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  • 2013 Volume 32 Issue 1
    Published: 10 January 2013
      

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  • Article
    XI Jianchao, ZHAO Meifeng, WANG Kai, CHEN Peng
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    Tourism town is a hot issue in the process of tourism industrial development as well as one of the main directions of rural urbanization in recent years.By combining methods of PRA(Participatory Rural Assessment),GIS and high-definition remote sensing images,this study examines the evolution of land use pattern in Sanpo town in recent 25 years.The results are shown as follows.Firstly,centrifugal diffusion and centripetal agglomeration alternate in the spatial layouts of land use patterns.Meanwhile,land-use intensive degree increases constantly.Secondly,the expansion of construction land has gone through three periods: slow growth stage(1986-1995),rapid expansion stage(1995-2005)and stable development stage (2005-2010).Thirdly,from the function shift aspect,the function of construction land changes from the single function of traditional town to the multiple tourism function of tourism-town.Furthermore,centralization in the expansion of tourism land-use,such as tourist accommodation,catering,shopping and entertainment, spatial agglomeration of tourism enterprises has become the main development type of tourism-town.Finally, from the driving mechanism aspect,based on the natural geographical features,demand of external tourism market,rational choice of the market subjects,government intervention and regulation have become the main driving force in the evolution of land use in tourism town.
  • Article
    SONG Wei, CHEN Baiming, ZHANG Ying
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    Village-hollowing came into being in the early 1990s in China with the essential feature of depopulation and land wastage,as a result of the housing development in rural areas.Although village-hollowing is similar to the "dying-villages" in eastern Europe,to some extent,it is formed in specific social and economic conditions in China. Village-hollowing has emerged with the feature that rural houses and land coexist with the newly-increased rural housing land which continuously extends to the outlying village like standing pancakes,leading to serious land wastage.Consequently,village-hollowing research has been paid much attention in recent years in China. On the basis of typical surveys in China,this paper analyzes the village-hollowing rate of rural housing land and its influencing factors in different regions,locations and landforms.It can be concluded as:(1)The average rate of village-hollowing of rural housing land in China is about 10.15%;(2)The village-hollowing rate of rural housing land in Eastern China, Central China and Western China averages 14.82%,9.11% and 7.15% respectively,declining from the East to the West;(3)In space,villages with high hollowing rate are mainly distributed in North China and Northeast China;(4)The village-hollowing rate in exurban cities and towns(11.33%)is higher than that in suburban cities and towns(7.81%),and the village-hollowing rate in hilly region(12.24%)is higher than that in plain region(9.91%)and downy region(5.86%);(5)The village-hollowing rate is greatly affected by the number of non-agricultural working people and the ratio of cultivated land area to rural residential area. In this situation,we should make full use of the idle and abandoned rural housing lands so that we can satisfy the demands of newly-increased rural population for housing construction in the next 10 or 20 years.
  • Article
    WU Wei, ZHOU Shenglu, YANG Dezhi, GUAN Weihua, LI Zhi
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    River-crossing channel,as an important infrastructure to support city river-crossing development,can break through the barrier of natural waterway and accelerate the river-crossing flow of all kinds of production factors,and effectively promote the urban development and land value increment of riverfront sub-city.This paper puts forward the method of land price trend separation,and combined with other methods such as coefficient correction and factors superposition,it uses GIS to carry out the estimation of added value on residential land price in riverfront sub-city owing to the single channel as well as the multiple channels with Pukou District as an example.Research shows that residential land price gradients and contribution rates of single-channel decline gradually as the distance increase from the channel node,while the value-added effect of multi-channels presents a pattern of multi-center wave processing.By the predicted year(2020),the residential land price rise of commuter channels can reach about 52.54%around the node region of channels,while transiting channels only 31.52%.Based on the value-added effect of multi-channels,it can be estimated that the total increment of residential land price in "Pukou New Town" can go up to 40.48 billion yuan.This will raise large amounts of money for the urban infrastructure construction of Pukou District,and implement the river-crossing development strategy effectively.
  • Article
    LIN Lin, WU Tianyuan, LI Jingke, ZHANG Xueping
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    The study of soil fauna functional groups is important to the research of soil animal ecology.Many species have similar feeding habits and functions in a wide range of soil fauna,as well as in ecosystems.Species composition of soil fauna varies in different regions,however,there is a certain rule for them to respond to the environmental change.So soil fauna is regarded as a stable indicator to reflect changes in the environment.Researching functional groups of macrofauna is meaningful to reduce the complexity of soil fauna biodiversity,and increase the reliability of system analysis.However,very little work has been done with respect to functional categories of soil fauna in Chinese grassland ecosystems. In this paper,dynamic investigation of soil fauna was systematically done in six sites in Daqing meadow zone,which revealed compositions,characteristics and distribution law of macrofauna,response to environmental change and role of functional group. In this paper,based on the study of three function groups of soil animals in China, systematic investigation was done on soil fauna.Omnivore was divided into the original three groups,and the classification was supplemented and perfected.Thus,relatively complete function groups were formed,and soil fauna could be divided into saprophyte,herbivore, omnivore and predatory animals.The classification system of four functional groups was more scientific,accurate and operational than three previous functional group systems.In this survey,a total of 1432 soil animals were collected,which belonged to 39 categories,4 classes and 3 phyla.There was a large number and low biomass in herbivore,which indicated that the size of this group was small.The horizontal distribution of soil fauna showed that saprophyte,herbivore and predatory animals were the dominant groups in stable environment, such as in the forest and in the slightly degraded pasture.The omnivore was the dominant groups in unstable environment,which adapted to this situation.Furthermore,the regularity of vertical distribution shows that the number of individuals of all groups gradually decreased from top to bottom except the second layer with the largest number of omnivore.The regularity of temporal evolution indicated the variations of all functional groups were different in May,July and September,and there was no certain regulation.By comparing functional groups of soil fauna in Daqing meadow ecosystem with that in typical forest ecosystem,it was found that the biomass of saprophyte,herbivore,predatory and omnivore in forest ecosystem was 3.8,14,6.5 and 0.9 times of that in meadow ecosystem,respectively.
  • Article
    TIAN Yaping, XIANG Qingcheng, WANG Peng
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    Unclear concept and scale positioning as well as imperfect evaluation system are the main obstacles of vulnerability evaluation.Starting from the concept,factor and scale of the coupled human-natural systems vulnerability,this article made it clear that the evaluation objective is in regional scale and the analysis framework is composed by climate change and system structural elements.Based on expounding the features of the coupled human-natural systems vulnerability,the authors established firstly an evaluation system of the coupled human-natural systems vulnerability,including the three series factor indexes of sensitivity, exposure and the adaptability,and three evaluation levels of background vulnerability, potential vulnerability and realistic vulnerability according to system relations of the three series factor indexes.Secondly,taking the hilly areas in southern China as an example,the authors established an evaluation index system of coupled human-environment interaction systems vulnerability in the erosion-prone region,which includes regional natural disasters such as debris flow,landslide,drought and flood,and which relies on the principles including the scientific principle,dominant factors principle,pertinence principle,applied principle and operability principle.Finally,the authors concluded that:(1)the regional coupled human-environment interaction systems vulnerability concerns with natural disasters under global climate change disturbance;(2)the sensitivity and damageability are the essential attribute of the vulnerability,while the sensitivity,exposure and adaptability are system factors of the vulnerability;(3)the natural disaster frequency can be seen as the location exposure indexes to reflect the space concentricity of disaster occurences,while the real disaster degree,as a reference value,can be provided to verify the results of the vulnerability evaluation indexes screening,index weights determinating,model validation and threshold value analysis.The research has some references for improving the theory and method of the research on regional coupled human-environment interaction systems vulnerability in different regions under the consistent framework.
  • Article
    LI Yungang, HU Jinming, HE Daming, Liu Jiang
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    The temporal and spatial variations in frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events and their impacts were analyzed based on the daily precipitation data of 23 meteorological stations over the Red River Basin from 1960 to 2007.The results showed that the spatial distribution for intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall gradually reduces from southeast to northwest,namely,high value areas are distributed in Jiangcheng- Luchun-Jinping-Hekou while low value areas are in Weishan-Nanjian-Midu.The trends for frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall eventd exhibited spatial differences:most of the regions with positive trends are distributed in the upper Lixianjiang and Yuanjiang rivers,as well as Tengtiao river basins,while the regions with negative trends were found in the lower Lixianjiang and Yuanjiang rivers,and Panlong river basins.In the past 48 years,both frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall in the Red River Basin presented an upward trend but not significant at α=0.05 significance level,frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall increased at rates of 0.26 days/10a and 0.18 mm·day-1/10a respectively.No significant abruption points were detected for both frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall during the period 1960-2007.The upward trend of heavy rainfall in the past 20 years increased the risk of floods,landslides,debris flows disaster,and has led to the sediment increase in the Red River Basin.
  • Article
    YANG Yipeng, CAO Guangzhen, HOU Peng, JIANG Weiguo, CHEN Yunhao, LI Jing
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    Wetland is one of the most important and extraordinary ecosystems.It plays a key role in decelerating the climatic change trend and regulating the regional climatic feature, which is closely related to the human well-being.Based on the satellite images and meteorological data of ground observation stations,Beijing taken as the study region, biological mass and evapotranspiration intensity of wetlands are respectively estimated with CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)model and NDVI(Normal Difference Vegetation Index)cumulative model,then regulation valuation implemented by carbon sequestration, oxygen release and evapotranspiration are evaluated with carbon tax method,shadow project method and results reference method.The results show that:(1)The quality of carbon dioxide sequestration and oxygen release by wetlands in Beijing is about 1.42×108 kg and 1.03×108 kg respectively,which are about 283 million yuan and 42 million yuan in turns in 2007.(2) The capacity of water vapor evapotranspired from wetlands is about 416 million m3,which is about 114 million yuan in 2007.In general,the total valuation of climatic regulation of wetlands is about 439 million yuan in 2007.
  • Article
    MA Yuling, YUAN Yi, CHENG Yaoying
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    Emergency response is the effective and scientific way for the governments to cope with emergent events,which has been paid attention globally.In China,there are four grades of emergency response to natural disaster relief(ER).Generally,Grade-Ⅳ and Grade-Ⅲ are usually launched for major disasters,while Grade-Ⅱ and Grade-Ⅰ are usually launched for catastrophic disasters.Based on the analysis of the spatial pattern of frequency of ERs across China during 2005-2010,we found that the frequency of ERs varies from north to south.The high frequency of ERs in the south was dominantly derived from Grade-Ⅳ and Grade-Ⅲ, which were launched for floods,waterlogging and typhoon disasters.This reflects the major disasters which occurred in the south in these years.The results also indicate that there were more frequent ERs in the west than in the east.The west-east difference was dominantly resulted from high frequency of Grade-Ⅱ and Grade-Ⅰ of ERs in the central and western regions of China.These ERs in the west were mostly launched for catastrophic earthquakes, extreme flash floods and mud-rock flows,extreme severe droughts,low-temperature and snow disasters,which can cause more serious disaster losses in those regions.The regional distribution of ERs roughly reflects the laws of geographical distribution in type of disasters.
  • Article
    LIU Hui, FAN Jie, LI Yang
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    "America 2050" is a national initiative to develop a framework for America's future growth and development by the year 2050 in face of rapid population growth, demographic change and infra-structure needs in the 21st century.A major focus of America 2050 is the emergence of megaregions-large networks of metropolitan areas being viewed as the new competitive units in the global economy.Eleven megaregions have been identified in the United States.America 2050 has also launched a "Rebuilding and Renewing America" campaign in response to the serious challenges of repairing the nation's deteriorating, inadequate infrastructure systems and building capacity for sustainable population and economic growth in the future.The integrated infrastructure systems including roads,rails, and ports,electricity transmission and the "smart grid," broadband communications,and water infrastructure help America to compete in the global economy and transition their fossil-fuel dependent economy to a low-carbon future.In an effort to develop a balanced and sustainable growth strategy for the United States,America 2050 is exploring new economic development strategies for the nation's underperforming regions which include cities and counties.An index was created to identify underperforming regions and the areas have been defined.In response to increasing activity at the large landscape scale,a new policy focus report named "Large Landscape Conservation:A Strategic Framework for Policy and Action" is published by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy--an America 2050 partner,in which several barriers and some recommendations were addressed to large landscape conservation.Based on summarizing the contents and characteristics of America 2050,the paper ended with the authors'suggestions to improve Chinese spatial planning,which include to develop scientific zoning standards and enhance the study of key regions classification for national strategic special planning,to think much of regional coordination and emphasize regional cooperation across administrative areas,to pay more attention to the impacts of globalization,informationization and climate change on territory space,and to perfect spatial planning administrative organizations,etc.
  • Article
    QIU Ling, FANG Chuanglin
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    The world industrial structure presents a general trend that the industry economy is transforming to service economy and producer services are becoming the leading industries and driving factors of economic growth in metropolises.Under this background,Chinese metropolises are moving into service economy,(and)spatial agglomeration of producer services(SAPS)is now the major driver of urban spatial reconstruction and functional improvement.Using large data sample of enterprises in Beijing,which was collected from basic unit census in 1996 and 2001 and economic census in 2004 and 2008,the comprehensive assessment on the SAPS was conducted.The main results are shown as follows.Firstly,the disparity of employment is greater than that of enterprises and the overall disparity was widened rapidly in 1996-2008.Secondly,during 1996-2008,the curves of regional concentration degree rose,showing N shaped and U-shaped trends,while enterprise concentration degree fell,showing inverted U-shaped and U-shaped trends.And the spatial concentration curves reflecting enterprise scale presented a rising,falling,N-shaped and U-shaped pattern.Thirdly,the employment distribution of producer services exhibited not only significant spatial autocorrelation,but also time volatility and industrial heterogeneity. Finally,the spatial concentration of circulation,information,business and technology services are consistent with that of producer services.Circulation service had better consistency with business service and technology service in spatial concentration,so did information service with technology service,business service with circulation and technology service,and technology service with circulation,information and business services.
  • Article
    HE Canfei, LIU Hao
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    With the reform of state-owned commercial banks,spatial distribution of China's state-owned commercial banks has also undergone great changes.Driven by operational efficiency,ICBC's and BOC's savings outlets are significantly reduced,whereas their branches are increased,their regional unevenness and geographical concentration are both increased: the main economic growth poles enjoy a boom,while the border and less developed areas suffer from a recession.According to the econometric result,the geographical distribution of ICBC's and BOC's types of outlets has been changed largely after the reform.The savings outlets become closer to main customer groups,while branches have become more concentrated in areas with better economic development.Taking their own business advantages and characteristics into account,ICBC and BOC show some differences in location choice.The strategy of state-owned commercial banks on outlet distribution may cause the less developed areas suffer from financial exclusion in terms of operational efficiency.
  • Article
    LI Jun, HU Yunfeng, REN Wangbing, WANG Qianqian
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    With the adoption of "National Planning for the Major Function Oriented Zone (NMFOZ)" by the Chinese central government in 2010,the implementation of this planning will be a core task in the following and future years.In the implementing era,the work of monitoring and evaluating the status and development trend of NMFOZs,which include their physical,ecological,social and economic elements at regional and national levels,is one of basic approaches to grasp the practical information and adjust the operational status for those NMFOZs.According to the basic requirements and spatial features of NMFOZ,based on the integration between modern geographic information technology and traditional statistic technology,a comprehensive framework including a series of spatial indices was put forward, including 2 levels,9 groups and 60 concrete indexes.At the top level,9 index groups,including resources,environment,ecology,natural hazards,economy,population and society,policy, communication and NMFOZ operating system,were organized firstly.Then at the lower level, each index group was further decomposed into a series of distinctive operational indexes that can be easily obtained or integrated from the remote sensing information and traditional economic&social surveys and statistics.For example,the population and society index group covers 7 concrete indexes,i.e.total population,population inflow ratio,population outflow ratio, ratio of non-agriculture population,poor population,R&D ratio,and energy consume per unit GDP.The entire index listed here can be further calculated,analyzed and visualized by the assistance of geographic information system(GIS).Finally,the authors discussed the completeness and practical applicability of the spatial indexes,index data acquisition methods, data processing methods and expression methods.Although some shortcomings exist in the presented index framework,there is no doubt that our results offer a reference for the future monitoring and evaluating work.
  • Article
    SHI Yishao, YIN Changying, WANG Hefeng, TAN Wenken
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    The research on carrying capacity has involved in an evolution process which includes many concepts such as non-human biological population carrying capacity, population carrying capacity, resources carrying capacity, environmental carrying capacity, ecological carrying capacity, cultural carrying capacity and social carrying capacity. Four typical characteristics are emerging in the process, one is that the appraisal of carrying capacity was extended from biological population to "cultivated land-food-population" , the second is that the evaluation of carrying capacity restricted by single factor has changed to multiple factors, the third is that the appraisal of carrying capacity merely based on natural resources endowment has extended to depend on integrating natural resources endowment and human development requirements, and the fourth is that the estimation of carrying capacity was enlarged from single city to conurbation. This paper claimed that the urban comprehensive carrying capacity is not a meaningless question; its threshold limit value existed indeed in a particular temporal-spatial situation and under definite resources and environment constraints. Additionally, some issues such as the philosophy of evaluation for urban comprehensive carrying capacity, identification of the limiting factors, spatial classification appraisal and grading appraisal and evaluation methods were discussed. Also, the further study of urban carrying capacity is prospected.
  • Article
    XUE Junfei, CHEN Wen, CAO Youhui
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    The urban concentrated area is a form of regional organization in the advanced stage of urbanization. It is benefit for clearing national development framework and promoting regional integration to divide and identify the urban concentrated area spatially. Based on the existing research results, according to the level and stage of China's urbanization, this article defines the space identification standards of urban concentrated areas in China, including such aspects as the core city, standard city, other small cities and towns, and boundary identification, then divide Chinese cities into 15 typical urban concentrated areas and 8 quasi-urban concentrated areas based on the traffic accessibility. They present a spatial pattern of "three vertical and two horizontal distributions", which construct a national system of urban concentrated areas. Compared with the main function areas of the national plans, the proposed program of urban concentrated areas is consistent with the strategy pattern of urbanization in the national plans of main function areas on the whole. Under the guidance of the strategy of the national main function areas, the urban concentrated areas should develop in the light of the positions and goals in the plans to select the right path and direction.
  • Article
    GU Jie, ZHOU Suhong, YAN Xiaopei
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    Urban China is facing with transformation and reconstruction. In this context, the study on time-space rules of residential mobility from the perspective of individual life course will be conducive to the understanding of urban structure mechanism. At the same time, it is meaningful to supply public service facilities and improve the quality of life. The data of this paper comes from the household survey held in 2007 in Guangzhou. The paper studies the life course characteristics of space-time paths of residential mobility. Two laws are found in the study which can be expressed with the "N-shaped" curve and "smiling curve". The "N-shaped" curve reveals the mobility rate goes up first, then down, and up again with ages changing. The smiling curve reveals that the migration direction of old people and children is relatively concentrated and middle-aged people migration direction is discrete. On this basis, this paper analyzes the reasons of the preference of settlement migration. This study confirmed that space-time path of Guangzhou residential mobility is characterized by life course. The conclusions are drawn based on data from the residents with different ages in Guangzhou, but the characteristics of time-space path of life course are objective and realistic, which have a positive effect on the social housing supply and public facilities and services of the space configuration in Guangzhou.
  • Article
    MAO Xiaogang, SONG Jinping, FENG Huihui, ZHAO Qian
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    City parks are the main spaces for residents' daily recreation. It is of important significance to measuring residents' recreation satisfaction so as to improve the quality of its recreation. In this paper, based on the advancement of currently internationally widely-used customer satisfaction models (CSM), and associated with the factors of city parks' recreation, a structural equation model of measuring residents' recreation satisfaction index (RRSI) of city parks was established. Taking Beijing as an example, and based on scale design, questionnaire and survey, we examined the model. According to results of the model, among three latent variables influencing residents' recreation satisfaction index, the impact of "the accessibility" is the largest, followed by "the perceived quality" and "the perceived value". Furthermore it is found that several observable variables, including "the distance from the residential areas" and "the public transports" inside "the accessibility" of latent variable, "the quality of landscape", "the recreation facilities", "the park security", "the activities" and "signs system" inside "the perceived quality" of latent variable, and "the tickets and the expense" inside "the perceived value" of latent variable, have more significant impact on latent variables, which are main factors that can influence residents' recreation satisfaction. On this basis, this paper put forward suggestions in three aspects to improve the recreation quality of city parks: firstly, parks' accessibility should be advanced through perfecting traffic network and extending city parks' coverage to residential areas; secondly, construction of the parks' facilities and service should be enhanced; finally, residents in Beijing should be free from charge of city parks and openess of the "parks in parks be enlarged".
  • Article
    LU Song, JI Hui, CAI Yunfeng
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    Taking Huangshan City as the study area, the paper studies the spatial travel patterns of self-driving tourists inside a tourism destination. It can be concluded as follows. (1) There are three market characteristics of self-driving tourists: an adjacent character, a clear character for eastbound development and the character concentrated on the 4-hour drive. In the flow of self-driving tourists into Huangshan City, those who come from Anhui Province and Yangtze River Delta account for 76.6%. (2) The tourism spacial use curve of self-driving is consistent with curves of Boltzman. The number of tourists increases with distance and peaks at 400 km, then, the number of tourists shows a rapid decrease. On the whole, its gravity field concentrates on the scope of 600 km, and the accumulation percentage of tourists reaches 79.37%. (3) Spatial travel behaviors of self-driving tourists into Huangshan City are shown in the following: the highways constitute the skeleton of the traffic of self-driving tourism into Huangshan City, self-driving forms the prominent center for the accumulation in the district, the traffic flow shows the regional unbalance evidently, and spatial interaction between scenic sites has an impact on the spatial behavior of self-driving tourists. (4) The spatial pattern of self-driving tourism into Huangshan City are mainly taken as the forms of "single destination" (64%)", "transit leg and circle tour" (12%), and some others take up 12%, and a completely round-route pattern has not been found.
  • Article
    YU Xiangyang, SHA Run, HU Shanfeng
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    Seasonality is one of the most significant characteristics of tourism. A good understanding of seasonality in tourism is essential for the efficient management of tourism industry. Taking Xidi, Hongcun and Huangshan in a destination circle as case studies, this paper explores the tourism seasonality of neighbor scenic areas in the same destination according to continuous monthly data of tourist flows during 2006-2010. Firstly, this paper analyzes the characteristics and differences of tourism in seasonal factors decomposed from five-year monthly data by seasonal adjustment method in three scenic areas, and then, as a measure of seasonality, the correlation is studied between the original series and the seasonally corrected series. Secondly, according to time-difference correlation and scroll correlation, the paper analyzes the co-movement between seasonal factor series and seasonally corrected series between the three scenic areas, by which the cause of seasonality including interactions between neighbor scenic areas can be disclosed. Finally, this paper draws the conclusions as follows. There is the interaction on the seasonality between the three scenic areas, the seasonality of Huangshan which plays a dominant role can transmit to Xidi and Hongcun, and produces great influence on their tourism seasonality. Despite independence of tourism development in recent years, Xidi and Hongcun depend on unidirectional radiation effect from Huangshan in tourist flow, with their position as tourist destination unchanged, and their relation has not entered a substitute competition stage. These conclusions show that understanding tourism seasonality by effect of seasonal and non-seasonal factors can be conductive to the management of tourism scienic areas, and provides a new research direction on tourism seasonality.