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    Earth Surface Processes
  • Earth Surface Processes
    SHAO Quan-qin, RONG Kai,MA Wei-wei, WANG Wen-yu, YOU Zhi-min
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    This article focuses on the analysis of the relationship between Ommastrephes bartramifishing ground and marine environmental factors. Based on daily catch data of Ommastrephes bartrami during 1995 to 2000 by China fishing boats and SST isoline chart covering 1995 to 2000 issued every 3 days by Japan Fisher Information Service Center. ArcGIS was used to store, manage and analyze the data. All the catch data were processed and spatialized to display their spatial distribution. The fishing grounds were identified interactively from the catch data maps. Matching Ommastrephes bartrami fishing ground with SST isoline map revealed that the relationship between them could be divided into 3 main patterns and 16 subclasses. The fishing ground in patternⅠis distributed on the tongue of Kuroshio and Oyashio branches, hence called as tongue type. PatternⅠcan be further classified into 5 subclasses,i.e., warm tongue type, cold tongue type, warm tongue + cold tongue type, warm tongue + cold tongue+ warm tongue type, and warm tongue + cold tongue+ warm tongue + cold tongue type. PatternⅡis located on the branch of Kuroshio or Oyashio, so called as branch type. In patternⅡ, five subclasses can be defined,i.e., warm branch type, warm branch + cold tongue type, warm branch + cold tongue+ warm branch type, cold tongue+ warm branch + cold tongue type, and warm tongue+ cold branch. Pattern Ⅲ is distributed on eddy caused by Kuroshio branch encountering Oyashio branch, also named as eddy type. Pattern Ⅲ can be ulteriorly classified as warm eddy type, warm eddy + cold tongue + warm eddy type, warm eddy + cold tongue (branch) + warm tongue type, warm eddy + cold tongue type,warm eddy + cold tongue + warm branch + cold tongue + warm branch type,and warm eddy + cold tongue + warm branch type. Statistical analyses of 239 samples indicate that pattern III has the highest occurrence frequency and highest catch, and pattern II has the lowest occurrence and lowest production. Subclass 35 has the highest occurrence frequency, and subclass 14 has the highest catch. The average CPUE of pattern Ⅲ is the highest, patternⅠthe lowest.Subclass 31 has the highest CPUE value. In 1995 and 1996, patternsⅡ and Ⅲ dominate. In 1997, pattern Ⅲ dominates. From 1998 to 2000, patternⅠis in domination. In August, patternⅡis in domination. In September, patternⅠdominates. In October, patternsⅠand Ⅲ are in domination. In November, patternⅢ dominates. The SST in patternⅠ usually falls between 15℃and 21℃,patternⅡ,17~24℃, and patternⅢ,10~18℃. The temperature grade in the patternⅠchanges slowly, while pattern Ⅲ, has a big grade change. PatternⅠis mainly located on Kurushio branches 3 and 4, patternⅡon Kurushio branches 2 and 3,and pattern Ⅲ mainly located on Kurushio branches 1 and 2.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    XIONG Li-ya, XIA Chao-zong, LIU Xi-yun, CHANG Bin
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    Man-land relationship has become one of the most sensitive problems in agricultural development, and study on land productivity and population supporting capacity opens up an effective way for quantifying regional man-land relationship. In this paper, we discuss present and future environmental capacity status and variation trend in Xiangjiaba reservoir area on village basis with land potential productivity degression method and bearing capacity evaluating model, regarding cultivated land as study object. According to geographic status, land bearing capacity evaluating region is confirmed, covering 23 832.91 ha and involving 21 towns or 174 villages. Coupling analysis of land use and physiognomic characters in the study is conducted with GIS and RS, and then the integrated spatial-attribute database is established. Supported by perennial sun light and temperature data, soil physio-chemical attributes on village scale, cultivated land spatial distribution and main crops (including paddy, wheat and corn) growing period in the reservoir area, the appraising index system of land productivity is set up, synthetical crop productivity of cultivated land on village scale is evaluated with land potential productivity degression model. Taking into consideration comparatively well-off standard of living for local people,including per capita grain and farmland availability,as capacity index of grain to support population, we establish land bearing capacity model based on reservoir construction planning and spatial pattern of land productivity to forecast per village farmland resource potential carrying capacity at present and in the near future(2012), and put forward environmental capacity of the whole study area coincided with local agricultural development. The result shows that multiple-cropping practice compared with other farming methods can gain even greater population supporting capacity; it is more reasonable to study land population supporting capacity based on output of grain rather than on farmland area, however, they should be combined with each other in practice; because the impact of fully implementation of land conversion from farmland to forest and grassland on land carrying capacity is greater than changes of unit area output of grain, hence under the same farming practices, the future land population supporting capacity does not increase but is smaller than the present environmental capacity, presenting an overall decreasing trend inevitably; environmental capacity of reservoir area is inclining to saturation, man-land conflict stands out;and population supporting capacity of cultivated land should be increased to some degree by means of increasing output of grain through expanding sown area of paddy and ameliorating breed.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    HAN Xiu-zhen,MA Jian-wen,LIU Zhi-li, ZHANG Xiao-ye
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    In the spring of 2001, several duststorm events occurred in northern China which seriously threatened production and people’s life and caused troubles to air transportations in South Korea and Japan. The duststorm weather was a strong wind erosion process in terms of duststorm source, transportation and precipitation. The mechanism of duststorm process is the cornerstone for duststorm forecast model. Estphal(1988), Joussaume(1990)and Gillette (1989) published a wind erosion based model;Shao (1997)and Lu (2001) took five different factors into account developing an integrated model including climate condition, land cover/change, wind erosion, transportation as well as precipitation factors. The duststorm also had very close relation with surface physical parameters such as soil moisture, temperature roughness and radiation which were the very important parameters for land and air energy exchange. They also played important roles in duststorm process. Brest(1987),Tian(1990) and Zu Hanwen(1993) pubilshed their retrieving models for albedo and temperature using AVHRR data. By using remote sensing data to monitor dust clouds change, transportation road and to retrieve surface temperature, soil moisture, roughness in compensation to the shortcomings of sparsely located observation stations and discontinues data collection. The data retrieved from satellite has become very important data source for duststorm monitoring. Chinese and Japanese-initiated a joint project in 2000 to set up ground observation stations along dust source areas such as transportation roads,precipitation areas for collecting TSP (dry dust precipitation) and utilizing AVHRR data to retrieve albedo(surface energy).And then data were selected from retrieved albedo temporal imageries to make curves and comparison was made between albedo curves and TSP curves. The result showed that there were good correlation betweens the two kinds of curves. It was proved that the LST/Albedo could be one of the physical parameters for predicting duststorm in future monitoring systems.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIANG Jin-she, ZHANG Hua
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    The shrinkage of China’s cultivated land is a world-wide concern, which is believed to arise from the increase of land used for construction purpose. In order to obtain a timely understanding of the land expansion for urban construction and the decrease of cultivated l and in China, remote sensing is being employed to monitor the expansion situation of land used for construction in the cities having above 500,000 non-agricultural population during various periods, and the accuracy estimation of the monitoring results constitutes an improtant aspect in this task. Up to now, many estimation indexes have been proposed which serve as a favorable base for future research. However, there still exist some drawbacks to be solved.In the article, a method of stratified random sampling is presented to obtain the accuracy analysis of remote sensing monitoring.The accuracy assessment is comprised of technological and regional assessment. It involves the assessment system of accuracy monitoring, the capacity determination of the stratified random sampling method, the procedure for sampling and evaluation, and the statistic analysis and result expression of the random survey. In addition, to verify the feasibility and suitability of this kind of method,the practice of the above system, based on data for Beijing and Chongqing in 2001 collected by remote sensing and fieldwork, is performed.Our work successfully applied the sampling theory to geoscienlific survey, which is of great theoretical and practical significance.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LV Xin-miao, LIU Hui-qing, WANG Wen-jie, WU Shao-hong
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    In North China, an unprecedented heavy sand-stormy weather with high frequency took place in the spring of 2000. Dramatically, it brought direct damage to the region around Beijing, which has aroused even more extensive concern of personages of various circles. Sand-stormy weather research has been widely carried out since then. Therefore, in this paper, based on the climate data from 1951 to 1996 and eco-environmental data, employing climate statistics methods and geographic information sciences(GIS), the author took the land around Beijing as a case to study its characters of the temporal and spatial pattern in the past fifty years. The annual sand-dust storms day was selected as the major index to divide the region into four districts, then the environmental background was analyzed based on data extracted from the remote sensing images of the 1990s. This research demonstrated the spatial distribution and temporal change of sand-dust storms in this area, leading to the following conclusions: diurnally, afternoon(from 12 p.m.to 18 p.m.)was the period of sand-dust storms;seasonally spring and late summer were the sand-dust storms most easily happening periods;interannually,the 1950s to the 1960s witnessed the high value period of the sand-dust storms while the number of the sand-dust storm days tended to reduce in the 1970s and the 1980s but increased in the 1990s again. We also found that the most easily happening period corresponded to the dry and cold climate. As for the spatial distribution, the high value regions were located in the marginal areas of Otindag Sandy Land and Hobq Sandy Land, especially in Siziwangqi-Zhurihe, Erenhot-Damaoqi, Daladqi-Junggarqi-Uradqi.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Ling, XIE Xian-qun, LI Yun-sheng, TANG Deng-yin
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    In this paper mean locations of borderline for wet and dry climate zone in northern China over the past 40 years from 1961 to 2000 and their decadal changes were studied. Over 40 years in northern China, boundary line of semiarid and subhumid zones where W (humid index) is 0.5 moved gradually toward the east.In the eastern part east of 100E, especially in the 1990s it moved toward the east and the south compared with that in the 1960s,which resulted in the enlargement of semiarid area and the shrinkege of subhumid area,and the climate tended to become dried;and in the western part west of 100E,the extremely dry area was dwindled and the climate tended to become wetted evidently.By combining the temperature with W we can call the eastern part east of 100E where the North China Plain and the Loess Plateau are located a sustaining dry and warm type; the northwestern part west of 100E can be called transitional zone from dry and-warm type into humid and warm one, of them the Hexi corridor and East Xinjiang Basin started to change in the early 1970s while the mountain region, oasis, and desert in northern Xinjiang started to change around the mid 1980s.The deterring factor for changes of borderline in the wet and dry climate zone is the variation rate of precipitation vs. potential evaporation. Over the past 40 years both precipitation and potential evaporation tended to decrease in the eastern part east of 100E,but the decreasing rate of precipitation is higher than that of potential evaporation. We think that the cause for wetting in the western part of 100E was that the potential evaporation has been decreasing with the increase of precipitation, moreover the absolute value for decreasing rate of potential evaporation is higher than that of increasing rate of precipitation.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    MAJian-hua
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    Climate is a basic factor that controls the directions and intensities of soil-forming process, which affects the levels of weathering, the composition and decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), the migration of soil materials and changes of their forms,and soil geographic distribution around the world and so on. Although many scholars have done a lot of work about the influence of precipitation on components and properties of regional soils, yet the main concern of their work is average precipitation or the moist indexes influencing soil individual component and properties, and the influence of rainstorm on components and properties of regional soils has not been discussed thoroughly yet. Taking the central area of rainstorm in Biyang county as an example, the influence of rainstorm on soil components and properties was discussed on the basis of field works and laboratory experiments in this paper. In comparison with the soils of other areas that are less affected by rainstorm, the soils in the central area of rainstorm in Biyang have the following characteristics: (1) Eluviation ratios of base (β) are less than 1.00, silica-sesquioxide ratios (Saf) are less than 7.00, and the soil reaction is feeble acid in the central area of rainstorm, which indicate that the processes of desilicification and allitization in soils are obvious, and that the weathering of soil is stronger. (2) Soil thickness is thinner.The amount of horizons in each soil is less, no more than two, and the patterns of soils profiles are simple. Content of gravels (>1 mm) is higher, and that of physical clay (<0.01mm) is lower. The texture of soil belongs to sandy type, most of them have some gravel. (3) Iron-manganese nodules that could be seen by unaided eye could not be found in all soils located, which indicates that soil-forming conditions are unstable in this area. (4) The content of soil organic matter (SOM) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is higher, and readily available potassium is lower in the central area of rainstorm. Because much soil organic matter (SOM) migrated from up to down, the content of soil organic matter in second soil horizon is higher too. Soils around the central area of rainstorm have different components and properties from these in the central area of rainstorm obviously, which indicates that rainstorm can influence components and properties of soils strongly.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIU Fu-cheng, SHI Xue-zheng, YU Dong-sheng, PAN Xian-zhang
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    Nonpoint sources of nitrogen (N) in agricultural soils have been identified as one of the main causes of freshwater eutrophication. Studies have showed that decades of N fertilization at rates exceeding the amount removed by crops have resulted in widespread accumulation of N in agricultural soils in Taihu Lake basin, and the accumulation of N will increase the potential of soil N loss to surface and ground waters. Therefore studying the spatial variability of soil N at large scale will be helpful to develop optimal management practices for controlling agricultural nonpoint N pollution. Geostatistics has proven to be useful for characterizing and mapping spatial variability of soil properties. In this paper, a geostatistics method, combined with Geographic Information System (GIS), was applied to analyze the spatial variability of total soil N in topsoil in the typical area of Taihu Lake basin. The results showed that the spatial variability of total soil N was apparent in isotropy within the maximum lag extent of 40km, beyond which the anisotropy of spatial variability was increasing due to the change of soil parent materials in the direction of NE34°. The isotropic semivariograms showed that the ratio of nugget to sill of the total soil N was about 0.5,indicating that the total soil N had a relatively good spatial autocorrelation in the study area, and the range of autocorrelation extended to about 16km. The map of the total soil N interpolated through Block Kriging based on the fitted exponential model depicted that the soils in Jiangyin and Yixing counties generally had much more N than that in the other counties,which was mainly contributed to the different application levels of N fertilizers;and the "hot spots" of high soil N content were apparent in low-lying polderland, which probably was the results of interaction of topography and human factors such as fertilization.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Jing, SONG Lin-hua, XIANG Chang-guo, ZHANG Ping-jiu, LIANG Fu-yuan
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    By analyzing the forming process of the cave landscape the authors think that the change of the CO 2 solubility in the water entering into the cave is vital to the formation of the cave landscape.And the temperature and partial pressure of CO 2 are the key elements to play the role on it. Calculation indicates that when the cave air CO 2 concentration is within 1800ppm the latter is the most important element to the landscape formation. The soil CO 2 is the major source of CO 2 in the cave water: Firstly it facilitates the formation of the soil water into carbonic acid water and when the water contacts with the carbonate rock above the cave the solution chemical reaction will happen. This action will provide the Ca 2+ for the cave sediments. Secondly the soil CO 2 concentration will affect the CO 2 concentration directly in the cave water. From the experts' views the soil CO 2 mainly comes from the respiration of the vegetation the amount of the microorganism and the atmosphere outside the cave. Our field work also indicates that vegetation is one of the most important elements that control the soil CO 2 concentration and its distribution. We do the research in the Yaolin cave by comparing the effect of different CO 2 concentrations to simulate the different CO 2 concentrations under different types of vegetation dealing with the cave landscape. The conclusion is that when the soil CO 2 concentration is higher it will be good to the cave landscape protection and development.That is to say the cave landscape covered by the vegetation is much better than the one covered poorly. But if the CO 2 concentration is too high the soil CO 2 can filter into the cave through rock slot and make the cave water keep the acid character to dissolve the old landscape sediments and the dissolved views are formed.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LAI Hong-zhou, MO Duo-wen, SU Cheng
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    The evolution of Lake Dongting is determined by three main factors, which are tectonic subsidence, siltation and human impacts. "The Dongting Basin" and "the basin of Lake Dongting" are two different spatial concepts. "The basin of Lake Dongting" is only one of the components of "the Dongting Basin". The basin of Lake Dongting, the levees and the farmlands synchronously keep subsiding and relatively actionless due to the tectonic subsidence of the whole Dongting Basin. At present, the mean sedimentation rate of Lake East Dongting,Lake South Dongting and Lake Muping is 9.43, 19.11, 12.46mm/a, respectively. The rate of tectonic subsidence of the lake is low (3~10mm/a), but the capacity of tectonic subsidence still counteract a certain capacity of siltation, which restrains the shrinkage of Lake Dongting. The sedimentation rate is bigger than the rate of tectonic subsidence in Lake Dongting. Sandbars will continue to grow and expand, and Lake Dongting will still keep the trend of siltation and shrinkage. At present, the whole Dongting Basin is subsiding and expanding due to tectonic subsidence, which has no influence on the change of the capacity of storing flood of Lake Dongting, and siltation is playing a main role. The capacity of storing flood of Lake Dongting will continue to decrease as siltation goes on. During the 80 years after the Three Gorge Dam is completed with the completion of "the 4350 Project", the sedimentation rate of Lake Dongting will reduce to 1.79 mm/a. Then, the trend of siltation of Lake Dongting will be restrained.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    MA Li, LIU Wei-dong, LIU Yi
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    Under economic globalization, the free flow of capital, goods, technology and information will have impact on the spatial location of product elements. However, the local force based on local economic development is important. So, the behavior of regional economic main body-enterprise under economic globalization is the result of co-action of global force and local force. In this paper, we will probe into the mechanism and type of actions between global force and local force, and analyses the evolution of local production network in the view of the game play between global corporation and local enterprise. Firstly, on the assumption that two kinds of enterprise are economic reasonable bodies, their strategic behavior under globalization all aimed to make their benefits maximized. In order to realize their aims, the global corporation and the local force all only have two choices: the global corporation could select entering or not entering into local production network, while the local enterprise could select connecting or not connecting with global production network. So, this will lead to four results of combinations and results of these two enterprises. Secondly, with regard to four game results of the global corporation and the local enterprise, which will lead to four types of evolution of local production network, which are connecting and expending, breaking and solving, growing and stringing, and resisting and waning. Finally, we conduct analysis by taking three field examples of Chinese current three types of regional spatial structure’s evolution.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Fa-hui, JIN Feng-jun, ZENG Guang
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    Taking advantage of a GIS data set of county-level administrative regions and the National Population Census data in 1982 and 1990, this research analyzes the regional growth patterns in China through the change of regional density functions. To minimize the influence of physical environments on population densities, the study areas are limited to four major plains of China: the Northeast China, North China,Hubei-Hunan Plains and the Sichuan Basin. These plain areas are defined approximately according to cultivation ratios at the county level. A gravity-based model is used to delineate the influential regions of 17 cities. In other words, the influence of a city on a county is positively proportional to the city's population size but negatively proportional to the distance between them. A county is included in the influencial region of a city if this city exerts the largest influence on the county among all surrounding cities. The model is implemented in a GIS environment. In China, regional densities decline with distance from a city, similar to western countries. Four simple bivariate functions are tested: (1) linear, (2) exponential, (3) reverse exponential and (4) power functions. Among the four functions, function (3) or D r =a+blnr fits the regional density patterns in China the best. This is different from urban density patterns, which are best captured by the (negative) exponential function. Based on the change of fitted density curves over time, regional growth patterns can be identified. The results show that in all 17 regions, areas close to central cities grew faster than remote areas, described as a trend of centralization. However, regions with strong core growth are generally associated with stagnant hinterlands; and regions with moderate core growth are usually matched by similar growth rates in the hinterlands. This indicates that most regions in China are still on the process of centralization, i.e., fast growth in core areas (urban and suburban) at the expense of peripheral areas. This trend is strongest in regions where the central cities have gained the fastest growth.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    SU Qin, LIN Bing-yao
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    Using social investigation and segmentation approach, the authors conduct in site investigation upon the attitudes and behaviors of residents to the tourist attractions in Xidi, Zhouzhuang and Jiuhua Mountain. Residents in these places are classified into four types by using hierachically clustering and are named ambivalent supporters, indifferent supporters, enthusiastic supporters and rational supporters respectively based on the analysis of the attitudes and behaviors of these residents toward the development of tourism. There exist distinctive differences between these four types of residents in their demographic characteristics and social background. Mainly and in general, those who are aged, long time resided and relatively higher educated become ambivalent or rational supporters, those who are less related to and dependent on tourism become indifferent supporters, while those, who are young, or engaged in tourism, or whose family members or relatives are engaged in tourism or whose main income depends on tourism, taking up the greater proportion among the enthusiastic supporters. Economic interest, educational background, the knowledge about tourism development and the age remain the main affects on their attitudes to and behavior in tourism. Comparison shows that Chinese residents in tourist attractions are more active and supportive in attitude and behavior than their foreign counterparts, and until now there are no opponents against tourism in China.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    XUAN Guo-fu, LU Lin, WANG De-gen, ZHANG Jin-he, YANG Xiao-zhong
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    Tourist flows are the results of the interaction between tourist destination between tourist destination and tourist origin.The spatial characteristic of tourist flows is one of the most important research fields of tourism geograpy.Domestic scholars of tourism geography have achieved some related research fruits,but there are few researches on the mathematic models of the spatial distribution of tourist markets and the spatial flows of tourist.Based on lots of on-the-spot investigations and surveys,this paper studies the spatial characteristics of tourist flow in Sanya City,which is a typical coast resorts.Firstly,the authors analyse the distribution of its domestic tourist origins and study its spatial use curve of tourist flows.It is found out that its tourist origins are widely distributed,and its spatial use curve of tourist flows is very complex,which is difficult to be explained by the curves of Basic Model,U Model,and Maxwell-Boltzman Model.There are huge fluctuations in the curve,and the trend of distance decay is not obvious.This question needs further discussion.Secondly,based on gravity model,they choose the factors of the urban population of tourist origin,the per disposable income of urban residents in tourist origins,and the price of plane tickets from the origin to Sanya City to construct a spatial potentiality model indicate that the disposable income of urban residents in tourist origins and the price of plane ticket have greater tourist market positioning and marketing of Sanya City,and the model has some value of reference to other destinations.Thirdly,the authors analyse the traveling spatial behavior of tourist in Sanya City,and they find that the Fly/Drive model is the main type,the airway corridor is of great significance to the expansion of the tourism markest of Sanya City.Finally,in order to increase the tourist flows in Sanya City,on the basis of the above conclusions,the authors suggest that an aviation fund should be established to cut down the price of plane ticket and make the threshold of tourist transportation lower.

  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Lei-lei
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    By reviewing the two research frames appearing in the textbooks of Human Geography The Human Mosaic by Terry G. Jordan and Human Geography: Culture, Society, and Space(6 th edition ) by de Blij et al., the author indicates that although the Chinese textbooks of Human Geography have drawn on and accepted the Jordan's frame, this frame still belongs to the traditional human geography which stresses too much on cultural ecology and the Saurian cultural landscape school. However, the frame cited in de Blij's above-mentioned book, which is originally from the National Research Council in US,shows some fresh issues and perspectives in current Human Geography. The development of New Cultural Geography has made it necessary and emergent to construct a new research agenda which can be integrated with both the old and the new human geographies. This article tries to use and redefine five concepts:attributes',spaces',times',approaches' and worlds' to build a research frame, namely ASTAW frame. With this ASTAW frame, the author expects that Human Geography as a discipline will be more systematic and more easily understood by non-geographers. This frame can be also expected to be used in active academic researches esp. on issues in a changing reality. ASTAW frame is essentially based on new cultural geographies' epistemology, approaches and world views. In this frame, the boundary of subjects esp. the boundary between Geography and Human Geography has been understated intentionally. Cultural and social factors influencing the order of nature are emphasized in the frame. The idea of regarding scientific positivism as just one of all human being's wisdom is highlighted in the paper. Therefore, the new research issues in Human Geography as well as Geography will also focus on the representational world rather than just on the real world or physical world which is usually thought of independent on human being and which is traditionally the research core of scientific geography. Spatial study and representational study in new Geography and Human Geography will emphasize the approaches of cultural studies rather than just study the cultural items in traditional and scientific spatial research perspective. The author expects this paper on the new construction of research frame of human geography will attract more attention on the cultural turn of geography and the new cultural geography in China's academic field.