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    Earth Surface Processes
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIU Yi, WU Shao-hong, XU Zhong-chun, DAI Erfu
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    The study on possible losses is one of the most important points for disaster risk management. In this paper, the classical disaster risk-assessing model was modified to assess natural disasters risks, especially in quantifying possible loss and risk severe level. Disaster risk was attributed to three main factors: disaster damage force (D), disaster resilience society exposure (E), and disaster-breeding environment (P). Disaster risk is the function of these three factors. Damage force (D) indicates damage rate of a disaster in a certain intensity, which might be obtained from results of disaster events in the past. Exposure (E) includes mainly personnel, property/economic and natural resources. D and E give the quantified vulnerability of a region. Disaster-breeding environment (P) gives the occurrence possibility of environmental conditions, such as geological structure, land surface materials, land cover, and cycling occurrence event etc. P was characterized by a parameter in this paper. Shanxi Province, a high frequent earthquake region, was taken as a case study. In the case, D and E were concerned with issues of structure of buildings, casualty rate (mortality/wounded) and GDP. Parameter of P was determined by combining historical seismic integrated intensity, seismic activity fault belts distribution, and seismic peak ground acceleration. The basic risk calculating unit was based on the county level. After possible losses were calculated, integrated loss levels and their severe levels were ranked with relative calculation on standard deviation. The results showed that: the damaged building might be more 3 million rooms, the direct economic loss would be over 13 billion RMB Yuan, and the total casualty could be near 300 thousand. In Shanxi Province, there were great differences between counties in terms of the integrated risk. Integrated risk levels were ranked into four classes. In general, high risk would mainly occur in urban areas. The highest risk level was observed in districts under the jurisdiction of 15 cities such as Taiyuan, Datong and Jinzhong. This method has improved in two aspects: firstly quantifying possible losses, and secondly avoiding the constraint in disaster prediction to make the calculation possible.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LU Lin, GONG Jie, JIN Xiu-long
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    Huangshan Mountain scenic area is one of the famous mountain resorts in China. It is a representative area not only in tourist activities but also in regional environment. In order to understand the impacts of tourist activities on soil, sampling and lab analyses were conducted to survey the soil near the main trails in Huangshan Mountain scenic area. The results were obtained as follows. Tourist disturbance generated a great effect on soil. With the increase of tourist disturbance, the bulk density of soil, pH value of soil and the content of total K increased. In the meantime the content of water, organtic matter, total N, total P in soil and the height of litter layer decreased. There was an obvious relativity between the change in all indexes with the increasing distance away from the trails and the change in the intensities of tourist disturbance. Among the above indexes, the highest correlation was found between the height of litter layer and the intensity of tourist disturbance, followed by the water content of soil and the bulk density of soil. The correlation between the content of total K and the intentity of tourist disturbance was relatively low, and the correlation between the total P and the intensity of tourist dirurbance was the lowest. It is indicated that the sensitives of each index to tourist disturbance were different. Compared with the control areas, soil condition changed evidently in a range of 2 m away from the trails, and reached 20 cm below the surface of soil. The impact on 0~10 cm soil was much greater than on 10~20 cm soil. The effects of tourist disturbance varied in different areas. The correlation between disturbance and effects was evident in heavily used areas and the effects were greater. However, the impact was not always consistent with the use because of different landshapes, plants and other environment factors. In addition, based on the above research, this paper discusses the current problems in studies of the recreational impacts on soil, and puts forward the concrete measures to alleviate the negative effects of tourist disturbance in Huangshan mountain resort.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZANG Shu-ying, WANG Ling-yun, NA Xiao-dong
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    Supported by RS and GIS platform, the vectorial land use change data of Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, which were in the range of Ha-Da-Qi Industrial Corridor, were obtained on the basis of the remote sensing images covering 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Based on economic statistical data of the three cities and the dynamic change model of land use, the land use change increment data of 2010 were predicted. Furthermore, two driving indicators (driving efficiency index and economic benefit index) were introduced to evaluate the land use change, and the relationships between land use structure and economic development in the three cities were compared. In addition, the rationality of the land use structure was analyzed. The results showed that, the land resources in Daqing damaged due to excessive exploitation of petroleum resources. At the same time, the exhaustion of oil resources led to the restriction on economic development in the city, especially from 1995 to 2005, thus the regional industries has been restructured correspondingly since 2005 in order to make the land resources and economic development in a relatively stable way. As for Harbin, the economic development was not dependent on the exploitation of land resources completely compared with Daqing city. In the major city, more factors such as government policies, foreign trade and high technology dominated its economic development. Different from the two cities analyzed above, the economic development of Qiqihar city tended to be dependent on land resources to a certain degree, hence resulting in the imbalance in the land use structure, which would inevitably affect the regional economic development in the future. So, this research provides a basis for further evaluation of land use and land use structure adjustment.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    SHI Zhi-kuan, TANG Guo-an
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    Land use data are the core of land management. The scales of land-use data will be different at different levels of administrative districts, so it is necessary to transform data between different scales through generalization by methods of simplification, classification, induction, symbolization. Generalization should enable the expression of different scales of land use information to maintain the greatest degree of consensus. Many achievements have been made in map generalization of land use data during the past years and have been focused on transformation method, but they are little concerned about the generalization results quality. According to our study, the generalization quality has direct impact on the availability of generalization results, and quality of generalization can be evaluated with the function of GIS spatial statistical and spatial analysis of the raster datum. The relevance of the traditional statistical indicators and generalization structural similarity index, generalization layout similarity index and land block suitable index can be used to measure the quality of generalization results of land use map. In this paper, detailed introduction about the formula, method and process of generalization quality evaluation of land use data is given supported by IDRISI software. The case study is related to the production quality of land use data generalization from Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province. It presents an implementation of a new land use generalization methodology for land use data production. Using the data of land use map of 2005, from the analysis of data, simple statistical correlation with the traditional index such as Cramer's V index is 0.8319, Kappa is 0.9151, generalization quality is good, but the Whole Structural Similarity Index is 0.87, with Whole Layout Similarity Index for generalization being 0.82, and Land Block Suitable Index for 4 Ha being 0.74, There is a certain excessive generalization to land block. According to these quality assessment index values of land use data generalization results of Nanjing land use data which performed from the 1:5 million to 1:10 million, the generalization results meet the basic requirements in addition to some excessive generalization. This quality assessment method of land use data generalization is effective and it gives an opportunity for evaluating the consistency of various scales for different purposes automatically.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    QIU Fang-dao, TONG Lian-jun, JIANG Meng
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    Adaptation is a wise choice for industrial ecosystem to face up the inevitable environment changes. It also provides a new paradigm for the study of interaction mechanisms and processes of coupled industrial ecosystem. There are a lot of mining cities in Northeast China, which approach their middle-age or old-age of resources exploitation. Faced with their disappearing superior status in resources problems, the subject on how to adjust the industrial ecosystem to the possible changes in the future, has become urgent in revitalizing the old industrial base of Northeast China. Based on a detailed discussion about the conception of industrial ecosystem adaptation of mining cities, the essay establishes an industrial adaptability assessment index system and model of mining cities from the aspects of adaptation factors of vulnerability, sensitivity, stability and resilience. According to the model, the industrial ecosystem adaptability, including regional differentiation, types and influencing factors of mining cities is evaluated. From a view of different resource types, the average score of industrial ecosystem adaptation shows a trend of metallurgical cities>multi-resources cities>coal cities>petroleum cities. From a view of regional differences, it shows a trend of Liaoning>Jilin>Heilongjiang; from a view of development stages, it has a trend of old-aged>middle-aged>juvenile-aged; from a view of mining city size, it shows a trend of mega-cities>big cities>medium-sized cities. Then a cluster analysis method is applied to categorize the industrial ecosystems into four types: high adaptability and harmonious development between industry and ecology, high adaptable capacity and environmental development first, low adaptability and harmonious development between industry and ecology, low adaptable capacity and environmental development first.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHANG Chun-hua, WANG Zong-ming, REN Chun-ying, ZHANG Bai, SONG Kai-shan, LIU Dian-wei
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    Temporal and spatial variations of soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the Songnen Plain maize belt for a 25-year period (1980-2005) were evaluated using geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS). Results show that SOM and TN contents were log-normally distributed after excluding the outliers. The average content of SOM in 1980 and 2005 was 2.14% and 2.54%, respectively. The average content of TN was 0.12% in two periods. By performing experimental semivariograms analysis, SOM and TN were best fitted to Gaussian models in 1980 and 2005. The maximum correlative distance of major SOM and TN in contents was 532.6 km and 776.1 km in 1980, but it reduced to 269.7 km and 242.1 km in 2005 respectively. The spatial variability of the contents of SOM and TN was mainly affected by structural factors in 1980. SOM had a moderate spatial variability in 2005 and TN had a weaker spatial autocorrelation compared with that in 1980. The maps of SOM and TN were interpolated using the method of ordinary kriging. Their spatial distributions were very similar to the "high" and "low" content area in two periods, and had obvious geographical distribution with a high content in the central region and a low content in the marginal region. SOM contents increased in different extents in the upland, paddy land, woodland and grassland during 1980-2005, and TN contents increased in the paddy land and woodland. However, TN contents of the upland and grassland remained essentially unchanged.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    CHEN Cheng, CHEN Wen, ZHAO Hai-xia
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    Adjusting industrial allocation according to the distribution of ecological protection space is an important part of harmonizing the spatial relationship between industrial development and ecological protection. Taking areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province as a case, matrix-analysis and spatial analysis method are applied to explore the spatial matching characteristic of ecological functional protection area and industrial distribution and the status of the ecological functional protection area occupied by industrial development based on extracting the information of ecological functional protection areas and industrial distribution. Then the adjusting route of space order is recommended. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. Firstly, the spatial matching relationship between ecological function protection area and industrial distribution is harmonious in most parts of areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, but some parts close to wetlands is out of line, and the industrial development should be decreased in the future. Secondly, industrial development has already occupied a large part of important everglade, riverhead protection area, landscape area and forest park; industrial development should be kept away from them. Thirdly, the ecological functional protection area covered by manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, transport, storage and post, culture, sports and entertainment is larger than that of any other industries, so the pressure on the regional ecosystem can be alleviated by the way of removing industrial area in these ecological functional protection areas.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Shuang, ZHANG Zu-lu, ZHOU De-min
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    Wetland vegetation is an important component of wetland. The biomass of vegetation is an essential index to describe the wetland ecosystem and reflects its health status. Therefore, the investigation of wetland vegetation biomass has important practical significance.In this paper, the Honghe National Natural Reserve (HNNR) was selected as the study area. The TM images on August 19th, 2008, August 30th, 2006, August 1st, 2004 and 29 samples of biomass data in the same period were used as the data source to establish the estimation models. The correlations between the remote information (reflectivity, vegetation index) and measured biomass were analyzed in this paper. The estimation models were established based on the method of regress model and artificial neural network (ANN). The models included the linear regression models, the curve regression models, the stepwise regression models, and ANN models (BP network and RBF network). In comparison of all the models, the best estimation models were obtained. The accuracy of the dry biomass models and the humid biomass models were compared. Then, the total biomass of meadow and marsh in HNNR were estimated. Finally, the total biomass spatial distribution maps of 2004, 2006 and 2008 were made, and the trend of the biomass was analyzed in this paper. The conclusions of the research were as follows. (1) The correlations between the wetland vegetation aboveground biomass and RS information were good, and the correlation between the dry biomass and RS information was better than that between the humid biomass and RS information. The estimation models based on the RS information can estimate the wetland vegetation aboveground biomass relatively well.(2) The performance of the models based on RBF network was better than that based on regression models and BP network. With the method of RBF, the mean relative error (MRE) of estimated dry biomass was 2.795% and the MRE of estimated humid biomass was 3.399%. The dry biomass models were better than the humid biomass models in comparison with them.(3) In this study area, dry biomass was mainly between 300 g/m2 and 900 g/m2 and the humid biomass was mainly between 600 g/m2 and 1800 g/m2. By analyzing the total biomass of the three years, the total dry biomass showed an upward trend, and the total humid biomass showed a downward trend. There was little extreme high or low biomass, which was mainly distributed in the places where a lot of mixed-pixels existed, such as the edge of the forest and bush, or the marsh with a lot of water.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    HAN Xiu-zhen, ZHENG Wei, LIU Cheng, AN Si-ying
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    The Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in water are of great importance to the monitoring of water quality and ecosystem balance. Remote sensing offers a convenient and systematical tool for the observations of water at a long time scale. In this paper, we present a study of Chl-a estimation using the reflectance models (MOD3: Rλ1-1-Rλ2-1)×Rλ3and MOD2:Rλ1-1×Rλ3) derived from the Medium Resolution Spectral Image (MERSI) onboard the newly launched FY-3A satellite and the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the AQUA platforms. Validation studies demonstrated that both models provided reliable estimates of Chl-a concentrations with determination coefficients R2 of 0.72~0.79 (MOD2) and 0.52~0.76 (MOD3) for MERSI standard band settings. This accuracy is slightly better than that of the MODIS results with R2 of 0.65~0.69 and 0.43~0.70 for MOD2 and MOD3, respectively. Comparison analysis between models and sensors indicated that the blue and near infrared wave ranges are of potential for Chl-a estimation. Besides, the higher spatial resolution of MERSI (250m) may explain the better performance for both models compared to that of MODIS. This research will be helpful for the development of future Chl-a estimation models using the satellite observations.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    SUN Ping-jun, XIU Chun-liang
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    Based on the understanding of the vulnerability, the sustainable development and their relationships, this article considered that: (1) the vulnerability is a temporal and spatial function for the sustainable development, and regional economic development is a process that suppresses the vulnerability continually; (2) the economic development vulnerability of the mining cities presented the typical "pressure (P) - sensitive (S) - elasticity (E)" characteristics. On this point, the article constructed a vulnerability assessment model, combined with Entropy Value Method and Principal Component Analysis, and chose the mining cities of Northeast China to make a research. The result shows that: (1) most mining cities with high vulnerability are spatially concentrated in Liaoning Province. (2) The mean vulnerability scores of mining cities based on different mineral resources have a descending trend in the order of coal resources type > integrated mineral resources type > metal resources type > petroleum resources type. (3) The vulnerability scores have a tendency to increase with the devolvement of mining city's life circle. (4) The elasticity of the urban economic development plays an important role in determining the degree of the vulnerability. Finally, the authors gave suggestions on how to lower the vulnerability of the regional economic development, and to achieve the sustainable development of mining cities, by reducing the pressure, decreasing the sensitivity and enhancing the flexibility.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHAO Miao-xi
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    This paper summarizes the basic characteristics of spatial organization of two models, Center Place Model and Network Model. The former is featured by centripetal vertical links, while the latter by multiple links across the border of hinterland. On this basis, the research focuses on the evolution of spatial structure in the Yangtze River Delta under network interaction. Firstly, with the analysis object of the connection among firms, this paper studies the evolution of the network connection of the region and makes a comparison of different flows, which include intensity and directions of network in the network connection within each region and among regions. Secondly, this paper applies the factor analysis technology to group the regional socio-economic types and analyzes the spatial structure evolution of the Yangtze River Delta. Thirdly, through the comparison between network interaction and changes of the areal type, the trend of polycentric networking and regionalization of the cities in the Yangtze River Delta is concluded as the Center Place Model still in dominance is weakening, while the Network Model is strengthening. Finally, the paper tries to explore the mechanism of the evolution from the increasing or decreasing returns of economic scale, which caused centralization or diffusion respectively.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LIANG Yu-tian, FAN Jie, SUN Wei, CHEN Jing-yao
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    Guangxi Xijiang Economic Belt is an important component of future development axis in southern China. Recently, a tendency of industrial agglomeration has emerged along the Xijiang River. Although the industrial parks in this area have developed rapidly, many negative phenomena have appeared, such as disorders in industrial park development, industrial structure resemble, and low rate of land output. By analyzing the development characteristics and affecting factors of the industrial parks along the Guangxi's Xijiang River, the study finds that regional development basis, industrial park development basis, industrial park development potential and constraint conditions of industrial park development are the main factors affecting the development level and trends of industrial parks. Firstly, regional industrial basis and urban layout are macro factors. Secondly, traffic conditions and government support policies are micro factors. Thirdly, instructing China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), developing Xijiang waterway and undertaking the eastern industrial transfer are the driving factors. Fourthly, resources and environmental pressures are constraints. On this basis, we construct a 4-factor index evaluation system consisting of 13 indexes, classify the industrial parks into three types-development-optimizing type, agglomeration-stengthening type and cultivation-guiding type, and propose different development paths for them. Development-optimizing type should give full play to its leading role in the region and strengthen the growth of new industries, and emphasize industrial association, especially the high-tech and high value-added industrial chains and links. Agglomeration-stengthening type should ensure the development direction of the industrial park, and make the industrial park to be a competitive and influential industrial cluster. Cultivation-guiding type should focus on industrial parks at a certain scale, and promote production concentration.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Jing, FANG Chuang-lin
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    Urban agglomeration (UA) is a new terrain unit involved in international competition and international division of labor. With the development of economic globalization and the boot of information and technology, UAs in China have developed gradually. In this process, five new-type driving forces (DF) have appeared, which are economic globalization, new-type industrialization, informatization, rapid transportation and government dominant, and studies on the five ones have important value. Based on analysis of mechanism of five new-type DF for UA and comparative analysis of some relative indexes, it is found out as follows: economic globalization drives UAs enter the international system and the higher level of UAs opening and the more industrial and technology transfers, the better UAs develop under the background of economic globalization; new-type industrialization drives UAs become manufacturing bases which injects new energies for development, and the higher level of industrialization and the better high-tech industry develops, the better UAs develop; informatization integrates all information and drives them flow at a high speed, and the higher level of informatization, the better UAs develop under the background of informatization age; transportation is the channel for materials and information exchange, and rapid transportation impels UAs to be connected closely and builds up the foundation of UAs development; new correlative policy is like a roll booster for impelling UAs development, in a correct way. Based on the above analysis, the paper suggests that further studies towards UAs development in China should focus on spatial and temporal differences of DFs and braking forces.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    LI Xue-mei, ZHANG Xiao-lei, DU Hong-ru
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    From the essential meaning of urbanization, based on the entropy method, from the urban population, economy, society and space, this paper estimates the comprehensive level of urbanization in Xinjiang Tarim River Basin in 2000 and 2008. GIS technology, spatial clustering method and spatial autocorrelation are used to analyze the spatial evolution of the comprehensive level of urbanization. The results show that the comprehensive levels of urbanization are quite different in the spatial distribution, but the holistic pattern of the comprehensive level of urbanization was stable, the high comprehensive levels of urbanization are found to be mainly in the Bayangol and Aksu areas, while areas with lower urbanization level are located in Hotan, Kashi and Kizilsu regions. Meanwhile the gap is widening, and the comprehensive level of urbanization showed a weak spatial autocorrelation. The space structure of the hotspot distribution tends to be the circular space structure centered in Korla. Finally, the development of mineral resources, convenient traffic, regional economic growth as well as investment in major projects were the driving factors of the spatial differentiation of the comprehensive level of urbanization, and thus the government should make policies to raise the level of urbanization in Tarim River Basin.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    ZHOU Yong-bo, SHA Run, YANG Yan, LU Xiao-xu, HOU Bing
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    Resource assessment and landscape assessment have always been the focus of tourism evaluation studies. These studies indicate that quantitative method is an effective way to evaluate tourism object, while they only consider the linear relationship between the properties. In fact, as a lack of structural analysis, quantitative methods could hardly make a reliable assessment of the object. In this paper, quantitative methods are used to evaluate the structure of tourism landscape image by making use of structural analysis. This paper uses a questionnaire survey of 291 random tourists in Zhouzhuang (Guzhen) and Wuzhen (Dongzha). The covered topics include tourism landscape image and other demographic characteristics. Then, by using SPSS16.0 as factor analysis and LISREL8.70 to carry out a SEM analysis, the paper proposes a bottom-up method of the tourism landscape image evaluation. It is necessary to evaluate the tourism landscape image on the basis of linear relations and in particular, the coupling between various properties. If there is only linear relationship between properties, the quality of Zhouzhuang (Guzhen) and Wuzhen (Dongzha) tourism landscape images is similar. However, in terms of structural relations, the images of Zhouzhuang (Guzhen) and Wuzhen (Dongzha) tourism landscape are actually at different quality levels, as Zhouzhuang (Guzhen) tourism landscape imagery is superior to that of Wuzhen (Dongzha). In this paper, a tourism landscape image evaluation method based on structural relationship has been proposed. With the tourism landscape image analyzed on the basis of 291 questionnaires, this paper concludes that tourism landscape image evaluation should not only attach importance to a linear relationship between the various properties, but also pay attention to their coupling relations. Quantitative evaluation of properties and their relationship is the appropriate way to comprehensive evaluation of tourism landscape image. To enhance the quality of tourism landscape image, it is necessary to further optimize its structure.
  • Earth Surface Processes
    WANG Chao, CHEN Yao-hua
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    This paper focuses on the research of the protection of great mountains in history. Chinese great mountains have a long history of development, and most of them are still serving as national scenic areas and some of them were even added to the World Heritage List. It is worth studying the cognition and protection in history to find out the reason why these precious natural and cultural heritages can be preserved so well for such a long time. To research the historical protection of Chinese great mountains, the Five Sacred Mountains is the best example and their nature is representative of great mountains in different areas. The research on materials from Pre-Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty indicates that the cognition of nature in ancient times is the precondition of the development and protection of the Five Sacred Mountains. This cognition contains ecological consciousness and has developed from the original nature worship to the mixture of natural culture and landscape culture. Each cognition development stage has its own feature on the natural utilization and mountain protection. In this precondition, the specific protection measures are regular national rituals, legal protection of sacred decrees, integrated management system, service base construction based on the "feed mountain by country" principle, and the maintenance and restoration from the government to individuals. Some of the protection measures can only be taken in China such as the "feed mountain by country" principle, and some of the protection measures are only situable for the Five Sacred Mountains such as the regular national rituals. These historical protection measures not only have value for the research of evolution and protection history of Chinese great mountains but also have a good enlightenment on the protection of scenic areas and heritage sites nowadays.