The author reviews the development process of territorial planning since the 1980s in China. According to statistical data, up to 1993,30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities), 223 cities and 640 counties had accomplished the compilationof territorial planning. In this process, the functions of "authority, decision making and service" were fully brought into play to serve the compilationof regional economic social developmentplanning. Meanwhile, the principle of "from top to bottom, from bottom to top" was followed in combination with that of "leaders, local operators and experts", and made a point of the study of basic theories. However, some problems were also revealed, i.e., the features of territorial planning are not distinct, having many similarities withregional economic social development planning; the planned economy still played an important role; the maneuverabilityof planning was not good; and the qualitative analysis was not so closely combined with quantitative research. Aiming at the current situations of economic globalization and informalization,China's Accession to the World Trade Organization, and the improvement of socialist market economic system, the paper puts forward basic thought to promote the new roundterritorial planning and accomplish four changes as follows: to change planned type to market and guidancetypes; to change resources exploitationand utilizationto integration of resource exploitation, utilizationand conservation; mono goal for economic development to multi goal for sustainable development which should coordinate economy,society,population,resources and environment;and to change planning focus from industrial planning to spatial locational planning that coordinates regional economic social construction.Based on the above thoughts, the improving waysare proposed, including: importanceshould be attachedtothe inter provincial territorial planning or trans urban and trans prefectural territorial planning of a province; the land use planning should be the core of basicterritorial planning; spatial policyresearch in cooperation with territorial planning should be strengthened; planning method should be evolved toward informalization and scientization; legislation of territorial planning should be formulated as soon as possible; and publicparticipation should be widely admitted in the process of planning.
Air transportation is a unique and increasingly important perspective in studying spatial structure of urban system This paper illustrates the framework of urban system by analyzing structural features of air transportation network based on the data of the amount of airport passenger transportation and the number of weekly flights (1)Since open to the outside world, the nodes in China's air transportation network increased quickly accompanied with the expansion of air transportation network scale which presents positive correlation with the scale rank of urban system (2) On the whole, dispersion dominates the evolution of airport's spatial structure But in the variant periods and zones, the newly built airports and the increase of transportation capacity of the existing airports exert different influences on the expansion of air transportation network (3) Network linkage intensity differs in various provinces But the eastern coastal zone is still the core region of domestic and international airline linkage in which the international hub function of Beijing Tianjin Hebei and Jiangsu Shanghai is distinctive while Guangdong mainly acts as home hub (4) The capital city of a province is still of vital essence to this province's outward connection, but more and more developed cities of some provinces have partly substituted the capital cities (5) The spatial distribution of intensity and tightness of air network linkage separate from each other, which manifest that the spatial network structure of China's urban system is still in the process of dynamic evolution (6) The factors such as the change of airline structure, the airline linkage with foreign countries and the cooperation and competition of domestic airport cities will all influence urban system structure in future
There are many advantages to construct a base of energy and heavy/chemical industries in the contiguous area of Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia On one hand,the area is not only rich in resources ofoil, coal and natural gas, which form a combinative superiority ofenergy resources, but also rich in resources of bauxite and nonmetal minerals On the other hand, with the change of supply demand situation of China in recent years,a heavy task forChina'senergy industry in the future is to increase the productionand supply of the secondary energy with high quality suchas electricity,refined oil from coal,etc Therefore, there is a large market in China for the area to exploitits energy resources and to establish the processing industry ontheseresources Although the area has got a primary development in its energy and heavy/chemical industries, there are still many problems, such as the low level of technology, weak ability of competition and the lackof further machining The article holds thata general strategy shouldbe workedout, whichis "large in size, high in technology and new in mechanism to setup a conversional production system anda regional production complex", so astofoster the superiority of industrialcompetition, toextend the industrial chainas soon as possible, to cultivatethemulti industriespositively, and to step on the road ofsustainabledevelopment In order to carry out the strategy, it is necessary toformulate and implement somemeasures and policies Firstly, we should found an inter provincial management committee to get successful development of resources and harmoniousdevelopment of the region Secondly,we should build up a market of mining right actively and raise the local portion in resource division Thirdly,we should attach importance to protect environment, transformingouter negative effectof enterprises into interior Fourthly, it is significant to establish the supporting system of finance Finally, the role of the government should be changed so as to offer favorablesystem surroundingsfor the base of energy and heavy/chemical industries
Firstly, the paper predicted future food productive capacity of agricultural resources including cultivable and non cultivable land resources; secondly, the food demand was respectively forecasted in the coming three periods, based on the different nutrition supply amount according to the population forecast program; lastly, the comparison between the productive capacity and the demand was analyzed in the coming three periods The results shows that the grain productive capacity will be slightly greater than the demand because the food structure of prosperous level is as the demanding standard in 2010, however, in 2030 and 2050 the productive capacity will be smaller than the demand because the food structure of hypo affluent and affluent level is as the demanding standard So it would be difficult to satisfy the food demand during the period converting from the prosperous level to the affluent level if only depending on the limited cultivable land resources The balance analysis of supply and demand based on the comprehensive productive capacity of agricultural resources shows: the comprehensive productive capacity of agricultural resources would be higher than the food demand in the three coming periods The productive potential of non cultivable land resources should be exploited during the course of using limited cultivable land resources efficiently The food demand could be satisfied during the period converting from prosperous level to affluent level and the living standard could be improved only by depending on the comprehensive productive capacity of agricultural resources
Arid land agriculture in northern China is located to the north of the line from Kunlun Mountains through Qinling to Huaihe River. The agriculture of this area is rain fed in nature, so its development is greatly restricted by the water resources. And also this means there are great potentials in agricultural development in the light of the status quo of resources utilization and production practice in northern China where the level of agricultural production is low and the eco environment is execrable. As China has put emphasis on food security, eco system and economy, it is necessary for us to develop arid land in northern China with comprehensive methods and strategies. This paper recounts the research status of the arid land agriculture in China and other countries. On the basis of the analysis, the paper concludes that the same experience of the foreign countries in research and practice is that they attach importance to the combination of the amelioration of environment and the increase of crop output. Remarkable achievements have been gained in these aspects: 1) under conditions of water scarcity, most of the countries paid more attention to the collocation of the water and soil resources, especially to the durative increase of the efficiency of water use; 2) in the past several years many countries increased the level of mechanization and got rapid development of the research on the industrialization of technique. The production efficiency is 2.5 times as much as that of ten years ago; and 3) the benign circulation between the mechanization and industrialization of technique has been formed. At the same time, Chinese arid land agriculture has also gained great achievements. Firstly, on the basis of the 5 first level districts and 57 second level districts, the structure of agricultural products and planting system which are suitable for different types of arid land have been established in China. Secondly, both the protection and reasonable exploitation of the renewable resources and the artificial replacement of nonrenewable resources have made rapid progress. For the future development of China's arid land, we have to recognize the demerits of our strategies. So finally the strategies of the development of arid land agriculture in northern China are put forward.
This paper reveals spatial characteristics of the recent inter provincial(municipal,regional) flow of social economic elements in China. Firstly, thepaper reviewsthe studies on the trans regional flow of social economic elements in China Then, based on the survey data,it conducts a comprehensive analysis of the spatial characteristics of the productive element flow such as the inter provincial migration, passenger railway flow, airborne passenger flow,railroad freight flow and information flow, by adopting GIS spatial analysis and visualization techniques. The spatial distribution of the inter provincial flow is influencedevidently by the provincial economic status and the pattern of inter provincial economic relations The eastern China shows its great importance on the distribution of the inter provincial flow The three economic heartlands of China, Jing Jin Tang (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei), Hu Su Zhe (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang) and Guangdong also act as the main centers of inter provincial flow The gravity centers of all the inter provincial flows are relatively close to the population and economic centers of China, but deviate far more from the geometric center of the territory This means the spatial distribution of inter provincial flow is basically consistent with the socialand economic situationof China Further, the paper concludes the spatialdistribution of the flow of social economic elements as four fundamental patterns, which are tested in each type of the flow and two holistic styles are deduced
Being the core and frontier issue in the global environmental change and sustainable development disciplines, studies on land use/cover change (LUCC) has gained increasingly attention. China, restricted by its large population and less land, is one of the developing countries facing serious ecological and environmental problems in the world. Many problems of sustainable development confronting China have inherent and inevitable associations with LUCC. Therefore, systematic LUCC researches, aiming at the implementation of sustainable development strategies in China, have great significance in both academic and practical respects. Their relations between the problems of sustainable development and LUCC, and the research objects, contents, investigative methods and key issues of LUCC based on sustainable development in China are briefly discussed in this paper. The interrelationship between LUCC and sustainable development in China is very complex. Generally speaking,the linkage can be shown as the balance between land water resources demand and supply. Thus, the orientation and content of LUCC and sustainable development researches should be developed along with the critical issues for sustainable development driving force of human being scenarios of LUCC optimized decision making for sustainable development. Meanwhile, different situations under different temporal and spatial dimensions should be incorporated into the researches. The key issues to be studied are how to reveal the land supply and demand relationships under the multiple driving forces, as well as its changing extents and influences. Upon them, the framework of scientific decision making and comprehensive management for LUCC in China, which is confined by the sustainable development relationship between food and resources supply, ecological protection and economic growth, is proposed.
Based on social and economic statistical data, general surveys, detailed surveys and analysis as well as field surveys and investigations of land in rural areas of the Bohai Rim since the 1980s, firstly, this paper analyses the trend of cultivated land occupation inevitably related to population growth, urbanization, development of industry, development of transportation facilities and water conservancy, construction of environment, and natural disasters in the surroundings of the Bohai Sea. Secondly, it examines the position of cultivated land quantity degradation and quality improvement related to less support of farmland resources, low quality of opened up land, greater exploitation difficulty, and necessity of making intensive use of farmland in the study area. Thirdly,it puts forward measures for farmland protection such as strict management of land use, strict control of farmland occupation for construction purposes, achieving overall balance of farmland quantitatively, protection of basic farmland and cultivated land in key region, transformation of middle low yield farmland, controlling of groundwater exploitation, protection of farmland eco environment, and adjustment of agricultural structure in the surroundings of the Bohai Sea. Fourthly, it discusses land increment potentials and ways of exploitation related to policy of land use management, farmland and village consolidation for sustainable land use, land reclamation and land exploitation in Bohai Rim.
Based on the statistical data at provincial and county levels from 1949 to 1998, the dynamic change of grain production and regional differences are discussed In the last 50 years, the total grain production took on an increasing trend on the whole In the period of 1949～1998, the total grain production increase was 24480 thousand tons with an annualaverage increase of 489 6 thousand tons and the per capita grain production increase was 320 8 kilograms Because of the differences in natural conditions and agricultural history, the spatial difference in grain production increase is very notable The regions with higher annualaverage increase rate of grain production are mainly distributed in the piedmont plains where irrigation conditionsand agricultural base are better such as Shijiazhuang, Handan, Xingtai, Baoding. However, the regions with lowre annualaverage increase rate of grain production are mainly located in the mountainous and hilly areas such as Zhangjiakou, Chengde and the easternplain with poor naturalconditions According to the grey systemtheory, factors affecting grain production are analyzed and correlative degree between factors and grain production is quantitatively measured The results show that per unit area grain yield, effective irrigated area and grain sown area are the most important factors that affect grain production Moreover, the countermeasures to realize the sustainable development of grain production are discussed such as relying on scientific progress to increase per unit area grain yield, protecting arable land and stabilizinggrain sown area, popularizing technology of intercropping and improving multi crop index, strengthening capital constructionof farmland and enhancing the synthetic ability of agricultural production This paper provides a scientific basis for sustainable agricultural development in Hebei Province
The Internet is a major symbol of the contemporary world that is predominated by two interwoven tendencies, i e., globalization and informationalization. It is now widely accepted that the world is moving fast towards an information age and the Internet is a major channel to such a historical change. Indeed, no technological progresses in the last several decades can match the advent of the Internet in term of its profound and extensive influences. The increasingly wide use of the Internet is causing fundamental changes in people's daily life and hence probably in the entire socio economic system of the world as well. In particular, the Internet makes the propaganda of information and knowledge much easier and faster than ever. In such a sense, its development as an industry is not only a part of the knowledge based economy but also an accelerator of the development of the latter. The explosion of electronic business/commerce (e com) on the Internet is a result of the fast and vast information and knowledge flows. The implications of such developments for industrial spatial changes are very important and interesting research topics for economic and industrial geographers. It is reported that the Internet economy has been a major contribution to the US's recent economic growth. In Asia, the recent recovery from the 1997 98 financial crisis has also been attributed partially to the rapid growth of business to business (B2B) e com. In China, the development of the Internet in the last several years has been incredibly fast. The number of domains registered under ".CN" increased from 4,066 in late 1997 to 127 thousand by the end of 2001, and that of the Internet users rose from 620 thousand to 33.7 million. The rapid development of the Internet has also led to fast growth of e com in the country. This paper will investigate the development of the Internet in China with special attention to its geographical features and then analyze the spatial implications of such development. It hopes to offer a general background to and be a stepping stone for future more detailed studies on the issue.
This paper presents an expression approach to expert knowledge based frame network structure model, and discusses the building principle and achievable program of the model With the frame network structure of knowledge,the author describes the entity units in geo environment,and links the expression of knowledge at different levels with the pointer so as to make it the frame network from knowledge to semantics The data structure can be used to realize an integrated description for geographic entities and their interrelations, therefore the knowledge base of the system can be operated simply and easily with the model, to guarantee the realization of the inference mechanism. Taking the building of Design and Decision Expert System of Rational Land Use (DDES) in Urumqi river basin as an example, the author expounds the expression method of frame network structure for expert knowledge, and discusses the formative structure of knowledge base in expert system, as well as the organization mode of expert knowledge in knowledge base Furthermore, the author probes design principle of inference engine in expert system, and seeks organizational means of inference rules Moreover, the author elaborates control strategies of inference engine and inference algorithms Using the above model, the author makes evaluation and decision further at the geo expert level for planning rational land use in the test region, and the user can choose the practical suggestions for comprehensive management and regional planning of the watershed by consulting the system Finally, the author discusses and appraises the experimental result Also, the expression approach to expert knowledge based on the data structure provides flexible means for the expression of geographic decision knowledge, and the control strategies of inference engine realized by the method are also applicable to the inference algorithms of a large number of data for geographic spatial information
This paper introduces a self made GIS software system a multimedia graphics query information system based on spatial database, including its structure, function and application in environmental planning and management It presents that this system can meet the needs for applications in decisional management level and public information release level and can be used as a valuable example for planning and managing the environmental projects Besides some common functions of GIS system, the system we made also integrated modern multimedia technology with traditional spatial database, hence the multimedia information query based on the spatial database came true This function not only enriched the query content of attribute database, but also improved the visualization of map information In this paper, we specially focus on the details of the spatial analysis method including the algorithms and their actual implementation in this system queries according to the rectangle, ellipse(circle), arbitrary region and spatial co relation
Riparian areas have important ecological, social, economic and tourist value Ecological rehabilitation of degraded riparian ecosystems has become a topic of intense interest worldwide Taking ecology, geomorphology and hydrology as a basis, riparian studies involve a wide range of disciplines and technologies, but however, studies on basic theories and methods of degraded riparian ecological rehabilitation in China are very poor, and as a result, the primary concepts and problems have not been uniformly recognized.Therefore, in this paper, the author discusses the theoretical basis of ecological rehabilitation in riparian areas in the light of the actual scientific research practices carried out in the past six years The riparian concept, riparian vegetation functions, scale of range and time of ecological rehabilitation are defined and the significance,contents,riparian management concerning research on ecological rehabilitation in riparian areas are discussed as well by taking Qianshui riparian beach land at the foot of Tianzhu Mountain as a case In order to explore an approach to rebuild riparian beach land areas of Qianshui river in Anhui province,we planted five tree species on trial which were divided into two experimental design types. Through the analysis on the ecological and economic functions of reestablishment of riparian beach land,the experimental results showed that the influence of reestablishment on river flow,soil physical and chemical properties,soil fertility,soil texture and silt ation in different reestablishment measures and the stability of riparian zone is very significant
Rainfall erosivity shows the potential ability of the soil loss caused by rainfall and is very important for predicting soil loss quantitatively.It is estimated by the product of the rainfall energy and maximum 30 minute rainfall intensity, which combined the effects of soil detachment by the raindrops on the soil surface and runoff transportation. This study is to determine the rainfall erosivity index used in China for plotting isoerodent map accurately by using detailed available weather station data.Data of rainfall and soil loss for 12 plots representing the main climate zones in China and rainfall data from 14 weather stations were used to analyze the relationship between rainfall characteristics and soil loss in different regions. The rainfall erosivity index used in China was determined to be PI 10 , where P is the rainfall amount and I 10 is the maximum 10-minute rainfall intensity. To keep the unit identical and the result comparable, the relationship for transferring from PI 10 into EI 30 were formulated:(EI 30 ) = 0.1773(PI 10 ).
Based on the EOF, the paper takes 6 factors such as precipitation, climatic output of grain, the relative change of livestock, wind speed, days of yearly gale and climatic wind erosive force as fluctuating factors of desertification to analyze their principal components since 1950 in rear hills of Bashang. The result shows that despite their synchronization in fluctuation for the dominance of rainfall, they can be decomposed into three relative independent series of wind, cattle and rainfall according to the REOF. Hereby, we choose four factors of climatic output of grain(O), the number of livestocks(A), days of yearly gale(G) and climatic wind erosive force(C′) as the ones which mainly influence desertification, and calculate them in the same weight coupling(C) in biological year by two different types of pastoral area and interlock area of farming and pasturing(IAFP) In pastoral areaC(%)=(G+C′+A)*3 -1 in IAFPC(%)=(G+C′+A+O)*4 -1 The coupling(C) in the 3 year smoothed average among the principal components of desertification factors fluctuated between 25%～100% since 1950, and maintained the level of 75% after 1965, but it reached the highest period during 1967～1977. The conflict between pasture and livestock mostly took place in the two periods of 1965～1975 and 1986～1990, in which there was deficient rainfall in the study area. As the resonance of the higher annual wind speed, much more days of yearly gale and less rainfall during 1965～1975, soil erosion experienced higher risk. Compared with the human contribution to the development of desertification, natural environment just forms a background, it is the irrational reclamation that plays the leading role, and the sustainable development of desertification in the mid 1980s with much more rain fall speaks well for the leading role of human played in this region. Nothing but the coupling between irrational land use and strong wind erosion during 1965～1975 greatly promotes the overspreading of desertification. Two different fluctuating types of Hebei province and Inner Mongolia are identified in the study area.
