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  • 1997 Volume 16 Issue 3
    Published: 15 September 1997
      

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  • V. F. S. Sit, W. D. Liu
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    Restructuring and internationalization have been two major characteristics of the development of Chinese automobile industry after China's open-door policy of 1978.The authors firstly analyze the industry's features shaped by restructuring in the last two decades in terms of corporate structure, production capacity and structure, scale economy, and spatial organization.They then examine its degree of internationalization and position in the world automobile industry with reference to foreign investments and technology transfers.Finally they outline the problems encountered by the Chinese automobile industry.China's first auto assembly plant was imported from the former USSR in 1953.However.the government closed its door to technology import in the 1960s and early 1970s.During these two decades, the automobile assembly plants proliferated disorderly because of the high production profit resulted from the shortage of automobile supply.This led to an over-diffused spatial pattern of the industry.China readopted technology import policy after 1978, and utilized actively technological transfers from developed countries.Now most of China's automobile production technologies are transferred from big automobile countries such as Japan, US, German and France, and almost all its car producers are joint-ventures.However, the Chinese government limits the foreign equity in assembly and engine joint-ventures to not more than 50%.The take-overs by and transplants of MNCs do not seem possible in the near future.At the same time, China began to restructure the industry in order to achieve economies of scale.The corporate structure of the industry is now being shaped towards dominance by state and province owned corporation groups.More and more small and medium factories are being taken over by, merging with or making alliance with these corporation groups.Yet, the improvement of economies of scale is far from satisfactory.The over-diffused locational pattern has not changed much either.Small passenger car (sedan) is still a minor part of automobile production in China, accounting for only 22.4 percent of total output in 1995.As the government is cautious in encouraging private cars, the car percentage will not increase quickly as has been expected by the Ministry of Machinery Building, i.e.to reach 50 percent of the total auto production by the year of 2000.ln short, the Chinese automobile industry in the last decade has increased volume of production, but not overall efficiency, quality and economy.This is because there is neither market force nor the former strong planning drive behind it.lt is now in a critical growth period confronted both by pressures from MNCs, entry and competition, and by the still irrational corporate structure and an over-diffused location pattern.
  • Mao Hanying
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    Sustainable development, one of the basic national policies of China, will direct the great scale of exploitation of Northwest China (NC) in the coming 20-30 years.lmportant problems that influence sustainable development of NC in the acrossing century were analysised thoroughly in the paper.Countermeasures were put forward.They are followign: (1) Current opportunity that will speed up regional economic development should be taken to narrow disparity between NC and coastal area.For this purpose, some countermeasures were suggested.(2) Based on its low level of regional industrial structures, obvious duality structure, unbalanced proportion between light and heavy industries, slow development of town and township enterprises, NC should expand exploitation scale of superior resources, and should depend on scientific and technic progress to strenghen processing ability of energy and raw materials, to extend industrial chain and raise additional value of resources and related degree within industries.(3) lnfrastructure construction should be fastened and developed in advance, especially in railway construction, highway construction, energy supply and communication construction.lnvestment environment should be improved.Special attention should be paid to soft investment environment.(4) According to NC's situation, it is better to select pointaxis developmental model to develop NC.lmportant developmental areas should be Guanzhong Area around Xi'an, Upper Reaches Area of the Yellow River around Lanzhou, North Foot Area of the Tianshan Mountains around Wulumuqi, Hexi Corridor and Chaidamu Basin.(5) lnadeqate water resources and weak ecological environment are limiting factors for NC's sustainable development; therefore, rational water utilization, ecological environment protection and administer should be taken serionusly.
  • Ma Yaofen
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    Based on analyzing the cartographic communication theory and the symbol dimensions, the paper advanced from the symbolic constitution elements, such as position, form, hue, size, texture, direction and notation to map design.The designing models of symbolic constitution elements are some methods, such as selection, coverture, cooperation, strengthening, weakening, extension and condesing.The process of designing symbolic constitution elements for thematic mapping is presented.The design of symbolic constitution elements is to express thematic factors, and it has a very important theoretical and practical significance to promote the development of computer-assisted cartography and GIS and to increase designing level of thematic mapping.
  • Jiao Huafu
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    After the economic reform and open-door, the quantity of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China increased very quickly.FDI has become a more important factor to promote the economic growth.Most of FDI spreaded in the coastal belt of the east China, which caused the different economics growth rate in different areas, the goverment has paid more attention to the problem.ln the paper, the qualitative and quantitative research methods were both used.First, the author analysed the condition and characteristics of the distribution of FDI.Secondly, the dynamic development process of regional distribution of FDI was reviewed.Thirdly, according to the above-mentioned conclusions of research, the author put forword measures to improve the regional structure of FDI.
  • Pang Bingdong
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    The reservoir of the river with high concentration has influences on fluvial process.There were seven natural cut-offs occurred in the lower Wei River from 196l to 1975.After the reconstruction of the Sanmenxia Project the natural cut-offs in the lower Wei River did not occur from 1976 to 1996.By the analyses of the field observed data it is found that the above-mentioned phenomenon is caused by the following factors, (1) The bed elevation of Tongguan serves as a local base level to the lower Wei river.The natural cut-offs occurred after a rise of the bed elevation of Tongguan.2) After the construction of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, the river slope of the lower Wei River became gentle.meanwhile the bend coefficient was getting large.After the reconstruction of the Sanmenxia Project, the river slope became steeper, the bend coefficient became small.3) After the construction of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, the bed material of the new.flood-plain became loose, incoherent and easy to be eroded.The natural cut-offs occurred with small ratio of cut-off.The mean ratio of cut-offs was 3.42.(4) After the construction of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, the discharge capacity at the bankfull stage was reduced.The probability of flow over its flood-plain became high.lt provided more chance for the flood inundate its flood-plain.(5) When the kinetic 1ine of over-bank flood with hyperconcentration coincides with the ditch, the ditch may more probably develop into a new main channel and the natural cut-offs Complete finally.After the reconstruction of the Sanmenxia Project, the main channel of the lower Wei River was eroded in depth and widened in width.The discharge capacity at the bankfull stage was recovered and increased.Meanwhile, due to the bed of the river was degraded deeply into old river.bed level, the materials of the river bank consist of two parts.The lower part consists of coherent fine particle sediment;the upper part consists of incoherent coarse particle sediment, so the collapses of the river concave bank slow down.Since the rainfall was rare, from 1976 to 1990, just one flood was over the flood-plain in 1981, and the duration of the flood was short.Therefore, after the reconstruction.of the Sanmenxia Project, the lower Wei River lost the abovementioned essential condition for natural cut-offs.
  • Xu Xueren, Wan Qing
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    Estimation of settlement loss is an important part of flood loss estimation, but it is hard to promptly estimate the loss of settlements caused by flood loss.ln this paper, the factors which influence spatial distribution of settlement are discussed firstly.The main factors influencing the distribution of settlements are natural environment, production environment and social and cultural environment.ln floodplains, the factors affecting distribution are topography and farming and transportation conditions.Then spatial distribution of rural settlement in floodplains are analyzed and studied.Using geographic information system (GIS), the author made a quantitative study on the spatial distribution of settlement in different elevation zone.The data about the location and area of any settlement were collected from the 1:10 000 topographic map, which could be statistically analyzed.At first, based on the linear relationship between population and settlement area, the population of villages could be estimated based on its area.Secondly, the grade of the village was determined by the population size.At last, using regional DEM, elevation zones, and settlement grades, the number of settlement in different grades in each elevation zone could be obtained from an overlay operation in GIS, and two indices could be obtainted, which are spatial distribution density of rural settlement and spatial distribution density of population, to describe the relationship between rural settlement distribution and elevation zone.Finally the application of the study to flood damage assessment was discussed.lt was tested in Funan county and Yinshang county in the middle Huaihe valley, and we can draw a conclusion that the spatial distribution density of settlement and that of population can describe the features of settlement distribution and can be used to estimate population distribution in a region.It can satisfy th needs of a prompt Flood Loss Estimation.
  • Xu Yong, Guo Laixi, Liu Shenghe
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    The lower reaches of the Lancang River basin is located in the southwest China, bounded by upper Laos and Burma, and includes the Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous Prefecture, Simao Prefecture and Lingcang Prefecture in Yunnan Province.In this location the mountainous environment is abundant in water, tour, mineral and biological resources, but the economy have been rather primitive.In recent years, the government of China takes its development seriously along with the rise of international new development and study on the Lancang-Mekong river.The development planning of the Lower reaches of the Lancang river basin was placed on the priority programme for China's Agenda 21 in 1993.And in 1994, the government of China established the national coordinaion group which coordinates international affairs of the target region to cooperate with Laos, Burma, Thailand and Viet Nam in study and development planning.We think that transportation is the basic industry and the heart to promote the development of the Lower reaches of the Lancang river basin.Therefore, this paper includes some sections BS follows.Firstly, the paper demonstrates the necessity of enhancing water and land transportation construction of the Lower reaches of the Lancang river basin, and analyses the present situations and existing problems of transportation development in the target region.Secondly, the paper forecasts the inernational economic freight volume and goods structure between Yunnan Province of China and the countries of the southeast Asia, and estimates the tourist number to the Xishuangbanna in 2000.Thirdly, the paper demonstrates that the Lower reaches of the Lancang river basin is the strategic passageway of economic cooperation and international trade between the southwest China and the southeast Asia.The transport development includes dredging waterways of the Lancang Mekong river, building the new railroad of Xiangyun-Simao-Jinghong-Mohan, remaking 8 improtant roads, opening up domestic air(4 lines) and international air (5 lines).Lastly, the paper advances and discusses some proposals of accelerating transport system construction of the target region.
  • Liu Weiguo, Lü Minglun
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    The aim of environment gradient analysis is to explain the inter spatial relationships of each kind of environment factors.Although so many methods have been used for the analysis, the shortages of the traditional research, heavy work amount and operation miscellaneous, have not been overcome.On the base of the geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing technology, a new method and flow-line of environment gradient analysis are set up in this paper.The advantage of the new method lies in simple operation and time-saving.With the remote sensing image processing software, the TM image of the research area was processed, classified, and the vegetation distribution map was produced quickly.The GIS also provides powerful spatial analysis ability such as overlay for multiple thematic maps integration analysis.In this paper, four environment factors, elevation, precipitation, soil and temperature, were selected and their thematic maps were overlaid with vegetation distribution map to analyze the relationships between vegetation distribution and them.In order to benefit statistics, the value of each environment factor was transformed into several gradients under certain condition respectively.On the unit of gradient of each environment factor, the distribution amount of each kind of vegetation is counted up by overlaying the vegetation distribution map and the distribution maps of other physical environment factors.The results show that the distribution of each kind of vegetation related to the environment factors concerned is approximately normal and the peak value of each normal is the best representative of the kind of vegetation.Thus, the vector expression with the normal distribution peak value of each factor can be used to describe the relationship between the environment factors and each kind of vegetation.And, the model of the differentiation of vegetation.community spatial distribution conformed to the environment gradient was built.Four thematic maps of selected environment factors were overlaid together to reclassify the vegetation distribution map depending on the above model and minimum distance classification method.The method was tested in the case study of Helan Mountain, and the results are satisfactory.
  • Wang Xuejun
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    Spatial analysis and GIS are both useful tools for spatial information analysis.Under the supporting of computer, remote sensing and other techniques, they have been widely used in the study of social, economic and natural phenomena.The combination of them can offer users with very useful tools in dealing with spatial data.On the one hand, the combination of them can widen the spatial analysis function of GIS, obtaining more useful information from original data.On the other hand, spatial analysis can get strong support from GIS since they are both dealing with spatial data.However, the combination of these two techniques is not quite popular in software market and application fields.More efforts should be made in finding ways to solving this problem.In this paper, the autho discussed the potential of the combination of spatial analysis and GIS, as well as the way of the combination.As pointed in this paper, spatial analysis can offers GIS with strong ability, like spatial structure analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, kriging analysis, spatial simulation, etc.At the same time, GIS can help in determining the sampling manner and obtaining large amount of data which are.needed in theoretical study of spatial analysis.GIS is also quite powerful in presenting the analytical results of spatial analysis.The combination of GIS and spatial analysis can be performed in two ways: The first is adding a data exchange interface between GIS and spatial analysis software.The second way is adding the spatial analysis module into GIS software packages.Considering the current situation of software market, the combination of these two techniques should be developed step by step.
  • Wang Xinyuan, Zhu Cheng
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    Mt. Huangshan is situated in the south part of Anhui province. Its center part-Guangming-top peak is located at E118°10' and N30°10'.The mountain,one of China's most celebrated mountains,is named world-class natural and cultural protection area by UNESCO in 1990.The major part of Mt. Huangshan is granite body fromed in the Yanshan Movement of the Mesozonic era. The fromation age of the granite body was 131.2~123.4MaBP.In geotectonic system,Mt. Huangshan located at the join part between North-China subplate and Sourth-China sub-plate. That made Mt. Huangshan to be affected by mufti-tectonic movements,and structed the mountain mufti-layer landforms. We divide three planation sufaces in Mt. Huangshan before Neogene,and four terraces n the region during Quaternary period.
  • Gao Jun
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    Shanghai, the largest city of China, is situated at the south bank of Yangtze Esture (30°42'-31°48'N, 120°52'-122°16'E).It covers an area of 6341 square kilometers.The annual average temperature and rainfall are 15.8℃ and 11 45.1mm respectively.There are 919 species of seed plants belonging to 134 families and 510 genera in Shanghai.According to the geographical distribution of spermatophytic genera, tyey may be divided into 15 types of geographical elements, which are mostly Pantropic (27.8%).Northe Temperate (21.6%) and East Asia (11.9%).The nature vegetation of Shanghai consists mainly of evergreen broadleaf forest.mixed broadleaf forest and wetland vegetation.The different types and the distribution pattern reflect the climate.characteristics of the transition area from middle subtropical to north subtropical and the trait of the natural environmemt of Shanghai, meanwhile, its current sitiuation also shows the change of the nature vegetation by human pressure.As the special ecosystem and a nature history heritage of Shanghai, forest vegetation is needed to be protected at Dajinshan Island and She Shan.The vegetation of Shanghai can be divided into two vegetation zones: the middle subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest and north subtropical mixed broadleaf forest.
  • Chen Changchun, Yang Youxiao
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    In this paper, seting in the reginal cooperation of Northeast Asia, and guiding with the.polariable theory of reginal development, the writor analyses the forming conditions of the development area of multinational econimic cooperation in Tumen River, and puts forward the external motive factors and internal potentiacities on which the emergence and development of the new-type transnational development area rely, providing the reference basis for the people who will invest in the area.
  • Chen Zhirong
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    The study of mankind as newest geosphere is a great theoretic subject in earth science.Anthroposphere (Human sphere) is a sphere of the earth with human being as the natural substance.It is a self-controllable open system which has incompletely closed circulation function and triple structure with culture predominating.At present anthroposphere is entering the new catastrophic period.The major reasons for our treating the anthroposphere as an independent earth sphere are as follows, (1) Human beings have already become a global integrity: (2) The anthroposphere is the product of the earth differentiation; (3) The strong interaction between the anthroposphere and the earth's natural world;(4) It has some features different form that of the biosphere; (5) It follows the same basic laws of the earth, s evolution as the earth system.The study of the anthroposphere has the following important significance.First it widens our knowledge of the earth system, and brings earth system science to the stage of modern earth system science which combines nature science and social science.Secondly it is advantagous to the study of the sources for global environmental deterioration and the basic conditions for the sustainable development from structural change of modern earth system.
  • Li Xiaojian
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    There are three main findings in the paper.(1) On the basis of the theories from the related disciplines and the research results in the topic, three levels are clarified for conducting a study concerning transnational corporations (TNCs) and regional development, impacts of TNCs on the host region, relationships between TNCs and all participants in the host area, and main factors determining the bargaining power of the two sides.(2) Three interaction systems, namely production chains, organizational structure, and the hierarchy of relations of ownership and possession, plus a regional system are used as background for theoretical analysis.Therefore, it is suggested that the power relations between transnational and the host regions be more comprehensively judged by positing them in the systems.(3) Regional impacts of TNCs on the host regions are characterised as extensiveness, gradation, regionalization, multi-sides, differentiation, and timeliness.The relationships between TNCs and the host regions are complementary, compertitive and evolutionary.The main factors determining the relationships are social political background,structures of TNCs and the host economies, and power positions of the two sides.