Archive

  • 2013 Volume 32 Issue 9
    Published: 10 September 2013
      

  • Select all
    |
  • ZHANG Jian, MAN Zhimin, XIAO Weiwei, SHEN Zhenzhou
    2013, 32(9): 1579-1590. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309001
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the existing historical documents and literatures about counties and basin distributions along the Middle Yellow River since the Qing Dynasty, and the research results on droughts and floods, this paper selects 18 representative stations with a high spatial resolution in order to reconstruct the regional grading sequence of droughts and floods from 1644 to 2009. The characteristics including the periodicity, phases, and mutability of droughts and floods over the past 366 years in all the regions are diagnosed by employing the methods of wavelet analysis, accumulative anomaly, and Moving t-test technique.
    It is believed that droughts and floods have multi-scale periods such as 21-, 70-, or 114-year; the periods from 1644 to 1683, from 1737 to 1775, and from 1885 to 1921 are pluvial periods; the periods from 1684 to 1736, from 1776 to 1814, and from 1922 to 2001 are less-rain periods; currently, the Middle Yellow River is stepping into another pluvial period. Over the nearly 80 years from 1815 to 1895, droughts and floods occurred frequently, during which the climate change was quite unstable. Throughout the period of time studied in this paper, it is concluded that there are 2 abrupt climate changes from drought periods to pluvial periods.
  • DU Zhengping, FAN Zemeng, YUE Tianxiang
    2013, 32(9): 1591-1601. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309002
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The spatial simulation quality of climate change directly affects simulation accuracy of climate-vegetation system at regional level. In this paper, mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) of Jiangxi province are simulated by methods of HASM, IDW, Kriging and Spline. The cross-validation results show that HASM has the highest accuracy. The MAT, MAP and mean annual potential evapotranspiration ratio (MAPER) of Jiangxi in the last 60 years are respectively simulated at time resolutions of 10 years and 30 years. The climate-vegetation system of Jiangxi is simulated by running Holdridge life zone (HLZ) model on the simulated climatic surfaces of MAT, MAP and MAPER at the time resolutions of 10 years and 30 years. From 1961 to 2010, both MAT and MAP in Jiangxi went up. The changed lattices of HLZ ecosystems was about 20% in Jiangxi province. The change of HLZ ecosystems was mainly driven by the climate warming. The warm temperate moist forest had the most significant change compared with the other six HLZ ecosystems.
  • FAN Binbin, LUO Geping, ZHANG Chi, HU Zhengyun, LI Chaofan, WANG Yuangang, Bai Lei
    2013, 32(9): 1602-1612. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309003
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    With scarcely and unevenly distributed meteorological stations, Xinjiang is in short of high tempo-spatial resolution climatological data. The reanalysis data which are based on data assimilation can efficiently bridge this gap. The precipitation data of NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (NCEP CFSR), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis ERA-Interim products and Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) were evaluated by statistical analysis based on the meteorological stations data of Xinjiang in 1979-2007 and Asian Precipitation-Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE) respectively. The tempo-spatial pattern of inner-annual precipitation can be effectively characterized by the aforementioned reanalysis datasets in most parts of Xinjiang. And the biases of summer precipitation were less than 100%. However, the long-term tendency of summer precipitation was not captured by reanalysis datasets. Furthermore, significant correlation occurred between summer precipitation bias and elevation, which can be used to rectify and improve summer precipitation data accuracy of the three reanalysis datasets in Xinjiang.
  • LI Guosheng, LIAO Heping
    2013, 32(9): 1613-1622. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309004
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Coastal evolution due to both natural and human-induced causes or factors can be variable over a wide range of different temporal and spatial scales. There are significant differences among evolution processes, influencing factors and dynamic mechanisms, as well as the different fundamental theories and technologies corresponding to the related scales. It is becoming a focus and the most challenging topic in the international field of coastal evolution research to scientifically understand coastal evolution processes and dynamic mechanisms at the macro and mega-time scales, but there is a lack of systematic theory study on the field. This paper reviews some conclusions and questions from the research content and method, and analyzes reasons of the limitation in the coastal evolution dynamic process model. On the basis of profoundly understanding of long-term changes of discharge and suspended load from the Yellow River to the Bohai Sea, and the deeply comprehending sediment budget in each coastal littoral cell of the western Bohai Bay and regional wave climate characteristics at different evolution phases in the recently 60 years, theories and methods of geomorphology, coastal morphodynamics and numerical modeling are comprehensively used in this paper to study the decadal time scale coastal evolution processes of the western Bohai Bay dominated by morphodynamic factors such as sediment budget, suspended sediment transport under the tide-induced and wind-driven residual circulations, wave climate change, sediment winnowing caused by wave etc. The objective of this paper is to explore the dynamical-statistical modeling for the decadal time scale coastal evolution with integration of statistically up-scaling and morphodynamic reduction and develop a decadal time-scale coastal evolution process model for the western Bohai Bay with integration of sediment budget and sediment winnowing caused by wave. Diagnostic experiments on coastal evolutions at different spatial and temporal time scales, discharge and suspended load flux and wave climate scenarios will be conducted to explore the responses of coastal evolution to sediment budget and coastal morphodynamics. Dynamic mechanisms and impacts of sediment budget, suspended sediment transport under the tide-induced and wind-driven residual circulations, sediment winnowing caused by wave and wave climate change on the decadal time-scale coastal evolution of the western Bohai Bay will be diagnostically analyzed. This would promote the innovative development on theoretical system and prediction approaches of coastal evolution morphodynamic mechanisms in the field of the macro- and mega-time scale coastal evolution research.
  • LI Xiaoyan, REN Zhiyuan, ZHANG Chong
    2013, 32(9): 1623-1633. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309005
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper put forward the concept of hydro-thermal index and its calculation model. It used empirical orthogonal function and singular value decomposition method to analyze the data of the normalized difference vegetation index and temperature and rainfall data of 38 meteorological sites in Hanjiang river basin from 1999 to 2010. The conclusions were obtained as follows. (1) Vegetation coverage in Hanjiang river basin was obviously different in spatial distribution due to different topographical features and farming activities. (2) The spatial distribution of hydro-thermal index also had an obvious regular pattern. The primary reasons were temperature difference in different latitudes and the movement of the rainbelt with the seasons, and the difference of big landform elements and the monsoon climate were the main reasons. Time coefficient of hydro-thermal index had obvious differences both in winter and summer. In winter-half year, the absolute value and the variable rate of time coefficient were smaller than those in summer-half year, namely the difference of water hot combination was small in winter-half year and big in summer-half year. (3) NDVI and hydro-thermal index presented a highly positive correlation, while humans changed the surface coverage and hot-water by various means, which led to the fact that the highly positive correlation was influenced in local areas.
  • BAI Junhong, FANG Jingsi, HUANG Laibin, DENG Wei, LI Ainong, KONG Bo
    2013, 32(9): 1634-1644. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309006
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Baiyangdian Lake is the largest natural lake in the North China Plain and it is also a typical inland wetland in the semi-arid zone. We analyzed the changes in landscape pattern evolution and landscape indices of Baiyangdian lake-marsh wetland system, and discussed the driving factors of these changes using remote images in the years of 1979, 1991, 2000 and 2006. Our results showed that the area of Baiyangdian lake-marsh wetlands exhibited a decreasing tendency in the study period. It covered 404.5 km2 in 1979 and decreased to 338.4 km2 in 2006, and the reduced wetlands were mainly converted to farmland. All types of landscapes exhibited a clustered distribution in this region, and their landscape diversity showed a decreasing trend. Over the past three decades, the great changes in landscape indices occurred during the period 1979-1991, and then the small changes were observed after 1991. Farmlands had the largest landscape indices including the patch area, the edge density and the area-weighted mean proximity index. The land for construction had the largest number of patches, followed by ditch wetlands. The average fraction of each wetland type approached to 1, indicating that they had simple shapes. The main driving factors causing landscape pattern change included climate, hydrological process and social and economic policies, etc.
  • SHAO Quanqin, LIU Jiyuan, HUANG Lin, FAN Jiangwen, XU Xinliang, WANG Junbang
    2013, 32(9): 1645-1656. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309007
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Sanjiangyuan, located in Qinghai Province, is known as the water tower of China. This paper assessed the ecological effectiveness of those projects in Sanjiangyuan, through comparisons of ecological macrostructure, soil erosion and conservation, and grassland production before and after the projects. The natural and human driving factors for effectiveness were also analyzed. The results showed that land cover change index increased obviously, which represented the ecosystem restoration in Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserves. The increased grassland net primary production and expanded water area were helpful to supply enough food and water to wildlife. Moreover, the declining trends of forest area were restrained in forest related nature reserves. In wetland related nature reserves, wetland area was increased. In grassland related reserves, decreasing trends of grassland and enlarging desertification were also restrained, and wetland expansion and increasing vegetation cover were obvious. In glacier related reserves, retreating glacier and thawing permafrost results to increasing water were useful to vegetation growth; however, it is uncertain in the long term.
  • FANG Kai, GAO Kai, LI Huancheng
    2013, 32(9): 1657-1667. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309008
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Humanity can be considered sustainable only if the natural capital stocks remain constant. The basic concepts and methodologies of a three-dimensional model of ecological footprint were introduced by this paper. Then much emphasis was put on the derivation and calculation of two indicators - regional footprint depth and regional footprint size so as to optimize the model. Taking this as the basis, an assessment and comparison of natural capital use in 11 major countries in 2007 were performed. Moreover, the fact was provided that results differed before and after optimization. The results demonstrated the following. First, the world-average appropriation of natural capital flows per capita was 1.71 ha, and more than one and a half planets were necessary to support the resource consumption of world's inhabitants. Fossil-fuel carbon emissions were the dominant pattern of natural capital use and the major driver of ecological overshoot on the globe. Second, the descending order of countries that occupy the capital flows was Canada, Russia, USA, Brazil, France, Germany, the world-average, Italy, China, UK, Japan and India. Conversely, the ascending order of countries that deplete capital stocks was Canada, Brazil, Russia (the three of them almost deplete nothing), the world-average, France, India, China, USA, Germany, UK, Italy and Japan. Third, some developed countries like the USA, France and Germany were obligated to pay compensation to developing countries, as the capital flows and stocks they used are both much more than the world average. Fourth, the world-average footprint size per capita decreased by 0.09 ha while the footprint depth increased by 0.05 comparing models with or without optimization. In particular, the optimized model offered a more conservative estimate on the sustainability of developed countries and thus a relatively optimistic estimate on that of developing countries. This was in accordance with the real situation of the natural capital use and ecological deficit in different countries. And the last, how to increase national income and control ecological deficit would be dual challenges for China. It is suggested that a priority for lands that support the use of natural capital should be given to grassland, and it is necessary to put constraint on the accelerating urban expansion.
  • YANG Yanzhao, FENG Zhiming, ZHAO Yande, YOU Zhen
    2013, 32(9): 1668-1678. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309009
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the urban built-up land and population data of 2000 and 2010, this paper establishes the coordination model to evaluate the relationships between urban land expansion and population growth of 657 cities in China in recent decade. The results showed that: (1) the development between urban land expansion and population growth is not synchronous, with a weak degree of coordination. Urban land expansion was the leading mode for the development of Chinese cities, with 1/3 of all the cities. Population growth ranks second with 1/4 of all the cities. The gap was very large. (2) With regard to spatial distribution, cities with significant land expansion are mainly concentrated in developed eastern China, such as coastal area and cities along the rivers and transportation lines. On the contrary, the distribution center of the cities with significant population growth moved westwards, which are mainly located in the central and western China to the Hu Huanyong Line. (3) From the aspect of the coordination for urban land expansion at different scales and population growth, mega- and big cities were characterized by rapid built-up land expansion with the higher ratio of land expansion, while small and medium-sized cities were featured by rapid population growth with the higher ratio of population growth. (4) With respect to changes scale of city size, the number of small cities increased due to a rapid population growth, whereas the number of big and medium-sized cities increased owing to the rapid land expansion, especially via the promotion of the real estate and constructions of the new cities.
  • WEI Ye, XIU Chunliang, SUN Pingjun
    2013, 32(9): 1679-1687. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309010
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In four-dimensional analytical perspective, panel data were used to analyze the dynamic mechanism of urbanization in China since 2000 based on the provincial units.
    There are three obvious improvements from the previous studies in terms of model building. First, urbanization rate was used to replace the synthetic index system, which helped to eliminate the excessive correlations between synthetic urbanization level and driving forces. Second, the synthetic index system was used to describe the driving force instead of single index. Third, the private economy was integrated into the internal force, while the previous studies only considered the rural economy.
    In this paper, three analysis methods were employed including panel data analysis, temporal analysis and spatial analysis. The panel data analysis demonstrated that market force, government force, internal force and external force are main forces driving the urbanization of China in the period. Among the four driving forces, the external force was relatively weak, which indicated that the dynamic mechanism was characterized by endogeneity. As an extended analysis, temporal analysis and spatial analysis were used to understand the spatial-temporal process of the mechanism. The temporal analysis revealed that the structure of mechanism was changing all the time and had a clear trend. The internal force was getting stronger, and the government force was getting weaker in overall, if we exclude the interference of the global financial crisis in 2007-2008. The spatial analysis delineated the spatial patterns of the driving forces. From these spatial patterns we found that market force and internal force had certain historical dependences, namely the developed regions will stay ahead of backward regions. Thus, combined with the variation trend of internal force and government force, the inequality of urbanization of China is supposed to be strengthened gradually in the near future. Therefore, we recommend a diversified urbanization dynamic mechanism in order to relief the inequality.
  • XUE Dongqian, LIU Xi, ZHOU Huifen
    2013, 32(9): 1688-1698. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309011
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    As a measurement unit of human life, time can directly reflect the using situation of resident activities. In 2008, The National Bureau of Statistics carried out the first survey of time using conditions in ten provinces (municipality), namely, Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu. The paper classified residents' daily activities into three categories as work, living and leisure. Based on the statistics of the survey, the paper analyzed the influences of gender, age, career and income on the time using of the residents through the comparative study of four countries of China, USA, Japan and New Zealand. It also analyzed the ways to build mathematical models between the three categories. The conclusions are drawn as follows. (1) The leisure time of Chinese residents especially men was much shorter compared to that of residents in developed countries such as the USA. (2) The most important influencing factors of time using of residents were age and income, while with the increasing age, the time spent on work, living and leisure of residents presented the changing patterns of "Reverse U", "N" and "V". The income of residents was closely related to careers, which affected the ways of time using. The residents spend the longest time on working and shortest time on leisure while their monthly income was in a range of 0-500 yuan. With the increase of income, the working time of residents' decreased, and when their income exceeded 2000 yuan, the time spent on work increased again. (3) There was a significant difference between Chinese urban and rural residents in time using. Urban residents enjoyed more leisure time and plentiful leisure activities. (4) Working time was negatively related to living and leisure time. Furthermore, most residents had common living styles.
  • FU Chengwei, TANG Zhipeng, LI Yucheng
    2013, 32(9): 1699-1707. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309012
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Fully developed producer services are the most important feature of global cities. Based on input-output analysis, this paper makes comparative research on producer services between Beijing and Shanghai with goals of global cities from four characteristics of intermediate input, external industry correlation, internal industry correlation and scale influencing and draws several conclusions. At present, service-oriented economy in Beijing and Shanghai have been formed. Finance and distribution have become the main body of producer services in Beijing and Shanghai. Producer services have exerted more and more influence on urban economy. Producer services, especially circulation services, have significant promotion effects on urban economy. Internal industry correlation among producer services is enhancing. The trend in which producer services serve for the local city is more obvious. The impact of finance on urban economy and the proportion of finance in urban economy are unequal. Finance is in a larger scale, but it has less intermediate input on urban economy, weaker external industry correlation in urban economy and looser internal industry correlation among producer services. There are different characteristics of producer services between Beijing and Shanghai because of different levels marketization, urban function and enterprise features. The industrial scale of producer services in Beijing is larger than that in Shanghai. But intermediate input, external industry correlation and internal industry correlation of producer services in Beijing are not as good as those in Shanghai. Moreover, producer services in Beijing are based on local city and the whole country while those in Shanghai based on the local city.
  • SHI Minjun, YANG Jing, LONG Wen, Denis Yehua WEI
    2013, 32(9): 1708-1720. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309013
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Geographical changes of manufacturing sectors are emerging in China. Since the period 2004-2005, some manufacturing sectors have shifted from the coastal to the inland areas. The shares of manufacturing sectors in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian have decreased obviously. In contrast, the shares of manufacturing sectors in some inland provinces such as Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Henan and Sichuan have increased. At a prefecture level, the shares of manufacturing sectors have shifted from the developed coastal cities to the developing coastal cities and the inland cities with relatively large local markets and existing industrial foundation. In particular, the shares of manufacturing sectors have increased significantly in the key development zones of central China. Rising labor and land costs in the coastal areas have widened the regional gap between the coastal and inland areas. On the other hand, market access and supply access in the inland areas have been improved due to economic development and income growth. Growing regional gap of production cost and reducing gap of trade cost between the coastal and inland areas resulted in a reversing change in balance between production cost and trade cost, which has led to the geographical changes of manufacturing sectors in China.
  • PAN Fenghua, LIU Zuoli, XIA Yabo, MO Kaifeng
    2013, 32(9): 1721-1736. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309014
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Headquarters of large firms are the commanding centers of the economy. It is of particular interests to investigate the headquarters' distribution in China, a fast growing transition economy. However, little attention has been paid to the understanding of spatial pattern of headquarters of public companies, which dominates China's economy today. Using a comprehensive dataset of Chinese public listed firms, this paper seeks to find out the spatial pattern of public companies' headquarters and its evolution over time. First, headquarters of public listed firms are mostly located in the eastern China, especially in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin region. Second, headquarters of the public companies are inclined to be proximate to political centers at different geographical scales. Beijing, as the capital of China, houses most of the headquarters of public firms, and the provincial capital city usually accommodates the largest number of headquarters within its province. Third, Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen are the top three cities in terms of the number of public companies' headquarters as well as the scale of the firms. The three cities dominate the first three positions in almost all sectors in terms of the number of headquarters. As the capital of China, Beijing dominates and outperforms other cities. Fourth, headquarters of large firms in China are less agglomerated compared to those much developed countries and are becoming more agglomerated in the cities in coastal China. The number of headquarters in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen is increasing faster compared with other smaller cities. Finally, the number of headquarters is highly correlated with the development of financial industry, airport volume, economic output, globalization, total population, and political level of the city
  • LIU Zehua, GU Zongxin, WANG Nannan, LI Haitao, GU Jianghui
    2013, 32(9): 1737-1746. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309015
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Leisure time is the primary factor that influences tourist behaviours. With the development of tourism industry and more research done on this topic, it is critical to understand the influence of leisure time on spatial structure of tourist market. However, little research has been made in this field. China has five three-day-long national holidays, including the New Year's Day, the Tomb-sweeping Day, the "Labor Day", the Dragon Boat Festival, and the Mid-autumn Festival, and two seven-day-long golden weeks, the Spring Festival and the National Day. Teachers and the students have another two vacations: winter vacation and summer vacation. The variation of holiday time provides a possibility to study the influence of leisure time constraint on spatial structure of domestic tourist market. This research examines 18026 questionnaires collected at the Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum in Nanjing, which are 6 data sets with 3 different types of leisure time: "Labour Day" in 2008 and 2009, "National Day" in 2007 and 2008, and summer vacation in 2008 and 2009. Several indexes are used to analyze the questionnaire, including spatial concentration index (SCI) of tourist origins, attraction radius (AR), distance decay curve, and gravity model. The spatial structure of domestic tourist market differs by the length of leisure time. Tourists prefer a short trip with a short leisure time, such as the three-day-long Labour Day, and tourist origins are concentrated. The spatial concentration index (SCI) in Labour Day in 2008 and 2009 are 44.24 and 40.89, 201.76 km and 204.94 km for the attraction radius (AR), 1.349 and 1.472 for the distance decay index, respectively. Tourists will extend trip distance once the time constraint reduces. For example, tourist origins spread widely during the National Day and summer vacation. The portion of long distance tourist is increased, and consequently, attraction radius enlarged, spatial concentration index (SCI) reduced, distance decay curve smoothed. For the "National Day" in 2007 and 2008, and summer vacation in 2008 and 2009, the spatial concentration index (SCI) is 43.58, 34.61, 28.76 and 29.98, while the attraction radius (AR) is 223.87 km, 281.51 km, 552.36 km and 454.42 km, and distance decay index is 0.990, 1.325, 0.828 and 0.812, respectively. Among these factors, population, incoming, and distance, geographic distance has more influence on tourist flows than the other two factors, followed by income; populations has the least influence. However, our research indicates that population at tourist origins or tourists' income neither enhances nor declines their influences on tourist volume when leisure time increases.
  • ZHANG Weiya, TAO Zhuomin, CAI Bifan, WEI Hongyan
    2013, 32(9): 1747-1760. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309016
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The current study of tourism heritage websites mainly focuses on web's design and tourists' behavior, barely falling into the area of interaction between websites and visitors. Employing structural equation model, this paper built a model of dual-route communication of heritage websites and investigated the communication processes between website and tourists. The results are shown as follows. (1) Website design, website information, website cognition, website attitude, heritage site cognition, attitude towards heritage sites and travel intention are involved in this model. (2) There are dual-route persuasive processes between heritage websites and tourists, in which involvements play a key role in the dual-route communication process between heritage websites and tourists. (3) In terms of tourists' involvement, website design and information quality have different influences on website cognition and heritage destination cognition. (4) Destination marketers should develop network marketing strategies in the light of tourists' involvement.
  • JIN Fengjun
    2013, 32(9): 1761-1767. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201309017
    Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    With the turn of "produce in space" mode to the "spatial produce" mode, it is an unavoidable trend for human beings' development transferring from element paradigm to system paradigm. In modern society, the human beings should build and regulate the society with the concept of effective space, which plays an important role for people to manage the living space and adjust the relationship between human beings and the nature. City and country, which directly bear the function of politics, economy, and spatial welfare, are the two most universal spatial means for people to manage the world. City is a material space and a spatial opportunistic servo system created by human beings, and it is also the basic spatial mode for people's living with the integration of time, space, material, energy, information and capital. City has the function of politics, economy, culture and environment, and is a social spatial system with all kinds of meanings such as economic capital, political life, and power operation. Unquestionably, city is an effective spatial tool for managing and governing the living space, regulating spatial behavior, and providing sustainable welfare.