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  • 1998 Volume 17 Issue 3
    Published: 15 September 1998
      

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  • Liu Yanhua, Li Xiubin
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    The study of the national innovation systems by OECD and other individuals and organizations stresses that the flows of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions are key to the innovation process. Knowledge flow as a spatial process, however, has not been given enough attention. The notable trend towards the creation of specialised knowledge centres near leading universities and the phenomenon that high-technology companies tend to gather in these locales are typical examples of such a process. The author argues that geography will contribute the study of innovation systems. Topics include the spatial process of knowledge flow, the formation and evolution of the specialised knowledge centress and high-tech clusters, and the assessment of national and regional innovation capacity.
  • Yang Qinye, Li Shuangcheng
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    The knowledge-based economy will gradually dominate world economy in the coming knowledge economy age. The advantages and characteristics of geographical comprehensive study will contributed to opening up new research fields due to the common ground with the characteristics of knowledge economy such as sustainability of economic development, innovation of knowledge and globalization of world economy. To adapt itself to the new conditions, however, it is necessary for geographical comprehensive study to innovate the research contents, including paying more attention to mutual substitution among the resources and elements of production owing to scientific and technological development, fully considering the signficance of virtual geographical space to geographical comprehensive study, changing the traditional notion of elements-balanced in geographical comprehensive study, and giving up dualistic system fram (i.e. regards natural factors and socioeconomic factors as different systems).
  • Zhang Wei, Gu Chaolin, Qiu Youliang, Chen Tian
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    Evaluation index systems for both current development situation and development condition of high/new technology development zones in China are established in this paper. Using factor analysis method, the developments and locations of 52 high/new technology development nones in China were evaluated based on these evlauation index systems, and main factor scores were obtained. According to the factor scores, the development situations and development conditions of new/high technology development zones can be divided into 3 levels. The study shows that 7 high/new technology development zones, including Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Tianjin, Wuhan, Xian and Shijiazhuang, have better locations and are well developed; on the other hand, 15 high/new technology zones, such as Baotou, Zhuhai, Baoding, Anshan, Wuxi, Nanchang, Zhuzhou, Foshan, Guilin, Nanning, Xiamen, Hainan, Mianyang, Baoji and Wulumuqi, should be degraded to the province level.
  • Dang Anrong, Yan Shouyong, Zhou Yi
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    The temporal variation of China's grain production development is studied comprehensively and systematically in this paper. First, the research method about temporal variation of China's grain production development is discussed. After analyzing the common method such as "stage method" and "step method", the author proposed a new opinion and a method named as "gradual variation method", and worked out a new formula to calculate "comprehensive variation ratio". Second, taking the statistic data of historical national annual total grain production (from 1949 to 1995) as source data, the author analyzed the temporal variation characteristics of China's total grain production development by using the author's research method. Three temporal variation characteristics of China's total grain production are as follows: (1) The increase tendency of China's total grain production is very obvious; (2) The average increase ratio of China's total grain production is nearly 3%; (3) The trend of China's total grain production increase ratio is reducing. Third, the temporal variation mechanism of China's total grain production is researched by using relative analyses method and gray interrelation analyses method. The analyses result is that the first direct driving force of China's total grain production development is grain crop yield, and the second is grain crop sown area. Finally, the tendency of China's grain production development is studied and predicted by comprehensive dynamic prediction method and equal dimensional GM(1,1) dynamic prediction method. Three prediction schemes are obtained by each prediction method, and the final prediction result is that China's total grain production will be more than 500 million ton by the year 2000.
  • Ban Wuqi
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    The research on the rise and fall of the ancient civilization and it's geographical environmental transition has captured the interests of the author. Some issues of the environmental situation, the research work at present, forces driving environmental change and societal responses have been summrized in this paper. At the same time, social and economic factors should be fully considered in the research on the rise and fall of ancient civilization and it's geographical environmental transition which needs analyzing together with regional sustainable development and global change.It is confirmed by historians that the Indus Valley civilization which originated from 3000 B.C, declined suddenly after thonsands years flourishing.This paper inquires into the environmental transition concerned with the rise and fall of the Indus Valley civilization. The preliminary conclusion are: first, the tropical forest in the India river basin not only is the breeding of the ancient agriculture,but also is the natural base for the birth and development of the class society; second, the destruction of the original forest by fire and cutting destroyed the well ecological balance,and resulted in desertification which led the ancient civilization to the edge of decline; third, the invasion of Aryan, and later the wind and sand buried completely the ancient civilization in India River valley.
  • Zhong Wei, Li Jijun, Fang Xiaomin, Zhu Jiunjie, Cao Jixiu
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    The Cenozoic sediment in Linxia Basin, which locates at the northeastern fringe of Tibet plateau bears abundant informations on the plateau's uplift and paleoclimate. The paleoclimatic sequence revealed by geochemical elements (oxides) since about 30MaB.P. basically coincides with that revealed by spore-pollen combinations, i.e., during most of the Teritary, although climate alternated by warm-moist and cold-dry, it generally represented a relative stable regiem. After stepping into the Pliocene, climatic unstablity increased clearly, alternated drastically and frequently by the periodes of cold-dry and warm-moist. Untill in the early Quaternary, a cold-wet regiem appeared. This process perhaps reflects to a certain degree a dynamic process which the Asia monsoon displayed unobviously before the pliocene, began to establish in Pliocene, and established in the early Quaternary. Fluctuatins of geochemical contents are of profound tectonic-climatic background, the periods in which geochemical contents fluctuated violently correspond to the active tectonic periods, and the climate turned to be cold. Spectrum analyses of the high resolution CaCO3 curve show that during 30 Ma~1-67 Ma, climate was mainly controlled by 21ka and 41ka cycles; but during 1-67 Ma~0-73 Ma, the quasi~100 ka cycle appeared, and got more and more obvious; till after 0.73MaB.P., the 100 ka cycle became predominant. The loess record in our country has also revealed the similar result, and showed that the climate was modified greatly since the Tertiary, which maybe closely related to the pulsating uplifts of the Tibet plateau.
  • Luo Jinfa, Xia Zenglu, Meng Weiqi
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    According to the study on nine types of soils, including brown soils, for subtypes of cinnamon soils and other non-zonal soils, this paper discusses the existence state and the differentiation characters of heavy medal Cd, Pb and Cu. It also discusses the relationship between soil properties, such as pH and organic matter, and regional differentiation of heavy medal state. Therefore, this paper shows the law of regional differentiation of heavy medals in the soils in the south and north direction and east and west direction.
  • Zhang Liping, Ma Zhizheng
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    According to the geographical cycle theory, drainage landform evolution process is divied into three periods—young, mature and old period. In defferent evolution periods, the relation between gully density and cutting depth is various. However, it is sure that landforms are the most tattered and gully density reaches the maximum in the later young—early mature period. By presuming that the drainage landform is evoluted into hills in the period, the maths equation of the theoretical maximum of gully density was established, which is D=ctgθhh0maxdh/(hctga+c)2 (1) where:D: gully density;θ: slope;h: cutting depth;c: gully bed average width;h0: cutting depth minimum;hmax: cutting depth maximum On the above presuming base, the maths function on relation between gully density and cutting depth were established for the defferent development periods. The maths function shows that:①in the early young period, the gully density and cutting depth increase at the same time; ②in the later young—early mature preiod, gully density reaches the maximum and it decreases as cutting depth imcreases; ③ in the later mature—old preiod, gully density decreases as cutting depth decreases. Two example calculations demonstrate that the maths equation of the theoretical maximum of gully density may be used in practice. It can infer drainage landform evolution period and predict soil erosion developing tendency. It supplements quantitative anslysis on landforms shape elements with drainage landform evolution in defferent periods.
  • Zhang Yaoguang
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    According to each coastal island's sea area, nature condition and resource situation, development level and features of national economy, teritiary industrial constitute of national economy and principles in dividing marine economic region, the frame of coastal-island economic region in China is divided on the base of dividing economic type (or typological region) of these twelve coastal-island counties in CHina. The coastal island counties in the north of China are the main objects of study. The northern coastal economic region and its division system are set up, including two second-class economic regions: Changshan Archipelagoes and Miaodao Archipelagoes. Under them, five sub-economic zones are divided (Fig.3). The characters of each small economic zone are shown in Tab.1. In the study on the development tendency of coastal-islands, natural resource and industrial system are involved, and the analytical hierarchy diagram of its development tendency is drawn up. Finally, the development tendency of the economic regions of coastal-island counties in north-china and its counter measures are put forward.
  • Zhang Yifeng
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    The ancient Yellow River once took over the course of the Huaih River in the historic period. It forms a closed dune by the sediment from the ancient Yellow River.The region of the ancient Yellow River is a developing area with temperate climate, sandy soil, sufficient sunshine, dense population and limited water resource.As a potential agricultural area, the ancient course of Yellow River has satisfactory conditions for green foods production. Sufficent use of land resources and labour force is the fundament need for the economical development in this region.
  • Zhang Zhenke, Wu Ruijin, Wang Sumin
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    On the basis of discissing the environmental significance of magnetic susceptibility of lake sediment, the historical environmental variations have been studied from Daihai DH32 Core with the analysis of granulomtry, sporo-pollen, historical data and diatom determination. It is believed that during the historical periods the higher value of magnetic frequency dependent susceptibility in lake sediments coincided with the wet climate, and the lower value related with the dry climate. The climate change in the past 300 years implicated by magnetic frequency dependent susceptibility from DH32 Core can be divided into seven periods which mostly coresponded with the analysis of granulomtry, sporo-pollen, historical data and diatom determination. The magnetic frequency dependent susceptibility of lacustrine sediment is one of the main environmental indexes for reconstructing historical environmental variations.
  • Liu Yan
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    Drug-market of Anguo Town was originated in Song Dynasty. It had developed for more than 1000 years, and had never faded away at all. Why could it be developed all-along? There is much experience that can be made use of.This paper takes Drug-industry of Anguo Town as an example to analyze the reason for its development with reference to regional economy and culture.Anguo Town lies at the piedmont plain of the Taihang Mountains. Here the open land abounds with water resources, and the local soil and water conditions are favorable-for crude drug growth. This is why many good varieties of drugs were-first named "Qi" (Angou's old name ) in China. According to statistics, there are-more than 300 species of drugs, and the area for drugs is extensive, being about 20% of the total land area of the town. Drug-market was prosperous owing to the convenient water and land transportation.The temple setting up for a drug-god attracts numerous businessmen all over the country. The extensive drug trade has promoted. So "the temple" has become a center-place for exchanging drugs. Space attraction from "temple of drug-god" brings businessmen together, reduces exchange-cost due to shortening of distance from one place to another.The effects of the three machinisms of Exchange-cost, Network-management and Economic intergrowth, are reflected in the following aspects: 1) to cut down the exchange-cost by reducing relating layers; 2) to offer simple financial ways; and 3) to bring credit and professional personnel which is essential for market operations.Drugs' culture was exhibited by it's handicrafts. A famous saying-goes "there aren't flavor of a drug until it is sold at Qi" in China. Many drugs become even more effective after being technically processed in Anguo Town.In a word, space attraction from the Temple becomes a dependence of drug businessmen in the process of moving towards concentration; complete and orderly layer of exchange-network pledges normal operation of transactions; perfect financial system enables the benign circulation of drug market; credit and human-circumstances serve-as a huge umbrella to guarantee fastest and most reliable source of information; and as a kind of historical culture, it is easier to turn traditional crafts-into a one with distinct features in the process of regional and industrial development.
  • Li Xiubin, Peng Yexuan, Jiang Chen, Li Shuncai
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    The construction of the Three Gorge Dam on the Yangzte River will put more pressure on the slopelands in the surrounding area. Sustainability of these lands depends on the successful control of soil and water erosion.A site experiment of the contour hedgerow technology in harnessing erosion and enhancing soil fertility has being carried out in the area since 1993.The initial results of the experiment show that the technology can decrease and slow down surface runoff greatly, reduce soil erosion enormously, and provide a large amount of green manure.Among the 12 species selected for the experiment, Leucaena leucacephala, Coriaria sinica, Vitex negundo, Hemerocallis citrina, Vetiveria zizanioides are well adaptable to the local environment and can be used as hedgerow plants.The first three species can be used as green manure plants.The everage biomass cut from the hedgerows of these plants each year amount to 24 000 kg/ha, 8 400 kg/ha and 31 500 kg/ha respectively.A simulated rainfall test shows that vitex hedgerow can decrease runoff by 70% and sediment over 99%.
  • Zhang Xingquan, Ouyang Zhu, Cheng Weixin, Liu Enmin, Pang Chunhao
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    Beiqiu Lowland is in a semi-closed area with shallow and saline ground water. Some integrated techniques were introduced to reclaim the area, including transferring water from the outside of the area, irrigation, drainage and conservation with uncovered canals. Therefore, the level of ground water does not go down but the results of reclamation are obvious. The analysis of this phenomenon indicates that irrigation and conservation with uncovered canals ensure the field irrigation and the leaching of salt in the dry season; the cover of crops not only improves the environments of near surface evaporation and salt rising from soil but also effectively controls salt accumulation in root-zone.
  • Hu Shixiong, Jin Changxing
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    On the basis of reviewing the history and present situation of the study on overland flow and hillslope processes, the author summarized the recent development in following fields—the forming mechanism, hydraulic features and models of overland flow, the processes and models of hillslope evolution. It shows that, with theories and methods of geomorphology, hydrology, hydraulics and sediment movement mechanism, to study the erosion dynamic processes and its critical conditions is one of the current frontiers of overland flow and hillslope processes. Finally, the problems and futures of the researches in these fields were put forward.In Addition, some new ideas about the hydrological factors of the overland flow and the formation mechanism of small erosion holes on the slope were also given in this paper. It shows that critical Flow Reynolds Number (Re) and Energy Per Unit Section (Es) can be main critical hydraulic parameters to determine whether rill flow appears; the critical Flow Kinetic Energy (Ev) and Critical Shear Stress(τc) can be secondary parameters; the critical Froude Number (Fr)≥1 can be one of the essential conditions for the rill flow generation. It is also found that all of the flow potential energy are transformed into the kinetic energy. And water flow is so thin that rainsplash becomes very severe in the joint between trough of rolling wave and slope surface, where the small erosion holes appear firstly.