By integrating quantitative with qualitative approaches, as well as GIS technology along with 12 major selected indicators which can well reflect the regional development of western China, this article makes a comprehensive assessment on the socio-economic development of the 106 cities at prefectural level. Also, the characteristics and the laws of socio-economic disparities in western China are probed. Factors that mainly influence the socio-economic territorial differentiations are identified as follows: (1) physical disparities essentially influence the socio-economic disparities; (2) regional integration of agricultural resources shapes the territorial differentiation of agriculture in western China; (3) regional combination of energy and mineral resources constitutes the key factors determining the mineral cities' formation and distribution; (4) large cities and developed regions are located along major rivers and traffic lines, taking on point-axis diffusion form; (5) the interactions of location, resources, labour forces, technology, market, and policy determine the properties and patterns of economic regions;and (6) the high correlativity between each indicator selected in this article results in the strong conflicts between socio-economic development and ecological environment, which constitutes the main constraints to the development of western China. In conclusion, the laws of the socio-economic territorial differentiation of western China reflects the immense physical restrictions to the socio-economic development, which requires reconsideration of the ecological carrying capacity and resources' restriction in the course of developing western China. Moreover, blind migration into western China and reclamation should by no means be advocated
Researches on regional physio-geographical system (RPGS) aim at studying natural complex of the earth surface, revealing rules of regional differentiations and exploring physio-geographical regionalization at different scales, from a regional point of view. Based on review of RPGS researches at home and abroad, the paper raises that the late 18th to the early 19th century is the initial period of RPGS research. Since the 1940s it has been a decision-making period for government, particularly a period serving the agriculture. And following the 1980s it is a research period of ecological regionalization. Researches of the topic will provide scientific basis for the formulation of strategic policies on regional resources exploitation and utilization, biodiversity conservation and regional sustainable development. It briefs the existing issues and debates in the study of RPGS such as various understandings on the theory of geographical zonality and principles of regionalization, the essentials of and selection of index system for ecological and geographical regionalization, demarcation of several important boundary lines of China's RPGS, consideration of human impact and mountain division and jurisdiction. It points out the future studies of RPGS will continue penetrating into methodologies of theories and construct more complete regionalization system, further perfect understandings of eco-environment and laws of other regional differentiations; and to strengthen interdisciplinary studies of natural and human sciences based on sufficient studies of physical regional differentiations. Approaching from studies of RPGS, to set up comprehensive index system consisting of both human and natural factors for the purpose of dividing different hierarchical systems so as to occupy important positions for the study of integrated framework. Future studies of RPGS should further focus on possible human impacts and feedbacks which will become a joint subject and trend of researches of RPGS. The objectivity of the results will be further enhanced. To this end, typological studies, process studies and regional studies should be closely integrated, either considering regional unit as an organic whole of resources and eco-environment or emphasizing relationships among regions. For the sake of convenient retrival and storage, database of different regional scales should be set up and perfected for conducting integrated researches of different dimensions and units along with graphic presentations by using the latest mathematic and physical statistical methods with the aid of GIS and merging results of regional surveys, remote sensing method and fixed-site experiments into one.
Lead concentrations of surface soils taken from 30 typical parks in Beijing urban area were studied. The pollution index, which was used to assess the situation of soil pollution, was calculated according to the Soil Environment Quality Standard recommendedby European Union. The results indicated that the average concentration of Pb in soils was 66.2 mg/kg, ranging from 25 to 207 mg/kg;the pollution index was ranging from 0.51 to 4.15. It was found that soils from some parks were polluted with Pb apparently. The results of cluster analysis showed that all of theparks could be dividedinto three categories: (1) the parks with a history shorter than 100 years; (2) the parks with a history ranging between 200 and 400 years;and (3) the parks with a history longer than 400 years. Regression analysis was carried out to explore the relationship between two variables of Pb concentrations in soils and the history of parks. Using the "growth curve"to fit the datum, it could be concluded that the two variables were significantly positive correlated (p<0.001). Furthermore, geographical location of the parks was also an essential factor affecting the lead concentrations in the soils. In some parks with longer history and/or near the center of the city, the concentrations of Pb in the soilswere obviously high. However, Pb pollution was not notable in the soils of other parkswith relative short history.
This study was conducted to compare NO 3-N cumulation and leaching from a winter wheat/ summer maize rotation under four applied N fertilizer rates of 0,120, 240, and 360 kgN/ha.An array of 7 zero-tension lysimeters installed at 20,40,60,80,100,140, and 200cm below the soil surface in each plot was used to examine NO 3-N leaching; two disturbed soil cores were stalled, one for contrast, the other fertilized with applied N fertilizer rate of 240 kg/ha, to study leacheate and NO 3-N leacheate flux. Soil sampling performed before and after cultivation revealed that contant of soil NO 3-N in unfertilized plots decreased; and N fertilizer applied plots resulted in NO 3-N cumulation in soil of 0～100 cm; but only the fertilized rate of 360 kg/ha could maintain a constant amount of NO 3-N in soil of 100～200 cm. Average cumulative NO 3-N fluxes through the interface of 200cm below the soil surface at four N fertilizer applied rates were 0.18 , 2.41, 5.52 and 17.12 kg/ha; surface percentages of N leaching were 1.24%,1.48% and 3.14% for each fertilized treatment. The findings are beneficial to the determination of economical optimum N rate and the understanding of the potential role of N fertilizer that affects water quality.
The Wuding river basin lies in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the typical area of the Loess Plateau which is characterizedby serious soil erosion. So the analysis of hydrological factors such as precipitation is invaluable for understanding water cycle process and its impact on the watershed. Geostatistical methods, originating from geology in the 1950s, have been expanded to many other scientific fields for their unique statistical and interpolating advantages. In this paper, we tried and applied ordinary Kriging(OK) technique,one of the geostatistical methods, to analyze the spatial variability of annual precipitation at 67 rainfall stations for this watershedduring the period from 1990 to 1997. Because of the attributes of the rainfall data of which the frequencydistribution tallies with logarithmicnormal distribution, the original data were processed by logarithmictransformation, corresponding thelogarithmic Kriging technique was takenas the analyzing and interpolating method, which made the application of geostatistical technique more convenient and easier,also the analysis more reasonable. The result revealed that the semi-variograms of rainfall were best described by spherical variogram model, suitable to most natural variables, and subsequently it was chosento fit in the needed parameters for interpolation. Fromthe final parameters attained,it was indicated that the rangesof eachyear in the studied timeseries were not the same, even varied greatly. The range of 1991 was up to 20.17 km, whichwas the minimum, while that of 1994 appearedto be 68.65 km, with thecoefficient of variability of the year being the minimal. This consequence can best explain that the period of 1994 was the most evenperiod in the time series for the variability of rainfall in Wuding river basin. In the meantime, studies indicated the existence of thenugget effect in each year; which may be primarily caused by random factors at a spatial scale less than the range. After the analysis of rainfall data usingKriging technique, three-dimensional maps of different years were created for the further study and utilization, which made the spatial variation easy to be discerned. The northeast and northwestparts are characteristic of low variations with low rainfall compared with other regions, while the middle part of the south exhibitshigh fluctuation. If the statistical analysis is combined with other maps such as the relief map or DEM, some other meaningful information can also be acquired.
Many factors affect the runoff modulus and the variation coefficients of low flow, such as climate,rock, soil, plant, landforms, and so on. In karst drainage basins, the factors of geology, topography and landforms are complicated and they affect the low flow modulus together since they influence each other and condition each other. In this paper the authors study the characteristics of low flow modulus making use of specific properties of different landforms.Firstly, landforms in karst regions are divided and digitized by means of GIS and SPSS software.All drainage basins were classified according to different types of landforms through cluster analysis in order to research the dimensions of low flow modulus in regions with different landforms types.In general,the following points are identified as: 1)the low flow modulus is smaller in regions with Fengcong landforms than Fenglin landform;2)the low flow modulus is smaller in karst regions than in non-karst regions; and 3) it is bigger in regions with mixed types of landforms than in others. Secondly, the impact of different types of drainage landform on low flow modulus are analyzed through different spatial distribution of landform types.The result is that even in karst regions with the same types of landforms,the low flow modulus would vary because of differences in spatial distribution. In a word,landform types constitute an important factor affecting low flow runoff modulus and this conclusion is essential in evaluating the value of water resource in karst regions.
Based on social investigation material this paper analyses oasischange and its impact on Minqin Basin at the lower reaches of the Shiyang River in Hexi Corridor of western China.Furthermore,it discusses human mechanism caused oasischange in the context of human behaviorof water use and quantity balance of water use.Minqin oasischange is closely related to the expanding mechanism of traditional agriculture which can not be easily broken in a limited period of time.Howerver,if the human mechanism leading to environmental deterioration continues to exist, all human actions attempting to turn back the trend of the oasischange in the same area will have little effect. The worse trend of Minqin Oasisin the lower reaches of the Shiyang River is the process of the rapid decline of underground waterlevel, desertification, salinizification-alkalization and degeneration of vegetative cover that have greatly affected the agricultural production since the 1950s. The human factor causedthe oasischange is chiefly due to theunlimited demand of agricultural water use incited by the enlargement of farmland resulting from rapid population increase of the Shiyang drainage basin. The decrease of upstream runoff and the increase of water requirements have explained the decline of underground water level and the worsening of the underground water quality that caused the rapid salinizification and the rapid decline of the crop production,constituting one of the main reasons for farmland enlargement. All of these factors mentioned above are attributed to the degenerated vegetative cover and the disasterof the ecosystem.
In view of sustainable land use, the frequencies, characteristics and reasons of drought are studied in red earth hilly area of southern China. The intensity of drought restricting to land use and its temporal and spatial variations, relation between the pattern of land use and the degree of drought as well as measures taken to control drought are dealt with in this paper. Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province was chosen for a case study, the regional drought was assessed by using quantitative methods such as Zi index, coefficient of variation and departure value of precipitation. High frequency and types of drought in the hilly area are distinguished during the period 1951 to 2000. Compared to the case of northern China, the degree of drought was more tiny and alleviated. Drought restricts the three dimensional distribution of landuse and consumably occupies cultivated land resource. Restricting strength index (K) was used to quantify the effect of drought on the restricting degree of agricultural land. Taking a very drought year, the results indicated the K value of the effect of drought on paddy rice is 0.08～0.11, belonging to low restricting strength;that on the dryland is 0.46, high restricting strength; and on farmland for comprehensive evaluation is 0.21, moderate restricting strength. The reasons of drought in red earth hilly area are becauseof the seasonal change of atmosphere circumfluence in eastern China, lower availability in soil moisture,inappropriate human activities and lack of socio-economic ability in combating drought. The regional drought has a high tendency as the human-controlling factors change their condition. Such measures to alleviatethe drought should be taken as follows: (1)including seepage control of dykes several hundred kilometers long in the area, intensification of canalized irrigation networks and development of mini electromechanical irrigation project in hummocks; to perfect irrigation canal system and expand irrigated area by diverting other water resources;(2) to construct small scale water storage ponds in remote and high hummocks; (3) to popularize water-saving agricultural techniques such as intercropping forest and grain plant straw mulching technique, drought-resistant crop(e.g. peanuts)selecting, terracing and scale pitting; (4) to control strictly dryland development in the area and return part of cultivated land to forest on north-south hummocks; and (5) to increase appropriately the ratio of land used for construction and optimize the structure of landuse.
The coast of Jiangsu is famous for its dynamic singularity of both serious eroded coast reach and rapid progradingone. The erosional coast of Jiangsu is 301.7km long or 31.6% of the province total shoreline. Of them muddy coast is 271.6km and sandy coast, 30.1km, which is the only segment of sandy coast in Jiangsu. This singularity is relevant to the following three features. The first one is the effect by great changes of the two big river mouths. The lower reaches of the Huanghe River began to enter the Yellow Sea by north of Jiangsu in 1128 after capturing the Huaihe River and was back to the Bohai Sea by Shandong Province in 1855. This evolution of the Huanghe River, which famous for carrying plenty of sediments, caused great hydrodynamic change, especially the sedimentation conditions of the Jiangsu coast. The second one is the long muddy coast.During the 700 years that the Huanghe River entered the Yellow Sea by Jiangsu, the coast was transformed from sandy coast to muddy, and 92% of the shoreline of Jiangsu is muddy coast now. The third one is the diversity of the openness of the several coast reaches. With the substantial change of the large-scale submarine sand ridge fields on the inner continental shelf, the screening state of the coast reaches changes accordingly. There are four segments of the erosional coast reaches in Jiangsu. The first one is the abandoned Huanghe River Delta coast. The delta shoreline and the subaquatic delta have been heavily eroded because of the losing of sediments supply. Meantime, the coast reach of the abandoned river mouth retreated rapidly and has not been controled until the 1970s when the seawall and the bank protection were built. But this promotes the vertical erosion on the intertidal flat.The average rate of vertical erosion from 1980 to 1992 is 13.5 cm/a. The isobath of 15 m is only 4.65 km away from the bank, and the isobath of 10 m moved 0.37 km every year toward the bank from 1937 to 1994. The second isLusi coast, the southern part of the coast of Jiangsu. The erosion of this segment is mainly because of large-scale tidal channel movement toward the bank and development of winding. The shoreline retreated more than 1 km from 1916 to 1969. The super tidal flat in front of the seawall was wholly eroded, and the rate of vertical erosion on the intertidal flat is 3.6 cm/a. The third segment is the Jianggang coast. Some tidal creeks on the tidal flat moving toward the bank caused heavy erosion, and some erosional mud cliffs are as high as 5 m. The cliffs can retreat 20-30 m within one spring tide cycle. The fourth is the sandy coast in the northern part of Jiangsu coast. Some dams were built on some rivers flowing into the sea and break off the sediment source supplying the coast. Meanwhile, digging of coastal sands helped the erosion.
The research area, the southeastern part of Alxa, lies in the west of Inner Mongolia Plateau in China. It bounds Mt. Yabrai and Mt.Bayan Ul to the west and Helan Mountains and Yellow River to the east,connects Hexi Corridor to the south and Langshan Mountains to the north. The area includes Tengger Desert and Ulan Buh Desert. The well-known Jartai Salt Lake lies in Ulan Buh Desert. Topographically it is the connection part of Alxa Plateau, Loess Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is also the transitional zone between the semiarid dry-grassland areas and arid-hyperarid areas.Its climate is arid and semiarid. This is the sensitive region of global change and is one of the sand storms most frequently hit areas in China. In the late Pleistocene, Tengger Desert and Jartai Lake were large broad fresh water lakes separately. In Tengger Desert, there were more than 400 lakes of different sizes. The Alxa Plateau had ever been such a geographical environment with many rivers and lakes. Due to the effect of the uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the moisture laden ocean air current was blocked from entering in. This turns central-Asia into inland arid climate region, and its environment became deteriorated.The cause of the aridity is due to two aspects:First, the climate became dry, and the water of the lakes was strongly vaporized. So, the areas of the lakes turned smaller and smaller, and finally into dry basin and lacustrine sediments exposed to the ground to turn into desert under the wind erosion. Secondly, due to the funnelling effect, drifting sand from Yamaleike Desert in the west of Jartai and from Badain Jaran Desert in the west of Tengger Desert invades along the narrow passageway.That is a very important factor leading to desertification of the lake basin.In the arid and semiarid regions, the structure of the eco-system is very simple,which is liable to induce ecological calamities.Today the main problem in these areas is the invasion of the drifting sand and sandstorms.Therefore, based on studies of remote sensing images,relevant measures for improving the research area's ecological environment are identified as to block and fix the sand in the west, and to establish ecological protective belt in the east, to renovate and control sand encroachment in divided blocks. With these measures to harness ground surface environment, the invasion and expansion of the drifting sand, the occurrence and the intensity of the sandstorms from the area's surface can be controlled effectively. The prevention and control of the sandstorms of the area is of very important to the mitigation of the sandstorm calamity in Beijing.
Detailed soil micromorphological analysisin Holoence loess-palaeosol profile in southern Loess Plateau, along with comparisons withanother profile nearby, the thesis discusses the characteristics of weathering and forming processes. It indicates that the micro-texture ofthe Holoence loess-palaeosol sequence is divided into both cementing texture including type 1, type 2 and type 3, and granular textureincluding type 4, type 5 and type 6.Cementing textureisalways in the palaeosol layers and was formed in warm-humid forest environment. Granular textureisalways in typical loess layers or weathering loess layers and was formed in a dry environment. It has been discovered that the palaeosol S 0 is separated into two distinct types of soils, namely palaeosols S 02 and S 01, because of the deposition of a layer (L x) inthe aridness. Soil S 0 substantively is a polycyclic soilthat is composed of two layers interbedding a loess layer, with two remarkable soil-formingprocesses. The lower soil S 02 is brown palaeosol, with the strongest argillification and eluviation, and was formed in early soil-forming phase. Argillic horizons were identified in the soil S 02. The upper soil S 01 is leached cinnamon palaeosol, with distinct argillification and weak calcification, and was developed in late soil-forming phase. The polycyclic soilS 0indicates that pedogenic environment has distinct variations. Cover layer above the polycyclic soilS 0is not a manured aggradated layer because of continuously piling up of loessial dung. It is a loess layer because of accelerated aeolian dust deposit. The cover is divided into both lower loess L 0weakly disturbed by cultivation activities and upper plough horizon strongly disturbed by cultivation activities. It indicates that it has been a relative arid period after the ending of formation of palaeosol S 0, with clear northwestmonsoon domino effect andaccelerated aeolian dust deposit. The polycyclic soilS 0 has been buried and become palaeosol of the Holoence.
China's regional development policy has been changed greatly over the past two decades, in this paper the sound effects of opening-up policy to the outside world on the economic development of coastal zones and the central & western areas in China have been calculated using econometric modelsrespectively. From the early 1980s to the year 1999, the GDP of the coastal zones increased from about 179.80 billion RMB yuan to 1146.84 billion yuan. During the period the total increment of the GDP amounted up to 967.04 billion yuan, in which about 206.81 billion yuan is contributed by the opening-up policy. The average contribution rate of the opening-up policy to the GDP of the coastal zones is about 21.39%.Accordingly the average annual GDP growth rate of the coastal zonesincreased from 9.1% to 10.24%. And the contribution of the policy on the average annual GDP growth rate of the coastal zoneswas 1.14 percentage points. However, before the early 1990s the central & western areasin China did not open up to the outside world. From 1993 to 1999, the GDP of the central & western areasin China increased from about 443.31 billion yuan to 824.27 billion yuan. During the period the total increment of the GDP amounted up to 380.96 billion yuan, in which about 16.16 billion yuan is contributed by the policy. The average contribution rate of the policy to the GDP of the central & western areas is only 4.24%.Meanwhile the average annual GDP growth rate of the central & western areasonly increased from 8.96% to 9.27%. And the contribution of the policy on the average annual GDP growth rate of the central & western areaswas 0.31 percentage points. The reasons for this big gap is mainly because the opening-up time of the central & western areas was much later than that of coastal zones, and there were great differences among the preferentialpolicies enjoyed by the central & western areasand coastal zones in China in opening-up to the outside world.
With rich mineral resources and convenient transportation, Tangshan has been developing into an important heavy industrial base, but also facing serious environmental problems.This article discusses the relationship between Tangshan industrial structure and its environmental impacts, analyses the mechanism and makes suggestions. Tangshan industrial evolvement is generalized mainly via the compositions of industrial output value from 1952 to 1999. The secondary industry is the most important one and its composition of industrial output value has been always higher than the whole country, and heavy industry was much more important than the light one. Smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, nonmetal mineral products, mining and quarrying, raw chemical materials and chemical products, paper making and paper products, metal products, and electric power were the main industries, of which the total composition of output value was 81.2% in 1999. By comparing emissions of waste water, waste gas and material per 10 000 yuan, output value generated land distributions of wastes emission from 1985 to 1999 among different industries, the pollution situation was analyzed. Heavy industrial sectors with higher compositions of output value consumed a large amount of natural resources, with higher compositions of wastes. Serious environmental problems such as air, water and solid pollution as well as ground subsidence have appeared. Apparent inconsistencies between economic benefits and environmental protection are resulted from continuous development of heavy industries lack of protective measures of town and township enterprises and solutions to environmental problems, as well as formation of effective system of environmental management.Without doubt, industrial structure adjustment is the basic approach. Reducing the environmental impacts from industrial activities now is the most effective way. Cooperation of government, enterprises and consumers is helpful to form the effective environmental management system.
Chinese enterprise groups are large corporation organizations generated from the reform and opening to the outside world. Under the background of the economic globalization, the study on their international expansion is of great practical significance. This article mainly focuses on the international expansion of Chinese manufacturing enterprise groups. The article is in five parts. The first part, as a brief introduction, expounds the situation of globalization and the roles of MNCs. The second part offers a detailed introduction to Professor Hayter's model, i.e. the theory of locational entry of multinational corporations. Selecting Haier Group as a case, the third part analyses the multinational expansion process of enterprise groups. It concludes that the multinational expansion process requires full domestic development and a sound local basis. In the fourth part, analysis is made on both the entry advantages and the spatial barriers of Haier Group. Among the entry advantages of Haier Group are the managerial and cultural advantages, technological innovation advantages, product quality advantages and marketing advantages. But it is also facing up with some spatial barriers such as psychological distance, small size and policy restrictions of host countries, etc. In part five, the article concludes that the multinational expansion process should go through the stage of domestic development and form a sound local basis. Furthermore, it is important to pay attention to the orientational role of market area and thrive to balance between integration and localization to develop diversified competitive advantages.
