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  • 1997 Volume 16 Issue 4
    Published: 15 December 1997
      
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  • INTEGRATED RESEARCH OF GEOGRAPHY AND LAND SYSTEM SCIENCE
    Yang Qinye
    1997, 16(4): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040001
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    According to the thoughts of Prof. Huang Bingwei, "Geography will loss the base for its existence without integrated geographic research", and "integrated research is a main developing trend of physical geography, and a most effective approach to run departments of physical geography", integrated geographic research includes modern precesses and historical formation which are related and supplement each other. Therefore, Prof. Huang Bingwei poited out three fields of physico-geographic research in 1960's. In fact, it is an integration of geography on the layer of physical environment. Recently, his proposed research of Land System Science and Regional Sustainable Development Strategies-keeps on and develops integrated geographic research which he holds for a long time. He stresses the importance of integrated research and thinks that only interdisplinary research means integrated research. In order to coordinate man-land relationship, it is not enough if natural sciences are taken into account only, and both integrating socio-economic sciences and integrating natural sciences and human studies are required.
  • A STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL PASSENGER TRIPSBETWEEN BEIJING/SHANGHAI AND HONG KONG
    Jin Fengjun, Anthony Gar-on Yeh, Ye Shunzan, Zhang Wenchang, Qian Zhihong
    1997, 16(4): 7-14. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040002
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    It is very important for rational and economical transportation organization to know the decisions of citizens in transport mode choice. Hong Kong had returned to China. It is an inexorable trend that there are more inland citizens hope to visit Hong Kong in the future, while many inland citizens have visited Hong Kong in the past two decades. The passenger flow between Chinese other regions and Hong Kong, for instance, was 8.46 million people in 1980, but it increased to more than 50 million people in 1995. Our contribution in this paper is divided into three parts. First, we surveyed almost 2500 passengers by random sampling in Beijing Capital Airport, Beijing Train Station, Shanghai Hongqiao Airport, Shanghai Train Station, Guangzhou Baiyun Airport, Guangzhou Train Station. According to the statistical analysis,the results indicated that most passengers, more than three-fourth, hoped to visit Hong Kong in future. If their dreams of visiting Hong Kong could come true in future, the best transport model they would choose is by air, second transport mode is by train. The percentages are 55% and 45% respectively. Especially, direct air transport mode, direct train transport mode and direct air to Shenzhen then to Hong Kong are pleasant trip choices in transport mode choices. Secondly, the influence of key factors in transport mode choice was discussed. The results showed that income level, professions, transport costs are important influential factors in transport mode choice. The professionals of white-collar class, for example, like to travel by air in transport mode choice, and think it is important to save time during traveling. According to statistical analysis, over 50% (51.8%~68.2%) of people who works in offices like to travel by air. But workers of blue-collar class chose mostly train transport mode, the percentage is over 60%. Thirdly, the results indicated that the number of potential passengers between Hong Kong and Chinese other regions is very large. According to the forecasting analysis, the potential train passenger traffic volume between Beijing and Hong Kong in short-term period is about 400000 people, and the train passenger traffic volume between Shanghai and Hong Kong in short-term period is about 300000 people.
  • NEOTECTONIC STRESE FIELD AND ITS EFFECTS ONTHE DOMINANT SLIDING DIRECTION OF LANDSLIDES IN THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR REGION
    Chen Hongkai, Tang Hongmei, Ai Nanshan
    1997, 16(4): 15-22. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040003
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    Neoteconic stress field (NSF), as one geologic agent, plays an important role in zonal slope stability analysis and soil erosion researches. NSF in the Three Gorges reservoir is presented by the Scheidegger method, one of geomorphologic method to identify NSF, in this paper. Principal compressive NSF go in the directions of NE52.1°, NE12.5°and NE45°respectively in the Chongqing area, the reservoir of east Sichuan and the Three Gorges area in the reservoir region, which control obviously the sliding directions of landslides along the banks of the reservoir. Sliding directions of landslides principally tally with the shear belt (Max1) of the NSF region of the reservoir, which is NE52.1° Then we discover that the dominant slide direction of landslides in the area tallies with the shear zone of NSF. Due to the acute angle between the principal compressive stress of the NSF and the Yangtze River valley is about 55°, tectonic stress OT- mainly plays roles of O3- of the reservoir slope, which can trigger landslides easily.
  • HOLOCENE DEPOSITS AND PALEO-FLOODS ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE YANGTZE RIVER, NANJING AREA
    Zhu Cheng, Yu Shiyong, Shi Wei, Dai Dongsheng, Zhao Ningxi
    1997, 16(4): 23-30. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040004
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    Field investigations and analyses of sediments, buried paleo-trees, gagatite, sporopollen, granularity, quartz-sand surface feature, oxide and chronology found a natural profile with pluvial characteristics during the Late-boreal phase to Subboreal phase (8 200±126 aBP, 7 822±250 aBP~7 670±160 aBP, 7 562±90 aBP, 4 085±95 aBP~4 090±100 aBP and 3 730±90 aBP). The sporopollen with more thermophilous coniferous-broad plant communities in the profile illustrates that the humid-hot climate should be a major climate during the period from 8 200±126 aBP to 3730±90 aBP. A large number of agatite, buried paleo-trees and sand-gravel with pluvial feature between the third layer and the ninth layer indicate that the period has experienced many times flood environments with megathermal pluvial climate. The investigation shows that the profile is situated in the second terrace on the north bank of the Yangtze River, its pluvial layer should be formed by the Yangtze River swinging and depositing during the paleo-flood period. In addition, the grey-yellow loess layer with thickness of 0.53m in the upper of the profile should be formed by dust transporting and accumulation during the cold period (3000 aBP~2850 aBP) of Subboreal phase by the analyses.
  • DEVELOPMENT IN THE QUALITY CRITERIA OFLEAD AND CADMIUM FOR THREE TYPES OF SOIL
    Dong Shuangshuang, Chen Jingsheng
    1997, 16(4): 31-38. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040005
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    At present, a major problem in site remediation is frequently the lack of appropriate standards for chemicals in soils. While there are a few standards of organic and inorganic materials for exposure routes in waste treatment such as direct ingestion of soil, no standards are applicable to prediction of groundwater contaminated by metals. In this research, the "Equilibrium Partitioning" method is applied to study the adsorption capacity of trace elements (lead and cadmium) to the unsaturated zone in Beijing and Tangshan City. The partition coefficients (Kd) for lead and cadmium are computed from the percentage of metal absorbed Kd=(fraction absorbed)/(1-fraction absorbed)×100, and the maximum levels of metals in soil, for which the equilibrium soluble metals do not exceed the drinking water standard, are calculated from Kd (Cs=Kd×Cw, Cs:the maximum concentration, Cw:drinking water standard). The conclusions are as follows:1. The percentage of lead or cadmium absorbed obviously depends on pH values. The curve, which is S-shaped, can be fitted with the following function:F(x)=a×ebx/(1+a×ebx);2. The shapes of the logarithmic maximum metal permissible values in soil depending on pH values are linear, and the maximum metal permissible values in soil at certain pH values can be calculated with the regression formulas;3. Different soils have different "maximum metal permissible values" (criteria), to which the soils' physical and chemical properties are decisive factors;4. Given the same conditions, lead has higher concentration without causing an exceedence of the drinking water standard than cadmium.
  • ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE LAST 150 YEARSIN BAKEYAO, SOUTHEASTERN HORQIN SANDLAND,NORTHEAST CHINA
    Ren Guoyu, Xiao Ping
    1997, 16(4): 39-46. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040006
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    Desertification in North and Northeast China has become a commonly concerned problem among environmental scientists. The desertification in the Maowushu and Horqin Sandlands of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the most serious in the country. In order to investigate the past human impact on sand dune mobilization and land degradation, we collected two sediment cores in Bakeyao Lake, Southeastern Horqin Sandland, and analyzed the pollen and algae spore from one of them. The result shows that the little lake was formed in 1837, when the first migrates from Shandong and Hebei Provinces arrived in the study area for agriculture production. The original sand dune vegetation was greatly destroyed by the early settlers, and a series of little lakes were formed owing to the reduced plant evapotranspiration. The later changes of the lake and sand land system were controlled by the interaction among human activities, climates and the initial intervention. Since the early ninetieth, human activities have been the dominating factor in the sand land environmental changes. The feedback process within the sand land system may have been of importance.
  • A STUDY ON THE TIME-SPACE DISTRIBUTION FEATURES AND UTILITY INTENSITY OF THE TEBC RESOURCE OF MT. TAI
    Cui Fengjun, Yang Yongshen
    1997, 16(4): 47-55. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040007
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    The authors hold that TEBC-tourist environmental bearing capacity,is a special resource of scarcity which asides by specific laws of distribution and the human should utilize the resource reasonably-but, "overbering" is harmful for the development and protection of the resource;"hyperbearing" means waste and letting idle of the resource. "Tourist capacity" is defined by the author as an inner index of TEBC, it is mainly determined by the tourism activities and contents. Besides this index, two other indexs are involved in the determination of TEBC, that is, economic capacity and psychological capaciy of local people, and accordingly, the authors design the evaluation method by means of mathematics model. On the basis the above method,the authors made quantitative analysis on the TEBC of Mt. Tai and as a result, concluded that the amount of daily TEBC for Mt. Tai is 16 600 people and the annual amount is 4 300 000. And also from the view of time and space, the authors analyse the principles of changing of TEBC resources, and with the statistics in hand, the authors also analyse the utility intensity and developmental potentiality of the main scenic regions of Mt. Tai in different time and space. And finally, directing against the utilization condition of TEBC of Mt. Tai, the authors put forward space-time regulation measurements.
  • APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING FOR MONITORING AND ANALYSIS OF URBAN EXPANSION A CASE STUDY OF DONGGUAN
    Li Xia, Anthony Gar-on Yeh
    1997, 16(4): 56-62. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040008
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    The current fast economic growth is accompanied with rapid urban expansion and great loss of agricultural land in the Pearl River Delta. The lack of information and technology hinders planners and local officers to achieve sustainable development. This paper tries to demonstrate the potential of the integration of remote sensing and GIS for monitoring and analysing of land development in the Pearl River Delta. It is found that wasteful use of land resource exists with ‘blind' development patterns. The fast diffusion of urban areas has caused loss of large amount of agricultural land. Based on GIS analysis, some protection measures can be formulated to curb the tendency of swallowing agricultural land for urban development. The area of urban use rapidly increased from 16234.6 ha to 41087.9 ha. in 1988~1993 in the study area, Dongguan. This means that 10.4% of the total land area was converted to urban use just within this short period. Moreover, most of the conversion only occurred in 1990~1993. It is found that the land loss in Dongguan in 1988~1993 mainly took place within a few kilometers nearby urban (town) centres or roads. Actually, 90 percent of the total land loss occurred within an average distance of 1.38 km from roads and 5.63 km from urban (town) centres. The result is not very surprising given that the proximity is a very important factor for land development. It is very clear that the city proper is under a quick expansion of its urban areas in recent years. A transition period with more land loss occurring in a further distance exists because of the diffusion process. It is interesting to see that there is a strong contrast between the diffusion in 1988~1990 and that in 1990~1993. The diffusion of the urban areas was limited in 1988~1990 while the diffusion was astonishingly strong in 1990~1993. It is because a large amount of agricultural land has been encroached for the development of real estate since 1992. However, the diffusion pattern is not identical as there is obvious variation for each town.
  • TREES AND LANDSCAPE OF THE HOUSE GARDENSIN A LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL QUARTER OFHUAQIAO XINCUN OF GUANGZHOU
    Guan Dongsheng, Qin Caofeng, Chen Yujuan, Xie Yifang
    1997, 16(4): 63-70. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040009
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    Many private trees have been planted in the house gardens of a low density residential quarter of Huaqiao Xincun of Guangzhou. The study deals with tree composition, structure, spacial pattern, and tree-habitat relationship. A survey was conducted in five main streets of the area. The 165 house gardens with 1409 trees were studied in detail. Some results were compared with those of a previous local street-tree survey. It is shown in study that:species diversity of trees was surprisingly high and tree composition was made up of 114 species. The ratios of local species and fruit trees in the house agrdens were much greater than those in local street tress. At present, most of trees are in range between 3m and 9m. However, potential high of 21 species is more than 20m. Most of trees were cared for and only 15.5% of trees was found in structural damage. In five streets only 4.2% of house gardens had no tree and more than 80% house gardens had 5 or more trees. The gardens had a relatively high species diversity and 45 species occurred as solitary specimen (one tree per garden). In house gardens with trees, 73% of house gardens had solitary specimen and 67.1% of house gardens had five or more species. Space distribution of trees by streets had a relative congregation pattern. The top 10 species of trees occurred in all survey streets and also had a great street aggregation index. This means that they cover most of the study area. Garden size was in important factor for treen growth. It was a key problem that tree density was too high and niches were limited. Trees and landscape in house gardens of Huaqiao Xncun are good examples for the low density residential quarters in other tropical and subtropical areas.
  • A CONTRAST ANALYSIS ON THE LOADS CHARACTER OFTHE CHANGJIANG RIVER AND THE YELLOW RIVER
    Wang Lachun, Chen Xiaoling, Chu Tongqing
    1997, 16(4): 71-79. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040010
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    According to the analysis of grain size, mineral compositions and materials corapped by quartz in the suspended and bed loads sampled from the Changjiang River and the Yellow River, this paper reveals the difference of load's compositions between the two rivers. In the Yellow River the sizes of suspended loads are coarser than the Changjiang River, but the bed loads are finer. Among the mineral compositions, the biotite content of the Yellow River's loads in much more than the Changjiang River's, and its monomorillonite content in the clay minerals is over one time more than the Changjiang River's. All this reflects the effects of material sources and the hydraulic conditions on loads characters. The analysis of materials corapped by quartz indicates the environmental difference of material sources between the two rivers. It provides a new method for marking off the loads sources.
  • A STUDY ON MARKET TOWNS DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE JINGJUI RALLWAY LINE
    Song Jinping
    1997, 16(4): 80-86. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040011
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    The development of market towns in China has important effect on nationwide development of urbannization and rural economy. Based on the findings from an on-the-spot investigation, this thesis makes a summary on the major problems existing as result of the development of market towns along Jingjiu Railway Line, proposes several model types of the development and discussed their respective functions. This thesis also explores the eventual effects on the development of market towns brought by the construction and utilization of Jingjiu Railway Line. As a conclusion from these analyses, the author offers 4 strategies for the development of market towns:a) Developing 4 regional town groups. b) Concentrating rural enterprises and enforcing market construction. c) Distributing and spreading reasonably. d) Property concentrating and focusing on development. Plausible suggestions are finally proposed about market towns development.
  • ON ADJUSTMENT OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTSTRATEGY IN THE BORDER PROVINCES ANDAUTONOMOUS REGIONS OF CHINA——TAKING XINJIANG, YUNNAN AND HEILONGJIANG AS EXAMPLES
    Jing Xueqing
    1997, 16(4): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040012
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    There are three theoretical patterns of regional development, namely growing point pattern, point and line pattern and net-developing pattern. On the basis of actual situations of the economic development of border provinces and autonomous regions of China, net-developing pattern can suit Liaoning Procince, growing point pattern can suit Xizang Autonomous Region, and point and line pattern will suit the other provinces and regions, including Jilin, HeilongJiang, Neimenggu, Gansu, Xingjiang, Yunnan and Guangxi. But there is a common defect in these patterns. All of them only pay attention to their inner advantages, and ignore outword development of regional economy. In fact, foreign trade is important for promoting economic development. Therefore it is necessary to adjust the strategy for the economic development of the border provinces and regions, and to increase their outward development. According to this analysis, we must reinforce border region's opening and developing of the border provinces and regions, and do well on constraction of the trafflic lines between the opening districts and the developed districts of the border provinces and regions. The paper plans and draws up the outward regional development strategies for three of six important border provinces and regions, namely, Xinjiang Yunnan and Heilongjiang.
  • THE THREE DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERS OF MOUNTAI-NOUS CLIMATE AND THE ZONES DIVIDING MODEL OF AGRICULTURE-FOREST-ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
    Wang Ling
    1997, 16(4): 96-103. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040013
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    By taking the mountainous region of North China as an examplein, this paper established a zones dividing model of agriculture-forest-animal husbandry. The steps are as follows:First, the calculating equations of annual mean temperature and annual rainfall amount were established. The calculation results indicate that when the height increases by 100 m, the temperature will decrease by 0.59℃~0.70℃ and the rainfall will increase by 20 mm~120 mm, respectively. Second, accordiny to above the caculation results, the vertical distribution of Natural Vegetation Net Primary Productivity (NPP) was calculated, the results indicate that the distribution of NPP with height presents a parabolic curve. The maxmum value of NPP i.e. NPP(max) appeared at the middle-lower mountain slope and the height of NPP(max) rises when drought increases. Third, on the basis of biology, the zones dividing indexes were determined by single factor (temperature) and synthetical factors including cumulative temperature (∑≥10℃), annual rainfall amount (R), frost-free season (N), drought index (K) and annual mean temperature (T). Finally, on the basis of above results, the zones dividing model was determined for mountionous regions of North China. In general, the model divides 3~4 zones:No.1~No.2 zones are agriculture-grain crops zones and No.3~No.4 are economic forests and commercial forests zone. The policy should be to sustain the development in the lower zones, to protect the upper zones, and to develop the middle zones.
  • ON THE PATTERN OF DESERTIFICATION——A CASE STUDY OF SAHEL ZONE, WEST AFRICA
    Ding Dengshan
    1997, 16(4): 104-109. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1997040014
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    Desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world and one of the global major problems established by the United Nations. And the matter of desertification pattern is one of the most important aspects in the study of desertification, because it has close relation to the understanding of the essence of desertification and the prevention of desertification. First of all, a new definition of the concept "desertification" is given in the paper. Then three questions are discussed or analysed. First, the situation of the desertification in Sahel is introduced, and a popular viewpoint about the desertification pattern is mentioned and discussed. According to the viewpoint it seems that the desertification is the result of advancing or creeping southwards of the Sahara north of Sahel. It is not correct and doesn't tally with the actual situation. Second, four mechanisms of the desertification in Sahel are put forward, and they are overgrazing, overcultivation, firing and overgathering of firewood. Third, based on the analysis of the four mechanisms mentioned above it is pointed out that the desertification is produced from the Sahel zone itself, basically not from the outside. Obviously, the results of the processes or mechanisms of desertification are the same, that is the formations of deserfication land patches. Ususally serious overgrazing will produce bare land patches in different sizes because it often take place around wells or other water source points and some pasturelands with good grass. Unsuitable cultivation always happens in some places with rich soil and moisture, leading to the formation of bare desertification land patches. Other desertification mechanisms have the same results. With the passage of time these desertification land patches in Sahel gradually increase and enlarge, finally merge together, and join the Sahara, and it looks as if the Sahara advanced southward. In fact the Sahara doesn't move on. Someone with that viewpoint considers that a greenbelt (shelter forests) should be built along the edge of the north part of Sahel to prevent desertification in it. As mentiond above the desertification take place in the zone itself, the greenbelt measure will not reach the goal.