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    Earth Surface Processes
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LU Da-dao
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    Based on the analysis of the background of geographical development, this paper expounds the basic methodology of human-economic geography and the characteristics of man-land system, and proposes studies on "man-land system dynamics". The paper is an effort to develop a comprehensive theory system and to improve academic research of human-economic geography by expatiating its methodology and characteristics. It can also contribute to forging a consensus that human-economic geography and sustainable development research have had a significant position for academia, especially for physical science; meanwhile, to promoting formation of research framework on resource-environment (including ecological)-sustainable development study in earth surface system.Being dead against the prejudice of a few scholars, it emphasizes and analyzes the uncertainty and scientific characteristics of human-economic geography.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Cheng-jin, DUCRUET César
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    The popularization of container transport technology impacts greatly the development of container port system whose evolution theory focuses the influence of technology on spatial and temporal changes of port system, which is of important significance to the construction of port. Based on the review of research progress, we integrate the theoretical model of container port system proposed by Hayuth and Notterboom, in light of the newest characters and developing mechanism of port system in the world, and design an revised theoretical model of container port system which is divided into five spatial-temporal developing stages, including pre-containerization, introduction and experiment of technology, popularization of technology and centre of throughput, hub port, diffusion and offshore hub, regionalization of port. We describe the spatial characteristics of container port system in each developing stage in detail. Its last two developing stages are diffusion and offshore hub and regionalization result from the integrated effect of five aspects, including local restriction of hub port, change of container shipping network, integration of modern logistics resources, inland distribution network and inland terminal, macro-control of the Central Government and market mechanism of port construction. Then, we choose the Yangtze River Delta as a case study, and analyze the evolving process of container port system, especially its changes of spatial characteristics and developing mechanism, to validate the theoretical model of container port system.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    OU Xiang-jun, SHEN Zheng-ping
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    Based on the analysis of related concepts of industrial belt researched at home and abroad, we find that more and more attention is paid to the construction and the development of industrial belt, which has become a non-equilibrium growth path for rapid growth of regional economic and global economy, and is playing an important role in industrial distribution guidance, regional development and some other aspects. The construction of industrial belt has gradually become a significant organizational form of traditional industries and modern manufacturing which are stepping into intention, specialization and an important power of promoting the regional economic leapfrog development. On the basis of related research of construction of the industrial belts, we review the process and analyse the regional effects on industrial belt. And then we come to a conclusion on the major impetus of the development of industrial belt. A comprehension evaluation index system describing the impetus has also been made. By using the method of entropy, we compare the dynamic evolution of formation and development of industrial belt in Jiangsu province in a quantitative way. The result shows that through the layout and development of the industrial belts in Jiangsu, the trend of widening regional differences in northern and southern Jiangsu has been effectively suppressed. At the same time, with the promotion of the economic status of industrial belts in this province, the intensity of economic interaction between countries and cities of industrial belt has also been enhanced. The impetus of formation and development of industrial belts is changing, which is gradually shifting from singleness to multi-element. That is to says the major impetus is transforming from resource development to infrastructure guidance. Finally it forms multiple elements situation, whose driving force comes from the central cities, outgoing expanding and technology push.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    GAO Jun-bo, ZHOU Chun-shan, WANG Yi-min, JIANG Hai-yan
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    The purpose of this paper is to analyze the spatial pattern, characteristics of equity and its formational mechanism of urban public service facilities in Guangzhou city by constructing the integrated equity index model, using three-dimensional simulation and spatial autocorrelation techniques based on GIS. We concluded that the urban public service facilities of Guangzhou shows a core-periphery spatial distribution pattern. There are great differences of public service facilities provision in different districts of Guangzhou, and the public service facilities provision are not coordinated with the population distribution, which is significantly different from aggregation levels among different districts and facilities. The general provision level of urban public service facilities is found to be low and has an unbalanced distribution. And the spatial distribution of comprehensive fair level is a single center circle structure, with the Yuexiu and northern Haizhu district as the core, and the differences between the central city and peripheral areas are distinct. The geographical environment, historical accumulatition, economic development and the reform of institutions and policies during the transitional period have been the main factors driving the evolution of spatial patterns of urban public services in Guangzhou, which was the result of interaction of 'urban ecological law' and 'professional decision-making mechanism'. Finally, this article proposes that the spatial distribution research of urban public service facilities should combine the macro-spatial analysis with micro-survey from the facilities-user standpoint, which can guide public facilities provision and help to realize the'equalization of public services'.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    TONG De, FENG Chang-chun, DENG Jin-jie
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    Studies on urban villages' renewal and governance have attracted much interest in human geographical research field since the 1990s. However, there is little literature focusing on the developing evolution, pattern and dynamic mechanism of urban villages based on the theoretical system of urban spatial structure, and there are very few scholars doing comparison studies between urban village and general urban spatial form. In this paper, Shenzhen, the most representative city on urban villages' development in China, is taken as a case to explore the characteristics and modes of urban villages' development. With census data of urban villages' construction in 1999 and 2004, spatial and temporal characteristics of 91 original administrative urban villages in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (Shenzhen SEZ) on land area construction floor area and construction intensity have been analyzed and compared with developing mode of general urban space. It is indicated that urban villages match with general urban developing rules in three aspects. (1) Land sprawl is the most remarkable mode in initial development of urban villages. (2) In urban villages' rapidly developing era thereis, "distance-attenuation" tendency in construction intensity obviously accompanying with some anomalous fluctuation at several urban sections. (3) Renewal and redevelopment methods are carried out gradually since urban villages come in their maturely developing period. However, because of historical and institutional restriction, urban villages perform uniquely in original spatial distribution, spatial expanding mode in developing era, developing rate of spatial form evolution, etc. The results not only contribute to theoretical extension on the mode of general urban spatial structure and further exploring on theoretical values of studies on urban villages, but also imply that governments should establish rational and objective rules to govern urban villages and advance their smart growth according to urban economic development and different housing demands concerning different income levels. Urban villages should be neither redeveloped in full accordance with the ways that general urban spatial form faces, nor ignored with their developing demands and trends as a type of urban spatial form.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    YANG Zhao, ZHANG Jie, CAI Yong-shou, SHANGGUAN Xiao-yan, HAN Guo-sheng
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    Tourism employment has many positive and negative characteristics, which play a particular role in tourism labor's inter-industry mobility under different social backgrounds. Taking Jiuzhaigou as a case study, the article, through a comparative study in the existing work on mobility in Hungary, Somerset and Coventry in the United Kingdom, Jiuhua Mountain in China and Vancouver Island in Canada, analyzes tourism labor's mobility pattern, self-evaluation of mobility impacts, and mobility motivations under different backgrounds. The findings of the study are as follows. First, labor comes from an unusually wide range of industries. In foreign countries, the highest percentage engaged in trade (Wholesale and Retails Trade), and public sector such as public administration, and education and health contributed a high proportion, and mobility from declining industries was not insignificant, approximately accounting for 10%. In China tourism draws labor mainly from the traditional sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing, and high proportion of unemployed and female young labors are inclined to work in tourism. Second, the most positive impact of mobility was reported on the job satisfaction variables. The dominance of job satisfaction and physical environment may have been traded off for poor income, long working hours and job/education match. As is indicated by the multi-regression analysis, the satisfaction is mainly supported by career prospects, living standards, working hours and physical environment in China. Third, factor analysis of 30 motivation variables confirms five-dimensional structure. The means' ranking of motivation and factor display that labor mainly arrives by "positive" attributes associated with this industry and few are absorbed for "refuge". In China "instrumental utility" together with "positive" is the strongest motivational forces. "Entrepreneurial" is correlated with businessman moving from agriculture and service industry. "Instrumental utility" and "positive" are most approved by all kinds of samples, but "refuge" approved least. These rules result from the combined effort exerted by the three powers of tourism employment's characteristics, regional socio-economic backgrounds and case's features.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    SU Lu-jun, HUANG Fu-cai
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    Tourist loyalty is an important content of tourism geography and the key of fierce market competition between destinations. Based on the cognition-emotion-behavior theory, this paper constructs an integrative SEM model, and takes rural tourists as the study object to explore the relationships between service fairness, consumption emotions and tourist loyalty. The results are obtained as follows. Firstly, service fairness is the direct antecedent variable, and has a direct positive effect on positive emotion and tourist satisfaction, but a direct negative effect on negative consumption emotion. Secondly, service fairness has an indirect impact on tourist through consumption emotions and satisfaction mediators. Thirdly, positive emotion has a significant negative effect on negative emotion. Fourthly, positive emotion has a significant direct positive effect on tourist satisfaction and word-of-mouth and negative emotion to search for alternatives. Fifthly, tourist satisfaction is the most important and directive antecedent variable of tourist loyalty. Sixthly, there is a progressive relationship between intention to revisit and word-of-mouth of tourist loyalty that has a direct positive effect on intention to revisit and word-of-mouth, but a direct negative effect on search for alternatives. Discussion and implications are provided based on the research results.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    REN Huan-lin, GONG Sheng-sheng, ZHOU Jun
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    Using records in Assembled Figures of Earth and Man: Geography and Notes of Landscapes and Historic Sites as source data, this thesis obtained the total number of scenic spots in the late Ming Dynasty. On this basis, it also classified the tourism resources by using synthetic methods of classification in the Ming Dynasty and modern times, and analyzed statistically the composition of types and geographical distribution of tourism resources by diagram method. The conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) The tourism resources in the late Ming Dynasty were dominated by landscapes of mountains and ancient relics. (2) The types of tourism resources were different by region, and more various in Nanzhili and Huguang provinces than in the others. (3) The tourism resources were densely distributed in belts of Beijing-Xi'an-Chengdu and Nanjing-Hangzhou-Guilin, and in regions of Yingtian prefecture-Hangzhou prefecture, Guilin prefecture-Yongzhou prefecture and Chengdu prefecture. (4) The aggregation of tourism resources was not only in accordance with the local superior natural conditions, but also with the developed economy and advanced culture.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    MA Jian-hua, WANG Xiao-yun, HOU Qian, DUAN Hai-jing
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    Many studies have been undertaken on heavy metal pollution of surface dust or street dust in many cities, but very few studies have been done on the pollution and potential ecological risk of kindergarten dust. Thirty-one surface dust samples were collected from kindergartens in one of cities located in the east of Henan Province, China. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu and Ni in the samples were determined using F-AAS (flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry). Pollution and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the samples were discussed with geoaccmulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) respectively. The results show that average concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni in kindergarten dust in urban area of the city are 311.84, 256.15, 89.17, 52.47 and 40.79 mg/kg respectively, and 1.93, 2.13, 5.45, 1.90 and 0.98 times of the control samples respectively. The heavy metals can be classified into two groups: anthropogenic source metals and mixed source metals. The first group of metals, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu, is mainly derived from urban industries, traffic, domestic wastes, religion activities etc; while the second group, Ni, is from both human activities and soil parent material around the city. All the samples are polluted by Pb seriously with the degrees above moderate level; most samples are polluted by Ni and Zn with the degrees of slight or moderate levels, while they are polluted by Cu and Cr with a degree of slight level. The levels of integrated ecological risks of heavy metals in urban kindergarten dust are all above the strong risk with the average RI of 78.87. Lead in dust is an uppermost factor of potential ecological risk, because the average Epb contributes 70.34% to RI. Applying the method of RI proposed by Hkanson in 1980 to estimate potential ecological risk of pollutants, the RI standards for different risk levels should be modified according to the pollutant numbers studied and their toxic-response factors.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    Zibibula Ismayil, Suriya Musajan, Paxagul Ablat
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    During the process of urban development, there is an interaction between the city and eco-environment, and at the same time the relationship is a continuous contradictious development. Due to the conflicts of urban development and eco-environment, it is necessary to make a deep analysis of the urban eco-environmental problem, to find the root cause of urban problems and to propose a solution. This paper, taking Aksu city as the study area, used 1997~2008 survey data and statistics to construct a comprehensive index system of urbanization and coordinated development of eco-environment, and to measure the integration of urbanization and comprehensive eco-environment quality by AHP method. We also calculated coordination degree of urbanization and eco-environment. The results showed that since 1997, Aksu city has had a gradual growth in the comprehensive level of urbanization. However, the comprehensive eco-environment quality showed an upward trend in the eco-environment index from 1997 to 1999, and that eco-environment quality improved. The eco-environment index showed a downward trend in the period 1999~2008 except for an upward trend in 2005. According to the analysis of the coordination degree in the 12 years, there are five years of light non-coordination, three years of moderate coordination, three years of slight non-coordination and one year of serious non-coordination, which is due to the speeding up of the industrialization process, and the increase of "three wastes" resulting from industrialization, thus a sharp decline in the coordination degree of eco-environment and urbanization. On the whole, the current trends of urban eco-environmental quality are in the state of insecurity and deterioration. In the future, we should strengthen environmental governance and focus on the eco-environmental protection to build a resource-saving city. At the same time, we should enforce standards of environmental quality and 'three wastes'. Furthermore, we should enhance environmental awareness in various social groups so that people have a better understanding of the current problems.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    GAO Ying-chun, TONG Lian-jun, MA Yan-ji, LI Ming-sheng
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    Based on statistics of industrial pollutant yields and discharge quantity in Jilin Province, the non-residual decomposition model was applied to quantify the net amount of environmental benefits of clean production and end-pipe treatment respectively. Environmental performances of end-of-pipe and pollution prevention strategies were further analyzed to explore an appropriate way of improving regional industrial ecological transition. The results showed that industrial symbiosis did not exert a positive effect on environment improvement. Technical factor promoted environmental performance improvement in clean production, while both technical factor and scale factor did in end-pipe treatment. Clean production was superior to end-pipe treatment in pollution volume reduction, which implied that prevention strategy dominated over end-of-pipe strategy, but the improvement of clean production tended to slow down. It is necessary to construct a proper industrial ecological system for the realization of environmental goals.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHANG Mao-heng, LI Ji-jun, SHU Qiang, CHEN Ye, ZHAO Zhi-jun
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    Based on paleomagnetism dating and the grain size of sediments, as well as the paleolitho facies analyzing like mineral composition, deposit structure and sediments assembly, we identified 8 sedimentary facies and 19 subfacies of the core XH-1 in Xinghua, Subei Basin. These facies show that the basin had come through four specific intervals as basin subside, construct lake, broad lake and shoal land 3.2 Ma BP. The changes of topography and the drainage system well recorded the two structure movements during the 2.25-2.10 Ma BP and 1.90-1.72 Ma BP. During and after the Kunhuang Movement 0.99 Ma BP, the sediments sequences varied abruptly and confirmed the transformation of the East Asian Monsoon during that time. Comparing the changes of topography, climate and the drainage system of the basin, we try to hold the clue of the coupling of the basin evolvement and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    HUANG Da-peng, ZHENG Wei, ZHANG Ren-he, HUO Zhi-guo, LI Jia-lin, PENG Shun-feng
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    Taking the Huaihe River Basin in Anhui Province as the study area and following principles of objectivity, data availability, feasibility of index quantification and highlighting dominant factors, the index system of assessment of capacity of flood disaster prevention and reduction was established at city-county level, which is composed of capacity of flood prevention and waterlogging control, capacity of flood monitoring and warning, capacity of rescue and rehabilitation, and capacity of disaster management. The judge matrixes of index system and index weights were established by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach based on opinions from experts. Then a capacity map of flood disaster prevention and reduction of the Huaihe River Basin in Anhui Province was generated. The result shows that the capacity of flood disaster prevention and reduction is the highest in Bengbu city, followed by Huainan city, Huaibei city, Fengtai county, Fuyang city, Chuzhou city, Suixi county and Suzhou city, while the others have relatively low and even lower capacity of flood disaster prevention and reduction. A further analysis shows that the capacity is low in regions to the south of the mainstream of the Huaihe River compared with northern Huaihe River plain and the same is to the result of right-hand regions of Shaying River compared with the left-hand regions. The capacity is relatively low in Guoyang county and Bozhou city among the regions along the Guohe river. The index system and assessment method helps provide references for assessment of capacity of flood disaster prevention and reduction in other basins or regions, and may provide a basis for the work of flood prevention and reduction in China.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Xiao-dong, LIU Hui-qing
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    This paper, taking the treeline of northern slope of Changbai Mountains as the research object, selected 4 plots (83 quadrats) to study diameter-class structure of Betula ermanii population and soil physical and chemical properties. Four indices of soil properties (SOM, TN, AN and gravel contents) and diameter-class structure of two life forms (shrub and single-trunk) were analyzed by ANOVA, correlation analysis and other statistical analysis. The relationships between population dynamics and soil change were investigated by correlation analyses. The results showed soil physical and chemical properties on different quadrats had obvious difference with different expansion of Betula ermanii population. Soil factor had a certain restrictive effect on population dynamics. However, soil factor did not play a crucial role in treeline shifts and population expansion. The gradual weakening of soil properties has an effect on treeline shifts with the passage of time. The Betula ermanii population tended to continuously adjust its life forms to adapt air temperature change in order to overcome soil restrictions.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Xin, LIU Shi-yin, HAN Hai-dong, JIANG Zong-Li, MO Hong-wei
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    Based on the scientific expedition carried out on Koxkar Glacier, Southwestern Tianshan, July to September, 2007, the temperature variations of supraglacial lake, debris, and debris-free ice at different depths were analyzed and the thermal regime of the supraglacial lake was discussed. It is found that the surface water temperature of the supraglacial lake is obviously impacted by the instantaneous weather conditions and fluctuated with air temperature but usually lag behind the changing of air temperature. The variation trends for temperature in deep water performs a distinctly daily V-shape in which the zeroish melt water from the glacier surface inpour the lake and mixed with the relatively high temperature of lake surface water in the daytime, and when the water temperature rises to about 4℃, it sinks down immediately and brings about the relatively low temperature trough in the deep water in the middle of the daytime. In comparison of the thermal state of supraglacial lake with the debris and debris-free ice, we found that the air temperature over the supraglacial lake waved more gently than the others did and the surface lake water temperature varied with the temperature of the debris at a depth of 0.2-0.5 m. The absolute value of down vertical lapse rate of supraglacial lake is the smallest among the other topographical units of debris and debris-free ice, on Koxkar ablation zone, which reflect the surface heat conducted down through the lake water is more than that of the other two topographical units.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHANG Ke-xin, LIU Pu-xing, ZHANG Rui, HUO Hua-li, CAO Li-guo
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    Based on the daily average temperature data of the 15 weather stations in Hexi area in 1955—2009 and using the methods of climate trending rate, 5 days running mean temperature, Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation, Mann-Kendall abrupt change test and slide t detected method, the average beginning dates and length of four seasons have been analyzed in Hexi area of Gansu province in the same period. The main results are obtained as follows. (1) The season start dates of spring, summer and autumn become earlier, of winter become later, of summer have the most obvious change in recent 55 years. And this trend is the most evident in the beginning of the 21st century when the global warming is significant. (2) This trend has different spatial distribution in Hexi area. The season start dates of spring are more evident in advance in the east than in the middle and west, of summer and autumn are more evident in the middle than in the east and west and the delay of winter is more evident in the east than in the middle and west. (3) In the last 55 years, the averaged beginning dates of summer and autumn were advanced for 9 d and 1.6 d, respectively, and those of spring and winter were delayed for 7.1 d and 7.7 d respectively, and only that of the winter was changing significantly. The averaged lengths of four seasons are 68 d, 51 d, 53 d and 197 d, respectively. (4) The methods of T checking and Mann-Kendall were employed to analyze mutation of start dates. The abrupt change of start dates happened in 1997 in spring and summer while that of autumn appeared in 1993. The abrupt change of winter happened in 1977.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIAO Shunbao, LIU Rui, YIN Fang
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    Land cover is one of the important research fields of global change and regional sustainable development. Land cover data are the basis for supporting studies on global change and regional sustainable development. High quality of basic data is the fundamental guarantee of reliability of production of science research. From 2007 to 2009, two sets of map of land cover in China at a scale of 1:250000 respectively in the 1980s and 2005 were produced jointly by eight institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), including Institute of Remote Sensing Applications and Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research. In order to evaluate accuracy of the land cover remote sensing mapping, a field survey was carried out in Hulun Buir in east Inner Mongolia and information from 190 sampling sites was collected in August, 2009. The one or half point deduction method, which means that 1 point is deducted if the first level of category is classified incorrectly and 0.5 points deducted if the second level of category inside the same first category incorrectly for each sampling site, was applied to validate the accuracy of the mapping. The results from verification show that overall accuracy of data based on 190 sampling sites reaches 84.21%, and the accuracies of settlement, farmland, wetland/water body, grassland and forest with 10, 67, 20, 59 and 34 sampling sites reach 100%, 92.54%, 87.50%, 81.36%, and 66.18% respectively. The incorrect classification cases mainly include that (1) Bottomland of river and lake was interpreted to marsh; (2) Irrigable land was interpreted to paddy field; (3) Meadow grassland interpreted to typical grassland; (4) Typical grassland interpreted to desert; (5) Forest interpreted to grassland.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIANG You-jia, XU Zhong-min, ZHONG Fang-lei
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    Recently, scientists have developed different models of land use/cover change (LUCC) depending on their objectives and background. However, no single model is able to capture all of key processes essential to explore land use change at different scales and make a full assessment of driving factors and impacts. In this paper, we would like to make our efforts to develop an approach in combination of SD model and CLUE-S model to deal with some shortcomings of the existing LUCC models and to properly address the processes at different scales that give rise to the land use dynamics. The approach presented in this study will be helpful to understand the complexity of land use change and provide scientific support for land use planning and managements, and also can be used as data source in scenario analysis of different hydrological processes based on different underlying surfaces of LUCC. The objectives of the study are: (1) to develop an SD model to calculate and predict demands for different land use types at the macro-scale as a whole during the period 2000~2035, (2) to improve the characterization and presentation of the land use change processes by developing a CLUE-S model that will transfer and allocate land demands from SD model to spatially explicit land use patterns at a finer spatial scale (at 500 m resolution in our study), and the Kappa value of the land use map simulation in 2000 is 0.86 and the Kappa value is 0.81 in 2005, and (3) to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of combining and integrating the current land use change models. The further objective of this study is to find the key driving factors of LUCC (e.g., human factors, including social capital, different cultural types and so on), and these factors should be represented as different spatial maps and integrated into the model analysis to improve land use change modeling and projection.