Greenhouse-gas（GHG） emissions in China have aroused much interest,and not least in recent evidence of their reduction.Our intent is to place that regional pattern of CO2 emissions and its change in context.A lengthy time perspective is combined with a cross-provincial approach and addressed through two general models,namely the industrial-energy interconnection model and the energy-CO2 emissions interconnection model.The findings are salutary.First,they suggest that a diversified economic structure is the determined factor in not only the regional economic development but also the changing pattern of regional CO2 emissions.For instance,the numbers of over-heavy CO2 emissions at provincial level increased from none to two during the period between 1980 and 2000 as the local economic development dominated by industrial processes in the coastal zones gone rapidly. Secondly,they imply that the more diversified economic structure a region is,the slower increasing in energy use it has.The total energy consumption of East China between 1990 and 2000,for example,had 4% increase,when its ESD values rose from 10.5 to 23,or achieving 36% increase.Finally,together,the findings argued that the stiff structural change of energy use in China makes it very difficult for any region to reduce its CO2 emissions.It implies that China could have a long way to go in the reduction of its CO2 emissions if the country still resists in the traditional energy consumption pattern.
Because temperature is a key factor that controls the growth and distribution of vegetation,and there is no apriori reason to assume that ecosystems will respond similarly to changes in the minimum and the maximum temperatures,it is very important to explore the ecological consequences of global warming,especially the changes of the maximum and the minimum temperatures in different seasons,on terrestrial communities. Arid/semiarid biome transitional zones or ecotones are considered to be particularly sensitive areas to directional changes in climate.The desert/grassland biome transitional zone of Sevilleta in central New Mexico,U.S.provides an important region for testing species' different responses to global warming.Based on the data of climate and two dominant plants,Bouteloua eripoda and Bouteloua gracilis,which are collected from the Deep Well station in Sevilleta,this paper studies the effects of global warming on the vegetation at arid/semiarid biome transitional zone with methods of regression and correlation.The results show that the maximum and the minimum temperatures at this zone changed to different directions,that is,the increase of the maximum temperature in the summer and the fall went faster than the decrease of the minimum temperature in the winter and the spring during the study period from 1989 to 1998,which was different from the trend of climate changes that showed the minimum temperature in the winter increased faster than the maximum temperature in summer in other places(such as in North China).There were on significant changes for annual mean temperature. Responses of the two dominant plants(Bouteloua eripoda & Bouteloua gracilis)of this area to temperature changes were different due to their ecological characteristics.The cover of Bouteloua gracilis,the second dominant plant,decreased significantly,with stronger relationship to the minimum temperature of the winter and the spring than Bouteloua eripoda,the first dominant plant.The structure of biome has no significant changes.The author suggests that the structure and function of the transitional zone could be altered if the temperature changes further.So,the identification of key elements of temperature change is very important for understanding and predicting the impacts of global warming on ecosystem.
The adsorption isotherms,kinetics and thermodynamics parameters of phosphate on three sediments that are in different trophic levels respectively were studied in simulated condition,and the differences of phosphate adsorption on different sediments were also compared.The conclusions are as follows. （1） The Qmax,K,m,NAP and EPC0 of phosphate adsorption on the sediments from the East Taihu and the Gonghu lakes were almost the same,and the Qmax,K,NAP and EPC0 of the two sediments were lower than that from the Wuli Lake,but m was higher.That means the Qmax and K of the sediment from the heavily polluted Wuli Lake were higher than that from the slightly polluted East Taihu and Gonghu lakes.At the same time NAP and EPC0 of the Wuli Lake were also higher,the risk of phosphorus release of the sediment from the lake was higher,and m was lower.So the polluted state of sediment has significant effect on its phosphate adsorption.For the sediments from the East Taihu and the Gonghu lakes,they maintained a phosphate adsorption-desorption equilibrium state between the sediments and the overlying water,and for the sediment from the Wuli Lake,it tended to release phosphate into the lake′s overlying water. （2） The phosphate adsorption rate of the lake sediment within 0.5 h was the highest,and was 10 times or 100 times higher than that sampled in other time intervals,so the majority of phosphate adsorption on sediment was completed within 0.5 h.The phosphate adsorption rate within 0.5 h of the sediments from the Gonghu Lake was almost the same as the sediment from the East Taihu Lake,and the rate of the two sediments was higher than that from the Wuli Lake.Phosphate adsorption on sediment mainly depends on its physical and chemical properties such as distribution of sediment grain size.In this study,the adsorption rate within 0.5 h had no strong positive correlation with its volume percentage of fine particles less than 63μm.This suggests that the phosphate adsorption on the sediments studied was not only affected by its volume percentage of the fine particles,but also by its other physical and chemical properties. （3） The adsorption isotherms of phosphate on the sediments from the Wuli,the Gonghu and the East Taihu lakes at 283 K,298 K and 308 K were studied.The results show that the adsorption process of phosphate on the sediments was the endothermic reaction as the phosphate adsorption rate increased along with the increase of temperature.ΔH0 of the sediments from the East Taihu,the Wuli and the Gonghu lakes were 7.84,15.49 and 8.59 kJ·mol-1,and ΔG0 were 8.50,5.95 and 8.07 kJ·mol-1,respectively.The effect of phosphate adsorption by temperature was lower for the sediment from the Wuli Lake,and higher for the sediments from the East Taihu and the Gonghu lakes in this study.
Some of previous studies showed that the drying-up of the lower Yellow River was resulted from decreasing precipitation and excessive industrial and agricultural consumption of water from the middle and lower Yellow River.The analysis for the long-term trend of precipitation is helpful for the rational use of water resources in the Yellow River basin. The Mann-Kendall statistictest is a rank-based,non-parametric approach and has been widely used to estimate the significance of long-term trends in the hydro-meteorological time series such as water quality,streamflow,temperature,and precipitation.The long-term trend of precipitation in the Yellow River basin was analyzed in this paper and the Mann-Kendall test was applied to annual and monthly precipitation time series.The linear regression was compared with the results obtained by using Mann-Kendall test.The results show that 65 of 77 stations exhibited downward trend for annual precipitation.April,July and October contributed the most of the decreasing trend of annual precipitation,and the spatial distribution of long-term trend for typical months is different.In all months except January,February,March and June,the values of trend are negative,exhibiting the decreasing tendency.In all seasons except summer,there is a similar increasing trend in the upstream of the Yellow River,south of the northern latitude 35 degrees.Except the regions in the upstream of the Weihe River and Hohhot the precipitation showed a decreasing trend in the Yellow River basin,especially in the downstream of the Yellow River.Comparing the results estimated by two methods,the Mann-Kendall test and linear regression test,the stations in winter(from December to next February),without trend tested by Mann-Kendall method,are much more than those tested by linear regression method,and the number of stations with trends tested by both methods is similar in other seasons.The magnitude of trend estimated by both methods is also similar in all months except July and December,and the absolute values of trend estimated by linear regression method are greater than those estimated by Mann-Kendall method.
For the past approximate millennium, the general changing trend in climate is warmer due to the snow fall in summer and winter and snow cover for the whole year in the Western Xia regime,the snow cover for the whole year in the Ming Dynasty,and snow cover without snow fall in the summer of the early Qing Dynasty according to the historic snow cover record of the Helanshan mountains.Also it is confirmed that the period from the Western Xia regime to the Yuan and Ming dynasties witnessed cold climate,and the characteristics of the snow cover reflected climate change agreed well with the characteristics of the climate change in western China.It is found that the time change process and the change regularity are of agreement,and the inference for the minimum limit of permanent snow cover of the cold stage in the 12th century was given by comparing historic snow cover changes of Halanshan,Tianshan,Taibaishan and Diancangshan mountains. Helanshan recorded the climate change in a specific stage.In the warm stage of the Middle ages,Helanshan presented the characteristic cold and cool climate of the western China,and gave an evidence of the existence of the cold stage in the 12th century by the snow cover and the other environmental record.It showed the characteristic of both cold and wet,and the decline of snow line.The Little Ice Age was also reflected in the record of the Helanshan mountains,i.e.,it was cold and dry with decreasing in snow line. According to the relationship between the number of the annual lowest temperature（≤0℃） days and the annual mean temperature of the Helanshan Observatory and taking into the consideration of the change in temperature in the specific stage,the inferences that annual mean temperature of the cold stage in Helenshan in the 12th century was predicted to be 1.52℃ lower than the present, and the lower limit of the permanent snow cover was estimated to be 3400 to 3500m;the annual mean temperature of the Little Ice Age in the 17th century was 11.5℃ lower than that of the present and the lower limit of the permanent snow cover decreased to 3400 to 3500m were also given.
About 214 trees in 9 sampling sites, representing 5 endemic conifer species,were collected from the western Sichuan province and eastern Qinghai province,China.In this study,we try to investigate tree-ring sensitivity to climate change in order to reconstruct past climate from this region.All the 5 species present distinct ring boundaries with few ABS(absent rings) and are available for cross-dating.They all passed the test by program COFECHA.Statistics for all the 8 residual chronologies also exhibit significant inter-correlation between series and high values of mean sensitivity.These results indicate the usefulness of these chronologies for dendrochronological studies.Pearson correlation analyses were applied to provide a basic estimate of the causal relationships between tree-ring width and climate factors.We found some significant relationships between tree-ring width and temperature as well as precipitation.Regardless of tree species,chronologies in the study area presented accordant variations of which may reveal strong common climate signal.Thus these chronologies are shown to be dependable for building tree-ring network in the near future. However,there was limitation in this study,only monthly mean of temperature and precipitation were available.Also,for this typical subtropical mountain system,meteorological stations are usually located in valleys and biased to represent moisture conditions on the slopes.Thus the estimation of precipitation both in temporal and spatial domain was rather restricted.Further studies,such as wood anatomy,physiology and densitometry,are needed for better understanding the environmental and climatic history in this area.
The Funiu Mountain and Jigong Mountain naturalreserves are two famous forest reserves in Henan province.This paper compared the floras of these two natural reserves and calculated the comparability coefficients of the plants.The conclusion is as follows: the floras have certain comparability in the two regions,but they also differ to a certain extent.On the whole the transitionality in Funiu Mountain is stronger than Jigong Mountain,the flora of Funiu Mountain has a more tightness contact with Central China and North China,there are not only tropical and subtropical species but also many species of north temperate zone.Jigong Mountain is even more closely related to the north subtropical plant flora.The characteristics of these two regions are as follows:(1) the plant species and flora in Funiu Mountain are complex,dominated by tropical,subtropical and temperate zone components,while the plants in Jigong Mountain are mostly tropical and subtropical components, with temperate zone species in dominance to a certain extent.(2)Both regions are characterized by various geographical compositions,extensive flora contacts,association with east and west and transition between north and south.(3)There are many species proper to China.Funiu Mountain has close contact with floras of Central China,Southwest China and North China.Floras in Jigong Mountain are more closely related to Central China and East China.(4)Both are the unique species distributing centers of China in Henan Province,especially 80% of Henan unique species are concentrated in Funiu Mountain natural reserve.There are much more plant species in Funiu Mountain than in Jigong Mountain.This is propably related directly to their areas,the impacts of the human activities and the characteristics of transition.Furthermore,based on the comparative studies of the contact and characteristics of the floras in the two regions,we found that there are certain transitional characteristics in them,but the case of Funiu Mountain is clearer than that of Jigong Mountain.Since the two regions have an extremely higher comparability,it is suggested that these two regions should be put into one vegetation zone.However as there must be some differences between the northern slope and the southern slope of the Funiu Mountain,so whether there are close relations of vegetation between the two slopes of Funiu Mountain and Jigong Mountain need to be further studied.
In the area of Three Gorges,two slope types,namely the deep weathering slope and the colluvium-debris slope,are identified according to our field survey from Fengjie to Badong.Deposits on the deep weathering slope are mainly composed of eluvial materials,and the shallow layer landslide is probably one of the forms of deposit accumulation on the lower part of the slope.The colluvium-debris slope is characteristic of the occurrence of escarpment on the upper part of the slope.Deposits here can be treated as the assemblage of two end members,i.e.,the collapsed block mass and fine slopewash.The amount of the collapsed blocks decreases downslope,while the slopewash layer thickens gradually.The poor stability of deposits on these two types of slopes is revealed by the high rate of denudation and accumulation.The depositing rate can be roughly estimated by dividing total thickness by the deposition age.However,this approach is complicated by the lack of reliable dating of the slopewash.Since the thermoluminescence signals of the slopewash are not completely bleached when deposition,the measured ages can only be treated as the maximum ages in general.As a result,the activity period of the shallow layer landslide on the deep weathering slope is evaluated to be about 1.5ka,the corresponding deposition rate is about 33cm/ka.The main period of the collapse of escarpment is 40ka60ka,and the deposition rate on the middle part of the colluvium-debris slope is approximately 4cm/ka.The distorted trees are often found on this type of slopes.The distortion is caused by deposit creeping,and the distortion extent is an indicator of the creeping rate.The considerable high creeping rate is the denudation rate on the middle part of the slope,as well as the rate of detritus supply to the lower part of the slope.This shows the denudation rate and the deposition rate vary greatly from one place to another place.Although the periodicity of earthy landslide based on the deposition rate cannot be directly derived from this study,we still believe the deposition process controls the occurrence of the earthy landslide to some extent.According to these findings,we assume that efforts of putting an earthy landslide under control should pay attention to the deposition rate in the areas of being prone to slide.These findings should also be taken into consideration when we attempt to prevent soil erosion.
Three typical study cases were analyzed based on rural socio-economic statistical data,land survey and remote sensing image interpretation and 136 household questionnaires since 1980.All the three study areas are situated in the interlock area of farming and pasturing along the Great Wall,including Yulin city of Shaanxi province,Jiuquan district of Gansu province in Hexi Corridor of arid Northwest China,and Deyang city in hilly areas of Sichuan Basin. The results showed that land use changes have characteristics of integrity and regionality,which are not only restricted by natural geo-bio-physical mechanisms but also affected by other factors such as society,economy,technology and history.Western China has a long history of land reclamation and varies in types of land cover patterns.Dramatic changes in land use of western China have taken place since the beginning of the 21st century due to unique physiographical characteristics,and some complicated social,economic and political factors.These factors are closely related with land resources utilization relative to agriculture,forestry,and animal husbandry as well as sustainable development relative to urbanization and land degradation.Among these,human factors constitute the main driving forces influencing the region's land use change,including population growth,urbanization,fixed assets investment,development of industry,mining and transportation,economic restructuring,development of science and technology,and policy management etc.
Comparative study of LUCC between Fujian and Taiwan could be a good case for study because of their geographical proximities and historical,cultural similarities.Fujian and Taiwan had gone through and were in different economic development phases.Taiwan is in the stage of post-industrialization and Fujian is in the middle stage of industrialization. By using the official statistics,changes of construction land in Fujian and Taiwan were analyzed.The results showed that these two provinces seemed to have the same characteristics of constructionland changes,i.e.,accelerating development,and concentrated distribution on both sides of the Taiwan Straits,forming a pattern with the economic layout of two sides acting in cooperation with each other.From the contrast of different industrialized areas in Fujian with Taiwan industrialized stages,it is clear that these two provinces seemed to have the same characteristics of synthesized index of construction land change(Lc),i.e.,from stabilization or comparative stabilization at the initial stages of industrialization to high expansion at the middle stages of industrialization,then followed by low expansion at later stages of industrialization,but the Lc of the initial and the later stages of industrialization in Taiwan was slightly higher than that in Fujian.Relevant indexes are compared with the result of the study and shown: The industrial structure change rate of Fujian is faster than that of the construction land in Taiwan,but the construction land efficiency of the area is also obviously lower than Taiwan in the middle and later stages of industrialization in Fujian.The major driving forces of the constructionland changes in both provinces were analyzed in Causal Models of Path Analysis,the result indicates that the difference in construction land change of the two provinces is closely related to their economic development stage and industrial structure.Countermeasure for the realization of sustainable utilization of construction land in Fujian put forward in this article is to strengthen intension and tap the latent power.
The extraction of drainage network,catchment properties information and the simulation of distributed hydrological process of catchment based on DEM have been a hot spot over the last ten years,the construction of digital drainage network model of catchment based on DEM and the extraction of drainage network of catchment are important premises of simulating catchment's distributed hydrological processes.The structure of digital drainage network model suitable for extracting catchment properties and simulating hydrological process of catchment is proposed.The methodology and algorithm suitable for the topography of complex catchment are designed to overcome the shortcomings in the efficiency,validity and effects of existing methods,such as classification of raster drainage,classification and amalgamation of depression area,valid fill-up of depression,classification of flat area,the method of out-flow cost of constructing direction and order of raster drainage in flat areas of river valley,which considers ambient terrain and astringency toward potential waterway.These methodologies and algorithms are applied and implemented in the software systems developed,and the systems are successfully used in constructing digital drainage network model and extracting catchment properties information including classified waterway,subbasins raster,the vector polygon borders and properties parameters of subbsins of Huangtuling catchment in Zhejiang province.The result of test shows the proposed methods in the paper can cope with and handle various catchments with complex terrain,the drainage network extracted matches well with the natural drainage network in Huangtuling catchment.The shortcoming of parallel,odd waterways and deformation waterways created in the existing methods can be effectively overcome and solved.The research result can provide a basis for the simulation of the distributed hydrological processes for catchment.
Water is scarce in North China and the contradiction between water supply and water demand is increasingly distinct.Industrial water use is only less than agriculture's and is listed in the second.The scale,manner and efficiency of water use of industrial enterprises directly influence the total water demand in North China.Based on the questionnaire surveys on industrial enterprises,this article analyzes many questions,such as the main factors which influence enterprises' benefits,the influences of water plan on water use of enterprises,the proportion of water fees to the total costs,the enterprises' views on the present and future water prices,the enterprises' wills on rise of water price,the enterprises' strategies to deal with rise of water price,enterprises' attitudes to water-saving and measures to watersaving,etc.It shows that water plan has an obvious role in restricting water use of enterprises,and that the rise of water price has also obvious effects on promoting enterprises to save more water.We choose two typical enterprises,whose water consumptions of ten thousand yuan production value are discriminated comparatively,and analyze their water use,and validate the influences of water plan and water price on enterprises' behavior of water use.
With the acceleration of the urbanization process in China,in the highly developed areas such as Yangtze River Delta; Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region;Pearl River Delta Region and the central and southern Liaoning province,the regional spatial organization of metropolises began to turn from a simple pattern with a single city to a complicated pattern with the central city as a core and developing mutally with many other cities and regions.The rudiment of Shanghai metropolitan region,Beijing metropolitan region,Guangzhou metropolitan region,and Shenyang metropolitan region have taken shape.At the same time,some regional metropolitan regions and local metropolitan regions have been formed around some big and medium-sized cities with relatively high economic development.The formation and development of the metropolitan regions with these cities as a core have played a more important and supporting role to the regional social and economic progess.The actualization of development strategy of a metropolitan region has become the common view by consulting the experience of developed countries.The correct induction of metropolitan regional construction and development has become a key issue in the new situation of urban development in China.However,there are still some misunderstandings in the theoretical research of our metropolitan regions,for example,the knowledge of some issues like the geographical nature,formation mechanism,spatial structure,models and scales of such regions is not very scientific,which has led to the blind expansion in the size and scale of the metropolitan regions in our planning and practice.As a result,the planning of internal transportation,land utilization and construction of urban infrastructure within the metropolitan regions lacked feasiblity and scientific support.This paper points out some long-standing mistaken ideas in the theoratical studies and planning practices of the metropolitan regions and analyzes the basic concept,geographic hypostasis,formation mechanism,geographic structure and spatial form,types and size of the metropolitan regions.The author attempts to offer a scientific theoretical guidance to the construction and development of Chinese metropolitan regions in the 21st century.
Suburbanization in Beijing region appeared in the early 1980s and has been accelerated since the 1990s because of rapid growth of both its socio-economy and its traffic.In an approach of combining microscopic analysis with macroscopic analysis,this paper examines spatial distribution,dynamisms and future trends of suburbanization in Beijing based on the questionnaires of random-selected residents in newly developed residential areas.The locational characteristics of the residential expansions are such as gradual extensions around the city core,arterial roads outwards,and the modern industrial parks.Most of the residential neighbourhoods are dormitory towns that have simple functions although they vary in types and sizes.Many factors collectively lead to residential areas expansions.For example,high land prices and the relatively scarcity of land,industrial development and distribution,development of the city road systems are primary forces of suburbanization in Beijing region.The eastern and southern suburbs that are around the No 5 loop and the No 6 loop within Beijing region are primary locational choices besides suburban towns such as Shunyi,Tongzhou,Yizhuang,and Liangxiang. Overdispered settlements resulted from suburbanization contribute to land waste and energy waste and environmental pollution,and unfavor public transportation construction and operation as well as other supporting facilities construction.So the following measures are proposed to manage and gradually control urban sprawl in Beijing region.First,relative policies and plans must be made and implemented to minimize over-decentralization of suburban residential neighbourhoods.Secondly,more mixed-use land must be practised in suburban settlements to add more functions there and sub-centers must be planned and built to serve suburban residents.Finally,the city's ecological environment must be protected and highlighted and the city greenbelts must be built to hold up the urban sprawl.
Population movement is a regular population phenomenon of population system development,and also the social and economic phenomenon in substance,which is bound to spark off the chain reaction of social and economic system.Since the last one hundred and more years,many scholars who were in the fields of demography,geography,economics,sociology and so on have studied the reason,regularity and mechanism of population movement.They brought forward many theoretical models with far-reaching influence,whose emphases were laid on different aspects of population movement.Unfortunately,the achievement in the research on floating population prediction was relatively less. The available data of floating population in Beijing is characterized by its small amount and discontinuity.In view of this situation,the author predicted the amount of floating population in Beijing during the National "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" with the aid of both Logistic model and isodimensionally fill-vacancies-in-the-proper-order grey theory.Firstly,by means of the curve fitting and prediction of Logistic model,we got the general tendency of floating population increase.Secondly,the different-dimensional population time-series were used to construct several isodimensionally fill-vacancies-in-the-proper-order grey system models,then the rationality and deficiencies of predicted results were tested and analyzed.Finally,taking into account of the analysis,three schemes of low,middle and high levels are formulated. On the one hand,the floating population has turned to be an organic part and been actively thrown themselves to Beijing's economic development.On the other hand,with sharp increase of the floating population,urban management faces up to a new test,such as the constant increase in the pressure of urban infrastructure and the frequent occurrence of social problems.Therefore,it is very necessary to predict the amount of floating population in future for various government departments such as urban management,urban planning or urban contruction,etc.But the limited data often impedes us from accurately forecasting the changing amount of the floating population.As the above practice demonstrates,with the help of fill-vacancies-in-the-proper-order grey system models,it is feasible to forecast the change of population which is characterized by small amount of data and limited interrelated information.
The research about urban social area and social spatial structure started in the mid 1980s in China.Since then most of the studies about urban social area have been focused upon the super-large central cities with comprehensive urban functions such as Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Xian.Few similar researches have been done in the other kind of cities.This paper chose Shaoguan City in Guangdong Province as a case study,which is characterized by large size,locating in mountain area,and taking mineral resources developing and processing industries as its dominant function.In the study,19 spatial statistical units based on the fifth national census were divided,data of 11 categories and 75 variables for each spatial unit were used,and the method of ecological factorial analysis was adopted.The main conclusions are: there are seven categories of social areas in Shaoguan City,including old urban area with high population density and comprehensive functions,high class residential area,mixed residential area in urban fringe,scattered residential area of agricultural population,moving-in residential area of middle income households,residential area of state-owned enterprises,residential area of old population,etc.The main features and spatial locations of the first five categories within these seven social areas are very similar to those in the super-large central cities with comprehensive urban functions,while the last two are different,which reflect the special feature of Shaoguan and its similar cities. Four main factors,including occupation structure and socio-economic status, scientific and cultural level,urban developing history and constructing order, and family feature,played the most important roles in the course of the formation and change of Shaoguan's urban social areas.Within which the scientific and cultural level,and the urban developing history and constructing order are very similar to those in the super-large central cities with comprehensive functions,while the other two are different,i.e.,the occupation structure played much more important role in the cities like Shaoguan than those like Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou;and some family and demographic features like age,sex proportion,proportion of migrants,were not playing as important roles in the super-large central cities with comprehensive functions as in a city like Shaoguan characterizing by large size,locating in mountain area,with mineral resources developing and processing industries as dominant function.
The developing level of the producer services in Hong Kong is higher than that of Guangzhou,however based on the questionnaires to the companies of producer services and manufacturing in Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta,it is found out that the negative impact of the producer services of Hong Kong on the same industry of Guangzhou is limited so far.One reason is that the demand level for the services in the mainland is very different,depending on the capital origin or the scale of the company.This means that not all the companies in the Pearl River Delta would need the high level services from Hong Kong.And the other two reasons are the protecting policy for the services industry in the mainland and the capability of the producer services of Guangzhou in obtaining market share.According to the in-depth interviews with some managers,five factors acting on the impact from the producer services of Hong Kong are drawn,including the demand from the consumer,the distance between the suppliers and the consumers,the price of the service product,the policy of the services trade in the region where the consumers come from and the relationship among the companies.As to the negative impact after CEPA,since the market for producer services are far from saturation in domestic,the producer services organization of Hong Kong and Guangzhou are both advanced in China and the producer services of Guangzhou have possessed a somewhat wide market.Hence it concludes that CEPA will not bring too much negative impact to the development of producer services of Guangzhou in a period of time. Finally,according to the necessity and feasibility analysis,it points out that the development of producer services in the Pearl River Delta can form a harmonious pattern and Guangzhou and Hong Kong can be the regional service centers of different levels.
Spatial analysis has been an important field of study in tourism geography.When this field has been researched since the early 1970s in foreign countries,it didn't emerge as a significant field of tourism study until the late 1980s in China.At present,tourist spatial analyses in China encompass researches on tourist spatial behavior,spatial allocation of tourism region,spatial relationship of tourist supply and demand,spatial structure of tourist market,tourist spatial competition and cooperation,etc.However,studies on spatial organization of tourist activities based on nearest-neighbour analysis,the marginal utility of the tourist destinations and the model of "thermometrical users" have not emerged so far.This research paper aims at an indepth study of tourist spatial organization,based on nearest-neighbour analysis,the marginal utility of the tourist destinations and the model of "thermometrical users",together with related theories from Geography,Tourism,Economics,and Architecture.This paper applies nearest-neighbour analysis to analyze the spatial distribution of tourist resources in tourism region of Hulun Buir-Aershan.And it takes cluster A and B(Hailar and Aershan as center) as the objective of research project,which have a discernible density of point "collection",to analyze the logical relation of their characteristics of resource and the type of tourist activities.From the perspective of economics,the paper analyzes the implications and the mathematic modal of marginal utility theory of tourist destinations,and it is certainly possible to realize spatial organization of tourist activities between clusters A and B with the modal of marginal utility theory.According to the theory of the architectural diagrams of the section elevation form,the paper applies the model of "thermometrical users" to analyze the congruent degree between the site attribution and the tourist presences expressed by the target tourist segments,to organize the tourist activities effectively and exploit the various tourist products.Based on the study,the model of nearest-neighbour analysis,the marginal utility of the tourist destinations and the model of "thermometrical users" are not only the ideal methods of spatial analysis,but also a consultant basis for spatial organization of tourist activities in regional tourism.
Assessments on tourist satisfaction about tourism environment is very popular but difficult in the field of tourism environment management.Using the model of American Customer Satisfaction Index（ACSI） for reference,this paper establishes the model of Tourist Satisfaction Index（TSI） on beauty spots.TSI includes six sections: environmental perceptions,tourism expectations,tourism values,tourist satisfaction,tourist complains and tourist loyalty.Its aim is to measure the degree of tourist satisfaction,look for the relevant factors influencing tourist satisfaction,and manage the tourism environment more effectively.This paper applies the model to Huangshan Mountain and finds its TSI is 82.34.The score is high,but it does not match with Huangshan Mountain and many problems still exist in tourism environment.By TSI,from six sections influencing tourist satisfaction,tourism value is the main influencing factor(β32=1.266),then the environmental quality(β31=0.672);the influence of tourist expectations on tourism values and satisfaction index is relatively small(γ21=-0.147,γ31=-0.265 respectively);the relations between tourist satisfaction and loyalty is obvious(β53=0.972),whether a tourist is satisfied or not directly influences whether he is loyal to destination or not.But the influence on tourist complain is small(β43=-0.16),also,if the tourist is not satisfied,perhaps he will not complain.Analyses on factors influencing six sections,the social service environment perception is the main factor influencing environmental perceptions(λ21=0.878),but natural environment is only 0.188;the influence of social service expectations on total tourism expectation is also intensive(λ2=0.94);price perceptions are the very important factor influencing tourism values(λ52=0.913).By this token,in Huangshan Mountain,the natural environment is very good,but reasonable ratio of price to quality must be given,social service environment should be improved,and the transparency of the result of travel complaint should be increased.Finally, the paper adopts multiple linear regression analysis and the model of factor-important deduction to validate.The same conclusions are made.
