasters have the east-directed and south-directed trend The main patterns of hail disaster-affected bodies consist of six types in twenty sub-types, among which crops are the dominant hail disaster-affected bodies From the aspect of dynamic change, four sub-types of maize, cotton, flowers and equipment of communications should be given more attention
