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  • 1996 Volume 15 Issue 4
    Published: 15 December 1996
      
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  • A GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY IN THE END OF 20th CENTURY──DEMONSTRATION ON THE YARLUNG ZANGBO RIVER VALLEY AS THE GRANDEST CANYON IN THE WORLD
    Yang Yichou, Gao Dengyi, Li Bosheng
    1996, 15(4): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040001
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    The low reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River,surrounding the highest peak of the east end of Himalaya Mountain Range, the Namjagbarwa Mountain (7 782m) and forming a mystic great curve as a shape of a horse hoof, cut deeply into the south-east slope of Tibet Plateau and form the grandest Canyon in the world with the length of 496.3km and the maximum depth of 5 382m.The discovery and demonstration of this grandest canyon is the greatest geographical discovery in the 20th Cent..The grand canyon is a geotectonic valley which was formed by adapting of the cracking geotectionic zone between two plates.This grand canyon also is the biggest passage of moisture from the south to the Tibet Plateau.The distinct physical environment and the landscape and rich natural resources are the common wealth of whole society.At present, there are some important objectives in th researches on the grand canyon.Systimatic research on the grand canyon in geoscience and biology should be launched for the developing, planning and continuous utilizing of the grand canyon.The best model and way for protecting and exploiting the grand canyon should be explored and established.And it should be researched to establish an integrated system for exploiting the grand canyon.And this system should contain following contents.Preserving the natural environment of the grand canyon should be an eternal theme, continuous utilizing of the natural resources should be an objective, and establishing the natural reservation should be an urgent issue at rpresent.
  • REVIEWS ON LAND SYSTEM SCINECE
    Yang Qinye, Zhen Du
    1996, 15(4): 10-15. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040002
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    At present,Professor Huang Bingwei, Honorary director of Institute of Geography, CAS,has pointed out that the young earth system science is the basis of strategies for sustainable development.The earth system consists of land, ocean and atmosphere together with the exchange of material and energy across their interfaces.Professor Huang has emphatically pointed out that territorial system is the centre of socio-economic development and the scene of most complicated natural conditions.It lags behind in earth system research.Geographers are urged to make up the deficits.With regard to sustainable development, the time span of researching territorial system is generally kept within 50 years or so, and "meta-synthesis" and combination of "Top down" with "Bottom up" will be used in the research.On the base of studing his series of scientific exposition, the objective and significance of research, the object and character about territorial system science, methodology of research, time span as well as the fondamental constitute have been expounded in this paper.
  • THE RESEARCH ABOUT AN INDICATOR SYSTEM OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SHANDONG PROVINCE
    Mao Hanying
    1996, 15(4): 16-23. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040003
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    Shandong is one of the fast developing provinces in the coastal area,and it also is a typical representative in the aspects of natural conditions, regional disparities and impending problems such as population, resources and environment.In the paper, the basic principles to establish an indicator system of sustainable development were studied (scientific principle, practicable or operatable principle, estative principle, perfective principle and dynamic principle).Based on the analysis of the provincial characteristics of Shandong, the strategic thinking for sustainable development was brought out.① Sustainable and fast development should be stressed.② Coordination and soundness in social system should be guaranteed.③ Special considerations should be given to rational resources exploration, ecological environment protection and management.④ Sustainability should be emphsized.The indicator system of sustainable development in Shandong province consists of 3 estates, 4 kinks, 15 groups and 90 indicators, in which, the economic growth kind divides total amount, intensivity and effectivity as 4 groups, 18 indicators; the social progress kind makes population index,living quality, social stability and social ensurance as 4 groups 30 indicators; the sustainance of resources and enviroment contains resources index, pollution index, environmental harness index and ecological index as 4 groups 26 indicators; the sustainability kind includes economic ability, intelletual capacity, environmental resources capability and mangement ability as 4 groups 16 indicators.After the analysis with the AHP method, the proportion of each kind and group was got as follows: economic growth,32 points; social progress, 28 Points; resources and environmental sustainance, 22 points; sustainability,18 points.Finally a comprehensive index was sumed up with their proportions, it was used as an assessment for Shandong's development.According to the assessment,the superhigh economic growth in the past 16 years was a result of large investment,large amount consumption of labour and resources with a result of lower economic benefits and a damage to ecological system and environment, so it could not accommodate the need of sustainable strategy.In the coming 15 years,its sustainable developmental target should coordinate society,population, resource use and environmental protection.That is,the economy should increase appropriately; living conditions should be improved 1 population increase should be controlled effectively;resources .exploration should be reasonable and ecological environment should have a recycling development.
  • A RESEARCH ON KARST IMMERSION-WATERLOGGING
    Guang Yaohua
    1996, 15(4): 24-31. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040004
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    Karst around reservoirs is immersed, and waterlogging is one of the environment problems in water conservancy and hydroelectric constructions.Since 1980s, Karst immersion which caused economical loses have taken place in serveral reservoirs.The article takes waterlogging in the reservoir area of Yutan Hydropower Station on the Hangsui River as an example, to study the causes and forming conditions,and points out the necessity to ennhance investgations, observations and simulation tests.There are two ways to predict Karst immersion and waterlogging:relativity analysis and physical simulation test.By regreesive analysis on three parameters: river water,underground water and rainfall amount, relativity analysis can be used to research the substantial relation and regulation.Some data such as related curves among rain supplementary parmeters, Karst tube resistant parameter, water level and rate of flow, and waterlogging time can be obtained by using physical simulating test.Physical simulation can not only reflect the past status, but also predict the future situation.Forecast curve in Fig.6 displays the immersion area and immersion time under different waterlogging water levels, which provides a scientific basis for controling waterlogging.
  • A STUDY ON TOWN SYSTEM AND RURAL MARKET NETWORK──A CASE STUDY FROM TENGZHOU, SHANDONG PROVINCE
    Zhang Jihong, Guo Huancheng
    1996, 15(4): 32-39. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040005
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    Taking Tengzhou, Shandong province as an example, this article focuses on the fundamental concepts, principals, structures and spatial systems of town system and rural market network.According to the author of this article,the rural market network is defined as the regional organization of rural marketing and marketing currents, literally, it is the spatial network of little towns and their hinterlands, which is connected by transportation and communication facilities.In the case study, this article not only discusses the points system, spatial structure, market hinterlands division and the net system of the rural market network, but also studies the regional organizing characteristics of all kinds of marketing currents, such as commodity currents, man currents and information currents.The rural market netowrk is characterized as a subrational system of which the points grade structure is a pyramid system, the higher-grade points are well-distributed while the distribution of lower-grade points is unbalanced.The hinterlands of Tengzhou marketing center are hexagon-shaped.Road is the main carrier of all kinds of marketing currents.On the basis of the analysis above,this artical takes the first step in the optimization of rural market network in Tengzhou.The author, furthermore, still tries to advance some pieces of instructive measures of the rural market network optimization.
  • A STUDY ON THE CHROMOSOMAL GEOGRAPHY OF AMMOPIPTANTHUS GENUS
    Liu Yuhong, Wang shanmin, Wang Hesheng
    1996, 15(4): 40-47. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040006
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    This paper mainly discusses the comparison and analysis of the chromosomal karyotype, esterase isozymes and geographical distribution of the two species in Ammopiptanthus genus (A.mongolicus and A.nanus).At the sametime, the chromosomal karyotype, esterase isozymes of the kindred genus-the representative species in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (Piptanthus nepalensis, Thermopsis barbata) were studied in order to further approach the evolutional trend, geographical distribution and the relations between the environment and the Ammopiptanthus genus.Cytological observation shows that the karyotype formulas of the four species are: A.mongolicus-2n=2x=18=6m(2SAT)+10sm (2SAT)+2st; A.nanus-2n=2x=18=8m(4SAT)+8sm+2st, T.barbaa-2n=2x=18=6m (2SAT)+10sm+2st; and P.nepalensis-2n=2x=18=14m(2SAT) +4sm.The karyotypes of the four species belong to 3A; 2A; 2A and 1A respectively.The results of the research on esterase isozymes were: The A.mongolicus has 6 first grade dark and wide bands and the A.nanus has 5 first grade bands.The activity of the enzyme of the A.nanus is lower than the A.monglocus.It shows that the karyotype and esterase of the A.mongolicus are more evolved than the A.nanus.In the desert, A.nanus only distributes in the narrow areas with good hydrologic conditions, but the A.mongolicus can form the endemic vegelation in the desert in the east part of Central-Asia.About the chromosomal number and the karyotype, there are many reports both in and out of China, but our research is quite different from all of the reports.All of the appraisal results of the esterase isozymes are firstly reported.
  • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE ADJUSTMENT DURING THE TRANS-CENTURY PERIOD IN TIBET
    Lü Minglun, Yu Zhiqian
    1996, 15(4): 48-54. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040007
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    In economic development, "The Territorial Planning of Tibet Autonomous Region" emphasized on the double aims-sustainable rapid economic growth and industrial structure adjustment.In addition, the primary industry will be developed steadily, the secondary industry will be developed emphatically, and the tertiary industry will be developed rapidly.According to the theory of industrial economics and our practical research, we find a ruler, that is:the relationship between GNP growth rate and investment increase rate is a positive correlation, and the relationship between GNP growth rate and industrial structure change rate is a negative correlation in certain period.On the present conditions of society, economy, resources, environment and industrial structure in Tibet, we have a detailed analysis on the relationships among regional economic development, industrial structure adjustment and the supporting capacity of investment, the science and technology level of Tibet, quality of labor, recourses, and environment.According to the financial support from both central government and the local government as well as sustainable development principles of population, resources and environment, it would be very difficult to gain the double aims in the same period of time.In addition, the balance of fragile ecosystem in Tibet would be distroyed, and the natural environment in Tibet would be polluted, in case we exploit mineral and other resources on a large scale without planning.It would be a fatal disaster to Tibet.Because of the particular social and natural situations in Tibet, the social and economic development pattern in Tibet should be different from other regions.First, the non-pollution, non-loss and regenerable social and natural resources should be developed, such as Buddhist temples, folkways,forestry and so on.Second, the sustainable natural resources, such as wind energy, waterpower,geotherms, should be developed.The non-regenerable natural resources and those with pollution problems, such as coal, metal and non-metal mineral recourses should be developed at last.Our suggestions are as follows: in Tibet, the primary industry should be developed steadily, the secondary industry should be developed in the advantageous fields of Tibet, and the tertiary industry should be developed emphatically.Also, it is very important for Tibet to develop with coordination of population, resources and environment.
  • HISTORY OF EXPEDITIONS TO XISHA ISLANDS
    Zhao Huanting
    1996, 15(4): 55-65. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040008
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    The ancestors in South China discovered Xisha Islands in the Late Neolitic Age.Over the past several thousand years, people in South China sailed to Xisha Islands by taking the advantage of monsoons.There they fished for aquatic products, resided temporarily, dug wells to get drinkable water, and cultivated barren lands.They are the real masters of Xisha Islands.Before 12th century, all coral reefs in the South China Sea was named "Qitou", "Shitang", or "Changsha".Xisha Islands was called "Jiuruluoshi" in 11th century, "Jiuruozhou" in Ming and Qinq Dynasty.In 1909 it was names Xisha Islands.The seas around Xisha Islands seas was named as "Qizhouyang" since 13th century.Since Han Dynasty, Chinese goverment of every dynasty has sent navy to this region patrolling sea territory, protecting border sea, and reassuring the public security.Since at least Tang Dynasty, Chinese government has included Xisha Islands to the jurisdiction of Hainan Island local government.Since Qing Dynasty, Chinese governments included Xisha Islands in the map of China,and in 1946, a local regulation office, Xisha Islands Administration Office, was established in Yongxing Island.In 1959, an administration office for Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands, and Zhongsha Islands was established in Yongxing Island.Since 1988 this office has been under the leadership of the Hainan provincial government.Chinese ancestors had their descriptions about the topography, the material, the ecology and the produce of the coral reefs in South China Sea.In modern times, scientific investigarions to Xisha Islands have been taken successively in 1928 and 1947.These investigations were mainly about the terrene, and acquired abundant information.The contemporary scientific expeditions to Xisha Islands have been carried out continually since 1973, and these investigations have included both ocean and land, involving oceanology, marine biology, marine geology, geology, geophysics, Quaternary geology, engineering geology, geomorphology, biology, soil science, geography et al., and gained a lot of scientific achievements.
  • A PRIMARY STUDY ON THE CLIMATIC BOUNDARY EFFECT OF THE JOIN ZONE BETWEEN QINLING MOUNTAIN AND HUANGHUAI PLAIN
    Zhong Zhaozhan, Li Kehuang
    1996, 15(4): 66-73. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040009
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    Based on the boundary effect theory in geography and ecology, this paper discussed the climatic boundary effects resulted from the interaction between Qinling Mountain and Huanghuai Plain systems, and analyzed the main expressions and causes of three kinds of climatic boundary effects that appear in this area.1.Warm slope zone is one of obvious climatic boundary effects distributed extensively in mountain areas.In the join zone between Qinling Mountain and Huanghuai Plain, it is mainly showed by the air temperature, the growth and distribution of plants, soils and human activities, etc..The separation of cold air by mountains on the west and the north of the join zone, slope radiation and advection, etc.were thought to be the main causes of the warm slope zone.2.The steady topographic wind field-cyclonic shear is often formed in this special terrain, and then rainstorm centers are produced which result in the strong precipitation effect in this join zone.Frequent rainstorm, high precipitation intensity and strong precipitation belt (at about 100-200m altitude) are the main shows of the strong precipitation effect.3.The main show of drought effect is the relatively drought-frequent belt formed at about 300-400m altitude in the high hilly areas, with a monthly drought frequency of 6%-17% which is higher than that of plain and mountain areas.The relative rare precipitation belt formed in the high hilly areas, the warm slope zone, the ecotone of the join zone between mountain and plain, and their interactions should be the main causes of this boundary effect.To study the climatic boundary effect of the join zone between mountain and plain, which is a special climatic phenomenon, helps us to obtain a better understanding of the natural resources and environments in the join zone between mountain and plain, which is very important for the valuation and exploitation and utilization of natural resources, and for the prevention and treatment of natural disasters.
  • THE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE OASIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TURPAN BASIN
    Fu Xiaofeng
    1996, 15(4): 74-81. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040010
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    Turpan Basin is a unique geographic region in China.The topography of the Basin is close and the climate is extremely dry.The shortage of water resources has been restricting the existence and development of the oasis in the Turpan Basin.In this paper we briefly analyze the characteristics of the basin's water resources, expound the processes of the utilization of water resources and regional development, point out that the exploretation of water resources is close to the limit and the utilization of water resources is unreasonable.So the pattern of traditional exploretation of the water resources is hopeless.According to the transforming pattern between runoff and groundwater in the basin, an overall planning of the utilization of the water resouces is advanced.Based on the relation between the maintenance of the Aidin Lake and the existence of the oasis,the amount of water resources used must be controlled in order to guarantee the existence of the Aidin Lake.The orientation of the utilization of water resources is to improve the management level of water resources, and to apply advanced water saving technology.Building up an economic system which can effectively uses water resources is the orientation of the oasis economic sustainable development.
  • THE THREE-PARAMETER GAUSS FORMULA AND ITS APPLICATION IN MOUNTAIN PRECIPITATION VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION STUDIES
    Yu Jie, Yu Jialong
    1996, 15(4): 82-86. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040011
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    Many kinds of formulas about Mountain Precipitation Vertical Distribution are presented these days.Among them, Fu's formula is the one applied very often.Based on the shortcomings of Fu's formula, Four-parameter Gauss Formula and its computing method are proposed by Jiang Zhongxin.The formula is described as follows.Where, P=a·l-b·(Z-H)1 Pz means precipitation (mm) at the height of z(m) and a, b, c, H are parameters.The computing method he used is to linearize the above equation.Thus,an equation ln(Pz-c)=lna-b.(Z-H)2 is obtained.Then linear regression method is applied to optimize ln(Pz-c).At last,the computing conclusions are compared with those from Fu's formula.There exist some problems in Jiang's formula and its computing method.Firstly, the optimization is only for ln(Pz-c) with respect to (Z-H)2, not for P.with respect to z.Thus, a large error exists.Secondly, the statistical confidence is not strong for the data set used to fit the formula which has not enough observations to estimate four parameters.Thirdly, it is not reasonable to compare conclusions from the four-parameter formula with those from Fu's three-parameter formula.Due to the above problems, three-parameter Gauss formula and its nonlinear regression method are presented by the authors as follows.P=a·l-b·(Z-H)1 Compared to the Jiang's formula, c is omitted for the reason that c means the precipitation at very high spaces and usually it is assumed to be zero.Thus, the statistical confidence is improved due to the fewer parameters when the number of observations is small.And it is acceptable to compare the conclusions from this formula with those from Fu's formula.A nonliear regression method is applied directly to optimize Pz with respect to z.By this way,the precision is improved largely.At last, the three-parameter Gauss formula and its nonlinear regression method have been successfully applied to the analysis of mountain areas'precipitations in China, such as Huangshan Mountain, Emeishan Mountain, Qinglin and Tianshan Mountain.The average relative errors are less than 2.5% and the maximum relative errors are lower than 5.1%.
  • AN INVESTIGATION ON THE TOWNSHIP ENTERPRISES IN ZONGHAN TOWN, CIXI CITY, ZHEJIANG PROVINCE
    Zhang Jieyi, Qian Bozeng
    1996, 15(4): 87-91. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040012
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    In this paper, the developing process of township enterprises in Zhejiang province was analyzed by taking some examples in Zong ban Town.These township enterprises were propelled by the reform and open policies.They used the advantages of location well and grasped chances and participated in market competition positively.As a result, their economical strength were improved rapidly.For the undertakings of township enterprises in new situation,there are referential values to study the experiences and lessons in the developing process of township enterprises.In addition, developing strategies, objectives, distribution and main countermeasures were put forward based on the analysis of characteristics and some relevant problems of township enterprises development.
  • DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCHES ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON TOURIST DEVELOPMENT
    Liu Xiaobing, Bao Jigang
    1996, 15(4): 92-100. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040013
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    Based on a lot of readings on the related litteratures aboard, the authors generalized the development of researches on the environmental impacts on tourist development in China and foreign countries in the following five aspects.1.Discussion on the concepts of tourist environment and the criteria for evaluating tourist environmental quality.Tourist environment is regarded as a complex concept, including natural environment, social environment, political and economical environment.Whether in foreign countries or in China, it is difficult to gain the universal standards for evaluating tourist environmental quality.2.The study on the tourist impact on environment, which mainly includes that on natural environment and that on social and cultural environment.The study of tourist impact on the environment elements, such as geology, soil, water quality, air, vegetation, wildlife,is the main method to study tourist impact on natural environment.On the other hand, tourist impact on social and cultural environment needs further study, especially in our country.3.The development of researches on tourist environment capacity.Because the conflict between tourist environment capacity and tourist development is becoming serious,many scholars come to discuss the concept of tourist environment capacity and try to calculate it by various models.Such study is more successful in our country than foreign countries.4.Measures taken on tourist environmental protection.Based on the principle of environment science and tourism science, the scholars concluded these useful measures for protecting tourist environment.5.Development of the researches on related subjects, such as ecology, psychology,etc..The paper also points out the research aspects that need further study in the hope of inspiring more studies on the same subject.
  • THE WATER RESOURCE IN THE EUPHRATES RIVER AND THE TIGRIS RIVER VALLEY AND THE GEOPOLITICS IN THE REGION
    Ding Dengshan
    1996, 15(4): 101-106. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040014
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    In recent years both abroad and at home there appears an idea that owing to scarcity of the water resource and rapid increace of the POpulation in the Middle East and existing of large rivers, such as the Euphrates River and the Tigris River, which are international ones flowing through several countries, the contradictions over the water resource have become more serious among the countries concerned, and a war for water will soon be broken out in the region.In this paper, in which the main rivers of the region, the Euphrates River and the Tigris River, and the countries concerned are considered, a different viewpoint is put forward.First, it is pointed out in the paper that the runoff of the Euphrates River and the Tigris River is relatively rich and the water resources in the countries are not very poor.Then the situation of the water supply in daily life is analysed in the countries of the region, and the result of the analysis shows that no serious problems resulted from the water use of the neighbouring countries exist in daily life water supply in all the three countries Third, the author points out that a POtential for saving water is enormous.In the region water is mainly used to irrigate the crops in the farmland, and basin irrigation is dominant in the agricultural irrigation.Transforming basin irrigation into spray irrigation and drip irrigation will save large quantity of water, though it is very difficult in some countries.Finally, the fact is expounded that over last decades cooperation and compromise rather than confrontation have been adopted to solve their contradictions in water resource.Based on the consideration and analysis mentioned above the paper concludes that although peopie can not definitely say that in any situation the war between the countries concerned absolutely cannot be produced by the water resource problems, it seems that no war for controlling the water resource will take place in the region.Now the Middle East is experiencing a peace process, though it is a tortuous one.Under this situation a war for water resource is unimaginable in the region.
  • IS MONTESQUIEU AN ENVIRONMENTALIST?
    Que Weimin
    1996, 15(4): 107-109. https://doi.org/10.11821/yj1996040015
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    Montesquieu(Jan.18,1689-Feb.10,1755),an ideologist of the Enlightenment in France in 18 century, published his final and the best work De l'Esprit des Lois in 1748.The work's Chinese version was published in 1961.In the work, the relationships between laws and geographical factors uch as climate and soil are so discussed in a lengthy words from chapter 14 to chapter 18 in volume 3 that Montesquieu was taken wrongly as an environmentalist.It is difficulty to date the time since and to point who expanded the influence of single geographical factor upon the law, which is related by Montesquieu in his work,to the determinant of synthetic geographical environment upon the human.But it is easy to understand, after reading the concerned chapters of his work carefully,that Montesquieu only emphasized the influence of climatic and soil factors upon human and human activities rather than determinative.Furthermore,when discussing the factors influence upon human,Montesquieu considered climate in the same way as other factors.Therefore,Montesquieu is really not an environmentalist.Although some scholars, both the Western and Chinese, had pointed out and corrected the mistake, some people still keep the previous ideas in mind.It is wished that the mistake is no longer continued.