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    Economy and Regional Development
  • Economy and Regional Development
    WANG Ming-feng, LU Shan
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    Retail activities and their spatial organization have always been one of important research themes in urban/economic geography. With the popularity of the new advanced information and communication technologies, online shopping as a new form of retailing is increasingly being accepted by retailers and consumers. The impact of this trend on retail value chain, business models and spatial organization can not be ignored. These were a new area of study—the implications of the growing prosperity of e-commerce for the geographical patterns of consumption—which has been paid more and more attention by Western-based geographers. However, compared with high-speed expansion of online retailing, the emergent commerce remained a neglected area in geographical research in China. This paper attempts to carry out a preliminary study of spatial organization of online retail business and its influencing factors.We take a case of Dangdang.com which is one of the largest Chinese-language online retailers, and explore its spatial organization and spatial dynamics of market extension. The result reveals that the geographical factors play very important roles in the development of e-commerce. Three conclusions are drawn. First, just like previous technological innovations, the spatial expansion of online retail enterprise in China still follows the hierarchical path. Secondly, information infrastructure, fulfillment and logistics services, and payment methods are three major influencing factors of the development of online retailing. Furthermore, these conditions depend on the level of local economic development. Finally, at the macro level, the difference of spatial organization between online retailers and traditional retailers is not significant, and still subject to geographical factors.
  • Economy and Regional Development
    WAN Lu-he, WANG Shao-wei, CHEN Xiao-hong
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    This paper used spatial statistical analysis to establish the statistical relation among data according to the spatial location. It aimed to understand the spatial dependence, spatial association and spatial autocorrelation related to geographical location. On the basis of the method of geographical spatial analysis and spatial analysis software, this paper analyzed the spatial situation of GDP in Hadaqi industrial corridor in 2008, including spatial correlation of each county and the relationship between GDP and population. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. The spatial correlation of GDP in Hadaqi industrial corridor is positive, whereas the correlation coefficient is small, GDP spatial distribution is not entirely random, but spatial clustering of spatial similar value. According to analysis of the correlation of GDP and population, we found that the spatial distribution is greatly polarized. There is a positive correlation between GDP and regional population. This study can provide a scientific basis for the intuitive expression of GDP spatial correlation information in Hadaqi industrial corridor, and put forward that the spatial statistical analysis could present some reference value for analyzing spatial structure and pattern and policy-making.
  • Economy and Regional Development
    HUANG Xiao-yan, CAO Xiao-shu, LI Tao
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    This study takes Hainan as a case and its 18 counties as basic unit for analysis. Choosing 3 indexes, including transport network density, proximity and accessibility, this paper constituted the spatial mathematical model to evaluate transport superiority degree firstly. Then, by utilizing GIS and IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) technology, this paper studied spatial characteristic of transport network in Hainan. Moreover, we selected 4 aspects, i.e., total economic output and industrial structure, population and urbanization, living standards, transportation and the urban construction, 20 indexes all together and uses SPSS16.0 software with principal component analysis to quantitatively evaluate the level of economic development. By analysing spatial characteristic and summarizing spatial disciplinarian, this paper studied the relationship between regional transport superiority and economic performance in Hainan. The results showed that there were great differences in spatial distribution patterns between accessibility and economic development. But the spatial distribution patterns of transport superiority and regional economic performance are coherent, and there are positive relations between them, which showed an opposite spatial arrangement with geographic characteristics in Hainan.
  • Economy and Regional Development
    LU Xiang-lin, HOU Yun-xian, LIN Wen, SHEN Qiang
    2011, 30(6): 1000-1008. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060004
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    Urbanization has entered a key stage in China. Since the implementation of the policy of "small town, grand strategy", small towns have played a critical role in China's urbanization. However, China is one of the countries that have suffered various natural disasters, and is fighting against technological accidents as well as more terrorist attacks and criminal activities. China is confronted with a great challenge to strengthen the emergency management for small towns, so it seeks for a resource allocation system with flexibility, fluency, punctuality, rationality and effectiveness. The Chinese Government is therefore striving to intensify the emergency management system. For instance, according to the plan of Beijing government, every big community or neighborhood in Beijing will establish one to two emergency material depositories in the coming 3 to 5 years. So far there have been relatively few documents on the allocation of small-town emergency material depository with quantitative methods. Besides, the location of traditional facilities seldom focused on the satisfaction difference of demand points within the covering radius of facilities. In the light of this situation, we present a maximal covering location and build a maximal covering model as an integrated programming under the goal of maximizing the total satisfaction of demand points. After investigating the model, we introduced an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm to solve the considered problems. Then, we obtained the allocation result of emergency material depository of Fangshan District in Beijing. The computed results have shown that the model we proposed is a solution to facility location in a more effective manner. Finally, we give suggestions to future research.
  • Urban and Rural Studies
  • Urban and Rural Studies
    YANG Yong-chun, LENG Bing-rong, TAN Yi-ming, LI Tian-tian
    2011, 30(6): 1009-1020. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060005
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    The focus on world cities is always a hot issue in urban studies in global vision. However, the research methods for world cities in the mainstream field are gradually changing over time. To clarify its history, we divide studies on world cities into three periods, that is, stage of world cities with attributes but without relations, stage of world cities in network society, overly new stage of world city network in global environment. With rapid development in information technology and communications and deepened involvement in global integration, advanced producer services (APS) play an increasingly important role in economic and social relations between any two world cities. Meanwhile, new developments in other sources of retrieving data and introducing new approaches from other disciplines into world cities studies reveal that it is a new spring called stage of world city network for academic research in this field. The leading scholar, Peter J. Taylor, and his colleagues develop an interlocking network model when they obtain data from the survey in APS. We claim that new improvements in traditional urban system studies are obviously seen if theoretical and analytical methods in world city network are introduced. In detail, the improvements and implications are: (1) the transformation from attributes to relations, that is relation data instead of attribute data in retrieving basic sources; (2) new stage from hierarchy to network, that is linkages and cooperation instead of orders and hierarchies; (3) the research objectives from closed urban systems to open ones; (4) innovative research methods, that is network approaches instead of comparison of statistical data.
  • Urban and Rural Studies
    YANG Shan, PAN Jing
    2011, 30(6): 1021-1031. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060006
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    There is a coupling relationship between ports and cities in a regional system according to system dynamics. Based on SD principle and method, this paper establishes a PU-SD port-city coupling model to analyze multiple feedback mechanisms of port-city coupling system and the process of their interaction within the system. The model, which has proved to be reliable and applicable, takes Lianyungang City in Jiangsu Province as an example. Applying historical data fitting, varying economic and social parameters, the model takes 2008 as a base year to produce a scenario simulation for development of the port city in the following 30 years in order to determine appropriate development models for its corresponding phases. The result indicates that port-city coupling relationship and its variation with the parameters modified are complicated and time-varying. This result conforms to the port-city development cycle theory. Therefore, under the guidance of port-city coupling mechanism with its necessary adjustment, Lianyungang City can achieve coordinated development through applying economy-driven, resource-driven and community-driven model according to different phases by exerting different regulating strategies.
  • Culture and Tourism
  • Culture and Tourism
    SUN Gen-nian, ZHANG Yu, XUE Jia
    2011, 30(6): 1032-1043. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060007
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    For an international tourist, the destination choice is affected by many factors, including high degree of uncertainty. This paper classifies them into three kinds, tourism attractions abundance, traffic location, and trade connection. Meanwhile, based on investigation and research, three assumptions are proposed on the choice of international tourists, which is to select high-grade tourism attractions, to select nearby destinations, and to select rich economy. Taking arrivals from Japan as an example, with systematical data, including the distribution of Japanese tourists in the 31 provinces and these provinces' tourism attractions abundance, traffic location index and trade with Japan, etc., this paper analyzes the relationship between Japanese tourists' visiting rate and these three factors. The result is that the location index and the degree of trade links have a greater impact on the visiting rate of Japanese visitors, and that the integrated interpretation rate of three primary factors has exceeded 97%, which to some extent reveals the regional distribution of international tourists and the macroscopic rule of destination choice.
  • Culture and Tourism
    CHEN Gang-qiang, LI Ying-hui, LIU Juan
    2011, 30(6): 1044-1054. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060008
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    The structure and its evolution of inbound tourism size is a dynamic complicated process, which is the significant composition of the development of regional tourism system. Based on the investigation on application of size distribution model, this paper analyzes the features and evolution of size distribution and its interior structure of inbound tourism in China using data of local inbound tourism population from 1999 to 2008. The results indicate that the coefficient of size distribution obtained from the data sample of the same threshold size are incomparable between the different years and the ones of the same region are comparable due to the influence of the changes of size descending. The size distribution type of inbound tourism in China and the Three Zones belongs to transition distribution from 1999 to 2008, and changes to rank-size distribution type when arriving at some threshold size. Furthermore, the concentration of size distribution is the main feature on the different spatial levels, but the degree of the concentration has been descending, and the changes of interior structure is consistent to the fact that the dispersive force of size distribution is stronger than concentrated one from 1999 to 2008. On the other hand, the size distribution of inbound tourism changes from concentration to dispersal along with the increasing of threshold size. The study on the regional disparity suggests that the concentration of size distribution of the East Zone is the strongest and the one of the Middle Zone is the weakest, but the decline of the degree of concentration is the fastest in the Middle Zone and is the slowest in the West Zone. At last, the changes and their types of the provincial size distribution indicate that the primate rate of size distribution is increased in the provinces with lower rate of size growth, while the primate rate is descended in the provinces with higher rate of size growth.
  • Geo-information Science
  • Geo-information Science
    FENG Yong-jiu, HAN Zhen
    2011, 30(6): 1055-1065. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060009
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    As one of the spatially-explicit simulation models, geographical cellular automata (Geo-CA) are able to simulate and project the scenarios of urban expansion and land use patterns. In the geographic simulation, neighbor configurations remarkably impact the mining of transition rules and the accuracy of simulated results. It is recognized that the impact of neighbors on results could be quantitatively analyzed in terms of key factors such as iteration processing and accuracy of simulation, landscape pattern, and model performances. With logistic regression based CA model, and Von Neumann and three types Moore neighbors respectively, the land use changes of Baoshan District, Shanghai from 1992 to 2008, were simulated. It is demonstrated that there are remarkable differences on attribute and spatial patterns between the simulation results produced by different cell neighbors. The number of newly added cells and the simulation accuracies are decreasing with the simulating process. However, the results generated by Moore 5×5 neighbors have higher accuracy than the results generated by Von Neumann, Moore 3×3, and Moore 7×7 neighbors. As for the landscape pattern, results produced by Moore 3/5 neighbors match with actual pattern obtained from classification maps which is better than those by Von and Moore7 neighbors. Besides, the requirement of computation increases and model performances decreases with the increase of number of neighbors. This study showed that it is appropriate to simulate the land use changes with the Moore3/5 neighbor configurations.
  • Geo-information Science
    TAO Yang, TANG Guo-an, WANG Chun, YANG Xin
    2011, 30(6): 1066-1076. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060010
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    As an important terrain factor, surface roughness calculated by digital elevation models (DEM) is directly used in geoscience models such as soil erosion models, surface photo-thermal simulation and so on. But there has been no generally accepted definition of surface roughness until now. Various types and similar concepts of surface roughness may cause difficulty for selecting a suitable surface roughness model. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for assessing surface roughness models based on semantics and profile characteristics. Some contrast experiments are presented by choosing hybrid landform types as sample areas, using DEM produced by traditional topographic map digitizing and LiDAR technology. Main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The method we presented in this paper can accurately express the local variation of terrain profiles suitable for assessing surface roughness models. (2) Both triangular boundary effect of TIN model generated by traditional contour based DEM production and surface random noise in DEM generated by LiDAR technology based DEM production influence the calculation of surface roughness. DEM data should firstly be filtered and noise reduced beforehand. (3) An SAR model is insensitive to the flat relief. It is not suitable for areas of plain and valley plain dominated areas. Roughness models based on vector calculus are accurate in expressing ridge and valley lines and straight slope areas which is not effectively described by SAR models. SDev model is more suitable for application in fine scale DEM. Slope based standard deviation model can be applied to most types of terrain, which is sensitive to four semantic rules. But SDsp model is more sensitive to break of slope.Curvature based standard deviation models are not advantageous in surface roughness description except for their high sensitivity in surface roughness of flat relief areas.
  • Hydrology and Water Resources
  • Hydrology and Water Resources
    YIN Yi-xing, XU You-peng, CHEN Ying
    2011, 30(6): 1077-1088. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060011
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    Taking Wuchengxiyu and Yangchengdianmao regions as examples, the paper investigates the temporal and spatial changes of extreme water levels in the river networks of Taihu Lake basin. The improved MK test and homogeneity test are used to detect trend and change points in the series of maximum and minimum water levels, and Kriging and semivariogram methods are adopted to analyze the spatial characteristics of water level changes. Furthermore, the relationship among extreme water levels, precipitation and human activities are discussed. Some meaningful results are obtained as follows. As for temporal changes, there is a global increasing trend in both the low water level (LWL) and high water level (HWL), with the increase of LWL being more significant than that of HWL. Both LWL and HWL experienced an abrupt change around the 1980s. What's more, the temporal variations of annual HWL are bigger than those of the LWL. As for spatial changes, the results of contour analysis show that the maximum increment magnitudes of HWL and LWL are observed in Yangchengdianmao Region. And the gradient of HWL and LWL variation coefficients is on the rise, indicating that their spatial variability has increased. Besides, the spatial autocorrelation of extreme water levels has been weakened after the abrupt change according to semivariogram analysis, which might be mainly due to the extensive human disturbance. The paper comes to the conclusion that there are differences between the characteristics of extreme water level changes and rainfall variations in the study region, and anthropogenic influences have played more and more important roles in the process of water level changes.
  • Hydrology and Water Resources
    LUO Xian-xiang, ZHANG Rui, YAN Deng-hua
    2011, 30(6): 1089-1100. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060012
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    Due to the impact of global climate change and human activities, there are some problems such as ecological water scarcity, water quality degradation, soil salinization, seawater intrusion and so on, resulting in area reduction of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland. To restore and protect the wetland environment and address the balance of water supply and demand in wetland, this paper used the eco-hydrological coupling model in the eco-hydrological viewpoint, and simulated eco-hydrological processes of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland from 1981 to 2005. The results showed that: the inter-annual change of the hydrological elements in the wetland showed a decreasing trend, but the reduced coverage was not significant; the annual change showed a single peak curve, mainly in July and August. The natural supplement water was 8.32 billion cubic meters per year in the wet year, which can meet the eco-water demand. The natural supplement water was 6.21 billion cubic meters per year in normal year, which can meet the minimum eco-water demand. Eco-supply capacity was 1.15—3.90 billion cubic meters per year in the low flow year with the natural supplement water being 4.70 billion cubic meters per year. The eco-water demand can be met after the appropriate measures for ecological supplement regulation are taken.
  • Environment and Ecology
  • Environment and Ecology
    TANG Zhi-peng, LIU Wei-dong, LIU Zhi-gao, WANG Bei
    2011, 30(6): 1101-1109. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060013
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    Water resource is a necessity of life for us. Water pollution is an important restriction factor in the process of China's sustainable development. Water pollutants are mainly from our production and living including industrial waste water, domestic sewage and agricultural waste water. China has reduced discharge of waste water and has strived to protect water environment in recent years, but industrial waste water is still a major source of water pollutants. And with more and more industrial enterprises' establishment and development in China, a large amount of the discharge of industrial waste water can do great damage to the water environment and pose a serious threat to the safety of drinking water because industrial waste water contains large quantities of heavy metal ions. So on the one hand we should know the regional difference of standardized discharge of industrial waste water among these regions including temporal difference in each region and spatial difference in each year, on the other hand we must know whether the regional difference is becoming larger in order to make the relevant policies on water protection. Based on the attainment rate of industrial waste water standardized discharge, this paper examines regional difference of standardized discharge of China's industrial waste water among eight regions through σ convergence and β convergence during the period 1998—2008. The results show that there is no significant σ convergence about regional difference of standardized discharge of industrial waste water in China's eight regions during the same period. From the aspect of the time we can see that the spatial difference is not always becoming small in each year, although the trend is becoming small. As far as the temporal difference of China's eight regions is concerned, the in regional difference Southwest China is the largest among eight regions, while eastern coastal region presents the smallest difference. The model of absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence shows that the overall regional difference of standardized discharge of industrial waste water in China is becoming small, initial conditions in each region are critical factors narrowing the differences, and annual growth rate of industrial value-added plays a role as well. Thus these results could help to provide suggestions to policies making for water protection.
  • Environment and Ecology
    MAO Xue-gang, LI Ming-ze, FAN Wen-yi, JIANG Huan-huan
    2011, 30(6): 1110-1120. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060014
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    Based on remote sensing data from three periods of 1980s, 1990s, and the period after 2000 as well as the data of plots in forest resource inventory over the same periods, forest biomass of Xiao Hinggan region was estimated by using the remote sensing information model. With the combination of GIS and geo-statistics, this paper studies the temporal changes in forest biomass, spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity of Xiao Hinggan region in the three periods of 1980s, 1990s, and the period after 2000. Results indicated that the overall biomass presented fluctuation change in the research area from the 1980s to the 2000s. With relatively low biological value, low-grade biomass was dominant in the 1980s, and there was contiguous distribution of low-value biomass, with high degree of spatial autocorrelation. However, the random factors of medium and higher biomass increased, indicating the man-made interference degree continuously strengthened. In the 1990s the main advantages biomass in the study area was medium biomass, which evolved from dominant low-grade biomass in the 1980s. The changes in the 10 years showed that overall biomass tended to recover. For the data were mainly concentrated in the late 1990s when the Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP) had been launched that made the forest status towards a good direction, the overall biological value was increased. After 2000 the spatial autocorrelation of overall biomass in the research area was not high, but medium and higher biomass was similar and changed evenly in every direction. Median biomass was distributed widely, while high-value biomass was of small patches with fragmentation, and the spatial variability caused by random factors such as man-made disturbance or the factor of spatial autocorrelation was just similar, and appeared a stability trend.
  • Land Resource and Use
  • Land Resource and Use
    DONG Jun, ZANG Shu-ying
    2011, 30(6): 1121-1128. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060015
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    This paper aims to discuss the driving force mechanism of urban land use change during the urbanization process in the resource-based city of Daqing, Northeast China. Based on the data during three periods of 1988, 1996 and 2007, the spatio-temporal characteristics of built-up land were revealed. The panel data used to estimate the models are generated by combining remote sensing data with economic and demographic data from annual compendium supported by STATA. This paper mainly analyzes the driving force mechanism of urban land use change. Results indicate that the investment in fixed assets, wages in mining and productivity generated by land associated with agricultural and urban uses are the main factors affecting urban land use change in Daqing city. This suggests that large-scale investments in industrial development play a major role in urban land conversion in resource-based cities.
  • Land Resource and Use
    QIN Peng, CHEN Jian-fei
    2011, 30(6): 1129-1136. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060016
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    Remote sensing data of Hong Kong and Shenzhen and statistical data were used to extract the land use information and socio-economic statistical information, and the intensive land use database was established based on the data. According to the concept of intensive land use, the system on the evaluation of intensive land use was set up. The results of the evaluation of intensive land use were acquired as follows. The analysis shows that due to historical, economic status and differences in the international context, there were obvious differences on intensive land use between the study areas. In terms of land use intensity, Hong Kong was higher than Shenzhen. Due to the terrain and the more advanced land management system, Hong Kong had a poorer appearance in the aspects of land use and sustainable land use, but it had a better appearance than Shenzhen in the aspects of land input and effective land use. The experience of Hong Kong was used for reference to Shenzhen. Some measures should be taken to promote closer regional cooperation and major infrastructure docking. Industrial cooperation should be strengthened to build a high-quality living circle. The approach to cooperation should be innovated.
  • Climate and Global Change
  • Climate and Global Change
    YE Zheng-wei, XU You-peng, PAN Guang-bo
    2011, 30(6): 1137-1146. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060017
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    Based on the data of 8 precipitation stations and 5 hydrological stations from 1957 to 2006 in the inner Lixiahe region, trends of the rainfall are detected by the Mann-Kendall test, and the Pearson and Spearman methods are used to analyze the correlation of rainfall and water level. Results reveal that long-term Changes of areal rainfall and the rainfall at the single precipitation station as well as the maximum rainfall of a certain day in flood season show a decreasing but not significant trend in the period 1957-2006. Flood water level is sensitive to the maximum 3-day rainfall and maximum 15-day rainfall in the view of the flood mitigation, and the days of warning water level is in a good accordance to the maximum 30-day rainfall, and it is significant that rainfall in a longer period has a cumulate effect on flood water level. The recurrence interval of maximum 3-day rainfall and maximum 15-day rainfall have an increasing trend in recent years, which is the main reason for the increase in flood water level and the increase in the days of warning water level, and the higher intensity a single storm rainfall is, the larger probability the higher flood water level may have. The water level change in the inner Lixiahe region is consistent spatially while it changes in different phases temporally. The water level and the days of warning water level decrease with the decrease of the areal rainfall between the late 1950s and 1970s and increase with the increase of the areal rainfall between the 1980s and 1990s, and the water level increases with the decrease of the areal rainfall while the days of warning water level decreases slightly in the first 7 years of the 21st century. The relationship between the rainfall and the flood water level indicates that negative hydrological effect of human activities and the change of the earth surface due to the urbanization process have an increasingly significant impact on the flood risk besides the rainfall, which makes the relationship between rainfall and flood water level more complicated.
  • Climate and Global Change
    CHEN Li, WU Shao-hong, DAI Er-fu
    2011, 30(6): 1147-1155. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011060018
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    Tree-ring samples of Pinus koraiensis and Larix olgensis were studied along an altitudinal gradient on the northern slope of Changbai Mountains, Northeast China, and ring-width residual chronologies were developed for four sites at low and high elevations. Annual ring-width variability was different between elevation sites. For Pinus koraiensis, low elevation chronology had higher mean sensitivity (MS), standard deviation (SD) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while high elevation chronology of Larix olgensis had higher mean sensitivity (MS), standard deviation (SD) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Therefore, Pinus koraiensis growing at low elevation sites and Larix olgensis growing at high elevation sites had better climatic signals. Correlation analysis was used to study the relationships between tree-ring widths and mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation. The results showed that the growth of Pinus koraiensis at low elevations was affected by previous temperature and precipitation, and that at high elevations was only affected by temperature of current year. Temperature in the previous year played an important role in Larix olgensis' growth at low elevation sitea, while temperature and precipitation of current year made great contribution to Larix olgensis' growth at high elevation sites. With the increase of altitude precipitation increased, and more precipitation was related with low temperature. Consequently, tree growth was also affected by temperature with its indirect effect on the duration of growing season. Thus, the temperature was the most important factor influencing Larix olgensis, and showed that there was lag-effect of the growth response to climate force of low elevation.