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  • 2000 Volume 19 Issue 4
    Published: 15 December 2000
      
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  • The insulation influence to rocks under the low temperature conditions
    ZHU Li-ping, WANG Jia-cheng, PENG Wan-wei, TAO Zhao-xiang
    2000, 19(4): 137-443. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040001
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    Different types of rock samples, which are collected from different areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, have been pre-processed and put in the environment of low temperatures with intensified insulation variation. This is to investigate the insulation implication to the rocks under cold conditions. The results of experiments showed that the intensive heat insulation, even under cold conditions, could induce speedy temperature variation of the environment and that in the rock internal structures. This kind of variation was closely related to rock mineral contents. The speedy temperature changes caused the rock internal minerals continue to expand and contract which lead to the damage of the rocks internal structures. The compositions and structures of rocks dominated their weathering process, which may be confirmed by that, to the different types of rocks under conditions of saturated water or salt solutions, the ultrasonic transferring velocities and weights have different variations.
  • Studies on Geo-Informatic Tupu and its application
    CHEN Shu-peng, YUE Tian-xiang, LI Hui-guo
    2000, 19(4): 337-343. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040002
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    Geo informatic Tupu is a methodology of spatial and temporal geographical analysis. It synthesizes the succinctness of comprehensive landscape maps and the abstractness of mathematical models. It has been developed on the basis of modern spatial technique and information science, which also is integrated with virtual reality technique, to provide series of scenarios for constructing the past and predicting the future. It is an outcome of the Chinese traditional research achievements combining with relative modern technologies. Its development process can be identified into 4 stages: (1) from 1955 to 1956, Chen carried out an experiment on comprehensive landscape mapping in the area of Taihu Lake; (2) in the early 1960s, Chen proposed the concept of Tupu by analyzing the development of cartography; (3) in 1964, Chen preliminarily summarized the early applications of Tupu method; (4) in 1998, Chen proposed an embryonic form of Geo informatic Tupu after exploration for about 40 years. Tupu is a kind of Chinese traditional methodology that uses iconic or graphic language to integrate and express spatial and temporal analyses. Geo informatic Tupu is used, by applying a series of multi dimensional graphic solutions and constructing spatial models, to formulate the current situation, reconstruct the past and forecast the future. In other words, Geo informatic Tupu can be used not only for data collection and data mining, but also for virtual scientific forecast and decision making programs. Geo informatic Tupu has four important functions: (a) the spatial and temporal changes can be reconstructed and simulated by means of Geo informatic Tupu; (b) complex phenomena can be succinctly expressed by using the vivid expression capacity of maps; (c) the complexity of simulation by mathematical models can be greatly reduced because spatial information in multi dimension can be unfolded in two dimension plane; and (d) it is helpful to mathematical model constructors for understanding the spatial information and its processes. In this paper, on the basis of analyzing the research achievements in the geo informatic Tupu, in the strategy of ecosystem development, in the strategy of differential land use (DLU) and in the integration of geogephical information system with mathematical models, a system of sustainable development modelling is proposed. In this system, a major theoretical issue is how to transform the information concerned with sustainable development into sign map, diagnosis map and action map. An analysis of results on the software for automatically programming mathematical models and on the Open GIS has shown that the theoretical issue can be resolved in near future. In short, the system of sustainable development modelling is realizable.
  • A comparative analysis of temperature change in Arctic and China since 400 a BP
    CHEN Ling, ZHANG Qing-song, ZHU Li-ping, WANG Guo
    2000, 19(4): 344-350. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040003
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    In order to find relations of climate change between Arctic and China and to understand the global change better, we compared air temperature change of Arctic and China since 400aBP. By conducting trend analysis and spectral analysis, we gained some conclusions. Both Arctic and China have two colder periods (17th century and 19th century) and two warmer periods (18th century and 20th century), but the changing tendency is not identical completely. In the 17th and 19th century temperature in most part of China (except East China, Xinjiang, Tibet) increased earlier than that of Arctic. In the 18th century the highest temperature appeared earlier about 10 years in Arctic than in China. In the 19th century temperature of most stations in Arctic increased more violently than that of China. In the 20th century the warmer period of the two places is similar. The periods of temperature change of the two places are identical, being mainly 130~140, 100, and 80 years. Therefore, the natural factor, specially solar activity is the main reason affecting climate change.
  • The urban characteristics of Macao and its role and position in the urban system of China
    YE Shun-zan
    2000, 19(4): 351-358. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040004
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    Firstly, the paper reviewed the background of its historical development and the present economic structure of the city. An analysis of the urban characteristics and the conditions for keeping the stability and prosperity of the newly repatriated Macao has been made. That help us better understand the character and the unusual functions of the city. Macao was a small declining colonial trade port with poor functions, a mini economy, dissociated over a long period of time from its native community as well as from the mainstream of the international society with not well developed capitalist socio economic systems. The city has become a complementary one to the international metropolis Hong Kong with the character of a peripheral city. The urban economy is a derivative one from the economy of Hong Kong, heavily depending on the outside world. The economic structure is lopsided with gambling and tourism as pillar industries. The paper has evaluated the role and the position of Macao after repatriation in the China's urban system, and has concretely characterized the economic linkages between Macao, Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta( Zhuhai city in particular) and the henceforth orientation of the economic development of Macao. According to the characteristics of the urban economy and its development conditions, it is necessary to go on the way of the regional integration for the Macao's economic development. The Macao's economy should be further integrated with that of Hong Kong under the political support from the Central Government with the background of the abundant resources and wide market in the mainland. Macao could increase its attractiveness and vigor in economic activities, if it has restructured its economy and improved its political and ruling conditions by laws.
  • Temporal and spatial differences of office activities in Guangzhou since late 1970s
    YAN Xiao-pei, YAO Yi-min, CHEN Hao-guang
    2000, 19(4): 359-368. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040005
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    This paper selects Guangzhou as study case and, after analyzing the growth of office activities, focuses on discussing the changing characteristics of spatial pattern of the office activities since the reform of economic system and opening to the outside world. The results indicate that the agglomeration of the office activities has declined with time while the office employment density has increased sharply, and the density growth is disconnected spatially. The spatial pattern of office activity in Guangzhou shows a different tendency from the western cities. Further analysis indicates that great change in policy is the key factor of influencing the spatial pattern of office activities in Guangzhou, and the office location theory by western scholars is considered not to accord with the Chinese cases.
  • Hydrological processes modeling based on digital elevation model
    REN Li-liang, LIU Xin-ren
    2000, 19(4): 369-376. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040006
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    The Digital Elevation Drainage Network Model (DEDNM) of the Shiguanhe River catchment is made from digital elevation model by Martz and Garbrecht method with spatial basin heterogeneity considered. Subwatershed, drainage network, and their spatial topological relations are generated automatically by computer. Then, spatial cumulative distribution probability of topographical index ln (a/tgβ)i in the TOPMODEL is calculated. Therefore the parabolic exponent of soil tension water storage capacity distribution within each subwatershed in the Xin'anjiang model can be obtained by dimensionless processing with respect to cumulative distribution curve of ln(a/tgβ)i . That makes the parabolic exponent in the Xin'anjiang model be physically based. Finally, the digital hydrological model is established. The case study on the Shiguanhe River catchment in the Huaihe River Basin, i.e., the intensified observation field of GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment Project, showed that the digital model performs very well not only in simulating runoff processes at any specific outlet, but also in simulating spatial distribution and temporal variation of hydrological elements and state variables (especially soil moisture), if compared with traditional hydrological models. That provides solid foundation for making full use of present observation information and thorough tapping potentials of hydrological data.
  • Changing tendency of river runoff at lower reaches of the Huanghe River and countermeasures for reducing its effects
    WU Kai, TANG Deng-yin, XIE Xian-qun
    2000, 19(4): 377-382. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040007
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    The annual runoff at the lower reaches of the Huanghe River appears a decline tendency year by year, which is related to annual drop of precipitation and rise of water consumption at the upper middle reaches of the river. The ratio of the measured annual runoff between the 1990s and the 1980s was 65.1% at Huayuankou Station. The annual maximum discharge in the river also shows an annual reducing tendency and the situation of higher water level accompanied with smaller discharge but bigger flood threat has occurred. The ratio of the average maximum discharge between the 1990s and the 1980s was 68.6% at Huayuankou Station. The small discharge or absence of flow in the river shows an annual increasing tendency, in which the ratio of the cumulative days with absence of flow in the 1990s to that in the 1980s was 8.2 to 1 at Lijin Station. The feasible countermeasures for reducing the effects of absence of flow in the river were analyzed in this paper.
  • A study on the formation & evolvement mechanism and development mode of international container load center
    AN Xiao-peng, HAN Zeng-lin, YANG Yin-kai
    2000, 19(4): 383-390. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040008
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    Container transportation is a revolution for the grocery transportation in ocean shipping. The container transportation makes it possible for goods to be transported by door to door in the world. At the same time, the container transportation improves the efficiency of transportation. Being an importation node linking the hinterland in the ocean and continent, the container port is playing an important role in the container transportation system. The formation of container load center lateral port is the result of the development of container transportation. The article firstly discusses the tendency of the container port in the world. Base on that, it gives an in depth analysis of the formation & evolvement mechanism and development mode of Container load center in the world. The problem of container load center is becoming more important than before because of the rapid development of China's economy. Two factors contribute to such a situation: the rapid growth of external trade after 1978 and the change of structure of external trade, which promoted a rapid development of the container transportation in the past 20 years. Finally, the paper discusses the development stratagem of Container load center in China.
  • On characteastics and mechanism of intra-urbanresidents' migration in Tianjin city,China
    CHAI Yan-wei, HU Zhi-yong, WU Zong-qing
    2000, 19(4): 391-399. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040009
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    To discover the characteristics and mechanism of inter-urban residents'migration in China,the authors make a city-wide survey based upon questionnaire for the theme in Tianjin city in 1997.Five residential communit ies,which represent historical residential area,build-up area,blue-collar residential area,managers' residential area and new type residential area respectively,are selected as spatial studying cases.The charact eristics of migration are concluded as the following.
  • The materialization of Japanese fifth country land plan in the regional land plans
    ZHOU Shang-yi, ZHANG Guo-you, XU Xiang-lan
    2000, 19(4): 400-406. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040010
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    Japanese government made out the fifth National land plan, The 21st Century's Grant Plan in 1998. This plan was made with the characteristics of post industrialized Japan under the background in which the harmonious development between environment and makind is more and more stressed in the world. This plan formulates the policies and aims of Japan's development during the first 10 to 15 years in 21st century. By introducing and analyzing the contents of Japan's fifth land plan and the plans of local governments, this paper tries to show the interrelations between them, in order to offer some experiences as the references to the making of national and local plans in China.
  • On delineation of food production system in Tibet
    NYIMA Tashi
    2000, 19(4): 407-141. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040011
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    The division of labor in society in Tibet has not been detailed yet. The economic development mainly depends on the production of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. Since production of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry a strongly relies on nature and ecological environment, the output and benefits of production system of agriculture, forestry and husbandry of the food production system are controlled by natural conditions, the development extent and level of land resources are low. So far no important adjustment and reforms on the structure of land resources have been carried out in the region. Agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry are the main forms of human land use, as they are organized in different forms, obvious regional features and differentiations are also resulted in. Food production system in Tibet was delineated based on the agro economic data in combination with biophysical data and GIS application. Four identical food production systems were delineated, such as agriculture dominated area, agro pastoral dominated area, pastoral area and agro forestry pastoral area. The characteristics of each area were described in detail.
  • Countermeasures and institutional innovations for poverty alleviation in Yulin Prefecture of Shanxi Province
    YANG You-xiao, CAI Yun-long
    2000, 19(4): 415-421. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040012
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    Yulin prefecture, which still has a population of 400 000 under poverty line by 1997, is one of the poorest areas in arid and semiarid lands of China. In this paper, the authors put forward the countermeasures for shaking off poverty and the viewpoints on institutional innovations of extinguishing poverty after analyzing the causes of poverty related to ecological vulnerability low efficiency of economic system, backward social and oultural system and irrational policy and institution in detail. The countermeasures are (1) to alleviate and control soil and water erosion by tackling small drainage areas in a comprehensive way; (2) to decrease the number of population and reduce natural increase rate of population by adjusting the priority objects of extinguishing poverty; (3) to heighten economic benefit by transforming industrial structure based on resource advantage; and (4) to improve policy and institutional system by insisting on equal rule. The institutional innovations comprise three aspects, which are (1) to bestow partial ownership of mineral resources on the local government to remove poverty radically, (2) to put all wastelands under farmer's control and corporations to stop tragedy of commons, and (3) to attach importance to local interests to quick the pace of extinguishing poverty.
  • An approach to the Eco-environmental Situation in China
    YE Qing-hua, YANG Qin-ye, ZHAO Shan-lun
    2000, 19(4): 422-428. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040013
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    Based on the latest research of present Eco-environmental Situation at home and abroad and analysis of the characteristics of Environmental Situation in China with the principle of index selection, a set of indices on the Eco-environmental Situation in China has been identified. Then 14 county-unit databases are set up, including two types: 2 spatial databases and 12 attribute databases. And the mathematical models for each index has been developed. With the powerful systematic analytical tool, GIS, and database management system, this paper classifies each index into five degrees and integrates them into a map according to their respective rights by county unit, which is the distribution of the Eco-environmental Situation in China. Finally this paper analyses the distribution of Eco-environmental Situation in China, draws compellent conclusions on this methods and discusses some details. Some items that need to be improved afterwards are put forward.
  • On XU Xiake's investigation into China's Danxia Landform——Memory XU Xiake 360 anniversary
    YANG Zhai-tian
    2000, 19(4): 429-436. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2000040014
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    Danxia landform, a widely distributed geomorphic type in China with high appreciation and scientific research value, has been thoroughly and systematically studied and investigated by modern geologists and geographers. The article gives a general review of the description of the above-mentioned features of Danxia landform made by Xu Xiake, a famous tourist, geologist and geographer in ancient China so as to display China's age old history in the study of Danxia landform. It also analyses the practical significance in the study of the landform.