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  • 2014 Volume 33 Issue 3
    Published: 10 March 2014
      

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  • SONG Xiaoqing, WU Zhifeng, OUYang Zhu
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    Land use transition research (LUTR) is currently evolving from description to explanation as a whole. Moreover, it focuses on forest transition from spatial perspectives. It is obliged to promote the LUTR to achieve land use regulation according to human needs. For example, domain of the LUTR should be expanded to semi-natural even artificial land systems, and the non-spatial research route should be emphasized. This paper presents the research route of cultivated land transition conforming to dual deconstruction from the perspective of spatial and functional morphologies of land. The research route concerning spatial morphology focuses on the long-term process of change in spatial distribution of cultivated land. From this point of view, cultivated land transition could be diagnosed by analyzing changes in cultivated land amount or pattern. In the meanwhile, the research route concerning functional morphology show concern on the evolving cultivated land functions. From this viewpoint, cultivated land transition could be diagnosed from externality or policy evolution perspectives. The process of spatial transition of cultivated land forced by socio-economic dynamics is dominated by the functional transition forced by negative socio-ecological feedbacks. Based on this understanding, the framework of cultivated land transition regulation and its analysis level system are established.
  • LI Xing, ZHANG Lianpeng, JI Changchen, LIU Hongying, HUANG Qiaohua
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    Remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to extract the digital coastlines from the Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+ images obtained from 1973 to 2012, and to analyze the shoreline and reclamation area change of the Jiangsu coast. The remarkable erosion section is located in the abandoned Yellow River Delta, north to the mouth of the New Huaihe River, south to Shuangyang Port, with a length of 79.05 km, accounting for 8% of the total length of the Jiangsu coast. The main accretion section is centered in Jianggang Port, north to the mouth of the Yunliang River, south to Xinzhong Port, with a length of 715.50 km, accounting for 72% of the total length of the coast. The stable and accreting sections occur alternately in the rest of the coast. The maximum erosion rate is -23.37±11.92 m/a, occurring at the south side of the mouth of the abandoned Yellow River. The maximum accretion rate is 445.37± 66.80m/a, occurring at the south side of the mouth of the Sheyang River. Reclamation is the main factor affecting the shoreline change along the Jiangsu coast. In general, a coastal area of about 1912.4 km2 was reclaimed during the last 40 years from 1973 to 2012. The reclamation peak was found around 1980, then the reclamation rate reduced obviously, and reclamation activities have been reactivated since the 1990s.
  • CHEN Jianglong, GAO Jinlong, XU Mengyue, CHEN Wen
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    With the rapid process of mass urbanization, the great expansion of construction land is becoming an astonishing phenomenon in China. Integrating official land use statistics and remote sensing data, this study investigated the process and mechanism of construction land expansion in Nanjing metropolitan area, which is the central city in the north wing of Yangtze River Delta (YRD). We employed the method of sector analysis, concentric analysis and gradients analysis to describe the construction land expansion process, and the panel data regression to model the mechanism. It was found that industrialization, urbanization and internationalization were three major driving forces during the period from 1985 to 2007. The construction land was expanded dramatically in this period, with an average annual growth of 3.14%. Since 2001, with the transition of urban growth from a monocentric city to a polycentric city, urban sprawl speeded up. The annual average construction land expansion in the period of 2001-2007 was 1.48 times and 5.86 times faster than those in the period of 1995-2001 and 1985-1995, respectively. The construction land expansion has obvious characteristics - expanding along the Yangtze River and transportation-oriented development. The rising of development zones and new towns is the main reasons for construction land expansion in Nanjing. Using the regression model, this study also found that urban expansion is highly related to the increase of non-agricultural population, foreign direct investment (FDI), and tertiary sector at the county-level scale. It is clear that population growth and globalization are driving forces behind the rapid urbanization. In addition, the process of tertiarization is helpful for improving the efficiency of land use, which has generated more effects on cities' built-up areas in terms of urban expansion. In the decentralization context, metropolitan government has strong control capacity over land use using the tools of urban planning and allocation of land-use quota. As such, the urban expansion is mainly occurring around built-up areas. In addition, although there is a trend of polycentric development in Nanjing, urban function has not decentralized to the newly-built-up areas with the polycentric development. We thus suggested that it is necessary to improve service sector, and to enhance planning and land use management in order to achieve smarter growth.
  • ZHOU Yixin, LV Tangjun
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    The unique geographical environments and climate conditions have caused severe flood disasters constantly in Gaoyao area. Thus, an "isomorphism relationship" has been established between the historical geographical environments (such as topography, landform, historical flood areas and historical embankment scope) and the settlement distribution of "Bagua (the Eight Diagrams)" pattern in the areas. Through graphic analysis and logical inference, we explain the inherent cause of the "isomorphic relation": "the Eight Diagrams" form is the optimal form for flood control. Due to the incomplete regional flood-control facilities in Gaoyao area before the Republic of China, a large number of settlements located at the south bank of Xijiang River within the flood area lacked levee protection and had to adopt the passive flood-control way with the form of "the Eight Diagrams".
    The existence of the "isomorphism relationship" shows that it is complementary and interconnected dialectical between the regional flood control strategy and settlement self-flood control strategy. In the era that the regional flood control strategy had not been perfected, the settlement self-flood control strategy, as an important supplement to the flood control strategy, resulted in a special settlement flood control pattern. However, the present regional flood control strategy is basically perfect and the settlement is effectively protected from flood disaster. The existing significance of the settlement self-flood control strategy is greatly reduced, and settlements' "Eight Diagrams" form gradually disorganized and changed. And this is an important cause of the evolution of settlement form. After the problem of regional flood control was settled, a large number of settlements continuously extended to low-lying areas, which has already contradicted the former passive flood control plan resulting in irrational and unordered expansion. The present mentality in contempt of precautions against natural calamities has caused hidden danger of flood disasters.
  • GE Miao, XUE Ranyin, HE Jinwei, HU Yanyu
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    To improve the situation in which geographical factors are ignored when healthy boys PEFR values are estimated, this article aims to analyze the relationship between their PEFR reference values and geographical factors. Correlation analysis was adopted in the process of collecting Chinese healthy boys' PEFR values to explore the data and the selected 25 geographical factors. After that, those 10 geographical factors which have correlation with the data were extracted for further analysis. Furthermore, spatial autocorrelation (Moran's index) shows that the data is correlated with spatial and geographic factors. The artificial neural networks were created to analyze the simulation of the selected indicators of geographical elements. This research chooses 5 layer neural networks and selects 9 hidden layers and 1000 times of training to build a simulation rule, and this rule thereafter was used to simulate the relationship between healthy boys' PEFR reference values and geographical environment. The distribution map of reference values was generated by using Arcgis' statistical analysis to test the data's distribution and choosing the disjunctive kriging interpolating. It is indicated that the artificial neural network and geostatistical analyst can be combined to generate a better interpolation map and that the Chinese boys' PEFR values have some correlation with longitude, altitude, annual average temperature, annual average relative humidity, wind speed, average annual soil gravel content, soil organic matter content, soil cation exchange capacity (clay), soil cation exchange capacity (silt), and soil total exchangeable amount. Meanwhile, this article analyzes the relationship of the geographical factors and the medical indicators and discusses the effect of these factors on Chinese healthy boys' PEFR values.
  • GAO Chao, ZHANG Zhengtao, CHEN Shi, LIU Qing
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    Based on estimated data of the high-resolution simulation of climate change model under RCP4.5 (Representative Concentration Pathways) scenarios, combining with daily observed date from 1960 to 2005 in the Huaihe River basin, this paper contrasts and analyses the simulation ability of model between trial period (1960-2005) and estimated period (2006-2040). The results show that trial period data of CCLM (COSMO model in climate mode, COSMO-CLM or CCLM) can accurately simulate monthly average temperature and the correlation coefficient is 0.99 (pass the 95% confidence test); beside, the correlation coefficient of spatial distribution of average daily temperature is 0.72. However it is relatively low in the south of high altitude area (Huoshan and Jinzhai counties in Anhui province) and the spatial correlation of maximum (minimum) extreme temperature is 0.77 (0.88). Furthermore, the overall trend of monthly average precipitation is in line with the observed date and the correlation coefficient is 0.63 (pass the 95% confidence test). SPI reveals that it has errors for simulating drought, but the overall trend reaches consensus. Overall, the simulated results of temperature are better than those of the precipitation. Under RCP4.5 scenarios, the amplitude of spatial distribution of future temperature and precipitation are relatively small at spatial scale, and the annual average precipitation has no significant change at time scale. The interannual variation of average temperature is 0.21℃/10a. The threshold values of maximum and minimum temperatures show that the maximum temperature would continue to rise and the minimum temperature would decline.
  • SUN Caizhi, HAN Xue, QIN Xiaonan
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    Virtual water strategy has become a research focus of modern water science. According to traditional virtual water theories, virtual water should flow from regions rich in water to those poor in it. However the flowing direction of virtual water in China is from the north to the south, This paper constructs the virtual water flowing matrixes embedded in the major crops between 1990-2010 among eight regions of China, and builds the model for assessing the network system stability based on the related concept and method of the ecological network security system. This paper reaches such conclusions that: (1) the three regions of Northeast China, Huang-Huai-Hai plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the main net virtual water export area, while the other five regions are the net import area in China, and the virtual water flowing quantity tends to increase; (2) the channel number of network system of virtual water flowing pattern decreased from 26 in 1999 to 24 in 2010, and the channel capacity was reduced from 2.3676 in 1999 to 2.0171 in 2010, which shows that the network system environment was degraded; (3) the polymerization degree of network system decreased from 1.0456 in 1999 to 0.7614 in 2010, which reflects the fact that the interdependency degree among eight regions was weakening; (4) the redundancy of network system decreased from 1.3221 in 1999 to 1.2557 in 2010, and the usage rate was decreased from 0.4416 in 1999 to 0.3775 in 2010, while the idleness rate was increased from 0.5584 in 1999 to 0.6225 in 2010, which reflects the fact that the optional paths of network system were decreased and the anti-interference capacity of network system was weakening. The network system indexes mentioned above show that the stability of the system is abating year by year. Finally, five measures are suggested to be taken: (1) set up the early warning system of food security; (2) strengthen the ability of food product, circulation and conservation; (3) promote the international strategy of food security; (4) constitute practical virtual water strategy; (5) establish the agricultural ecology compensation mechanism.
  • LI Tingting, LONG Hualou
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    Combining three rural development elements, namely rural transformation degree, and the "two-two" coordination degree and rural coordination degree of "population-land-industry", rural transformation development types were quantitatively depicted, and the characteristics and spatial pattern of rural transformation development types were analyzed. The results show that: (1) there are five rural transformation development types in Shandong province, i.e., the type with low speed industry transformation and low coordination degree, the type with smooth transformation of rural development elements and lower coordination degree, the type with industrial transformation close to land-use transition and moderate coordination degree, the type with industrial transformation exceeding land-use transition and higher coordination degree, and the type with accelerated industrial transformation and land-use transition as well as the highest coordination degree. (2) Rural transformation degree and rural coordination degree showed a symmetrical distribution trend with the increase of coordination transformation degree, and showed a periodic change and overall increasing trend. (3) There is a very high coordination between the industrial transformation and land-use transition during the process of rural transformation development, and both the coordination degree between population transformation and land-use transition and that between population transformation and industrial transformation synchronously rose with the increase of coordination transformation degree. (4) The spatio-temporal pattern of rural transformation development in Shandong shows that: during the 8th Five-year Plan (1991-1995), rural development transformation was accelerated with the characteristics of rapid development of township and village enterprises; during the 9th Five-year Plan (1996-2000), the rural transformation development types were generally changed to the type with lower transformation speed; during the 10th Five-year Plan (2001-2005), rural transformation development types with high speed were spread to marginal areas; during the 11th Five-year Plan (2006-2010), rural transformation development in Shandong took on a spatial homogenization with stable transformation trend.
  • TAN Juntao, ZHANG Pingyu, LI Jing
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    Reclamation towns have formed a special urban settlement pattern. With the development of economy and society, urbanization is an inevitable trend and urgent requirement in reclamation towns. There are many factors that affect the urbanization process. In order to measure the effects of infrastructure on urbanization in the reclamation area; the article selected a reclamation area in Sanjiang Plain as the study object. Firstly, the article constructed infrastructure and urbanization evaluation index systems. Then infrastructure evaluation function and urbanization evaluation function were established by principal component analysis. By analysis of the present situations of infrastructure and urbanization, we found that the level of infrastructure and urbanization grew steadily; the coordination between infrastructure and urbanization improved continuously. Thirdly, we divided the area into advanced type and lagged type by subtracting the infrastructure level and urbanization level, and we conducted regression analysis to examine the relationships between infrastructure level and urbanization level of both types. The model built in this article can explain more than 90% of the variation of urbanization at more than 95% confidence level. The result reveals that infrastructure affects the urbanization greatly, especially, when the infrastructure level is higher than urbanization level. Finally, we put forward the suggestion for the improvement of the quality of urbanization from infrastructure aspect in the reclamation area in Sanjiang Plain.
  • LI Pingxing, FAN Jie
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    Previous research focused on urban expansion of individual city mostly, and less attention was paid to urban expansion at a regional level, especially in rapidly developing regions. Aiming at enriching the research fields of urban expansion and covering the shortage of regional-level research, Xijiang River Economic Belt in Guangxi (GXEB for short) was chosen as the study case to examine urban expansion simulation and its effects at the regional level. The minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR for short) was adopted and all urban areas of the whole region were chosen as the sources of urban expansion. Two kinds of resistance surfaces were designed based on spatial evaluation results of regional Ecological Importance and land Construction Suitability (EI and CS for short respectively). The effects of urban expansion on urban form and regional rank-size structure of urban system structure were analyzed, and the differences between two scenarios were also studied. Results indicated that urban form tended to be more compact and stable with the increasing intensity of urban expansion, and the rank-size also changed. However, there were significant differences between EI and CS scenarios. Under the EI scenario, the newly-added construction lands were relatively evenly distributed to all cities in this area, causing the change of primary city from Nanning city to Binyang county and the decline of primacy ratio. The types of urban expansion are more diverse, which caused the significant difference of urban form and the trend of becoming more and more complex and incompact. Under the CS scenario, larger cities dominated the expansion of newly-added construction lands. Although the primacy ratio tended to decline slightly, Nanning kept the role of primary city. Extension and infilling dominated the type of urban expansion, causing relatively compact, regular and similar urban form. In comparison of the results and effects of EI and CS scenarios, the EI scenario was of significant advantage in reducing occupation of important ecological spaces, maintaining the health of urban eco-system and regulating the structure of regional urban system, and was a more sustainable expanding scenario.
  • ZHUO Li, HUANG Xinrui, TAO Haiyan, WANG Fang, XIE Yuhang
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    Knowledge of population distribution is essential for understanding and responding to many social, political, economical and environmental problems. Many studies have been done to estimate population distribution. However, most of the existing methods cannot produce high spatial resolution results or require data which are difficult to acquire. In this paper, we present a method of simulating high spatial resolution population distribution, which uses a multi-agent model based on building information. Firstly, simulation environment of the multi-agent model is constructed based on building information, such as height, area, density; Secondly, the property and behavior rules are defined, based on statistical data and survey reports; Finally, the multi-agent model is used to simulate population distribution of a community named Tairi, which is located in Fengxian District, Shanghai. Results prove that our multi-agent population model is capable of producing high spatial resolution population distribution results at acceptable accuracy level. The method is highly automated and the data it requires are easily available, thereby it has great potential of application.
  • HUANG Jianhuan, LV Hailong, WANG Liangjian
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    China's economy has been developing rapidly at the cost of tremendous energy consumption and severe environmental pollution since the 1980s. The severe haze and fog often shrouding many cities in China since 2013 indicate that there is an urgent need to shift current developmental pattern to green development. As one of the cores of modern economy, financial development could play a more active role to promote the transition. Yet how to advance the transition remains unclear and arguable. And it needs to explore the ways that financial factors work before policy making. Aiming to examine the mechanisms that financial development influences green development, this paper measures the level of regional green development with eco-efficiency, and uses spatial Durbin model to research relative importance of the mechanisms and effect of spatial spillover with the data of 30 provinces in China. The main findings are obtained as follows. (1) Both financial development and eco-efficiency present agglomerating situation, the level of which in the coastal developed areas of southeast China is relatively high. And there are obvious spatial correlations among variables. (2) The effects of enterprise supervision and resource distribution are relatively important. The former has the most positive influence on local green development, yet its spatial spillover effect only works in the long term. The latter influences local green development significantly, yet its spatial spillover effect is not significant. (3) After the financial crisis, the effects of capital support and the supervision from long-term loan are strengthened than those before, yet the supervision from security market is weakened and has led to negative influence on the eco-efficiency. (4) The direct effects and spatial spillover effects of green finance are not significant, which implies that it is necessary to enhance the support of green finance for green industry and environmental protection. The policy meaning is that more emphasis should be put on the supervision of capital use instead of increasing investment. This paper also implies that the effect of green finance should be improved by providing more support on the green industry and environment investments.
  • YUAN Feng, LI Dandan
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    Manufacturing cluster and specialized market are respectively formed from the high-degree concentration spatially of production section and sales section in economic activities, and their interaction and integration has become a new way for industrial transformation and upgrading in China's coastal areas. Based on the framework of theoretical analysis on co-evolution, with the leather industry in Tong'erpu Town, Liaoning Province as an example, and by means of field investigation and enterprise interview, this paper researches the formation & co-evolution process and driving mechanism of manufacturing cluster and specialized market, and focuses on surveying the functions of the government and enterprise derivation in pushing forward their co-evolution. The research shows that, the manufacturing cluster and specialized market of leather industry in Tong'erpu Town, Liaoning Province follow the evolution mode of symbiotic development, and present the co-evolution process of “co-enlargement of industrial scale, co-evolution of organization mode, and co-deepening of industrial division”. The broad consumption market in the Northeast China, the active promotion of local government, and the enterprise derivation in manufacturing cluster and specialized market are the main reasons for their co-evolution. Processing enterprises and sales merchants have promoted the formation of closer relationship between production and market network at the local place of Tong'erpu through backward and forward integration respectively. The leather industry at Tong'erpu Town has also been confronted with a series of challenges in its development process. Firstly, the appearance of modern enterprise groups is gradually disintegrating the foundation and precondition for the development of specialized market; secondly, the leather industry at Tong'erpu Town is confronted with the dilemma of insufficient talents and supporting services for its transformation; and finally, in specialized market, sales profit is higher than the leather processing profit, so plentiful capital transfers to sales field, and processing is confronted with the risk of decay. Different from the existing researches which pay attention to the impact of the adaptability change and derivation of enterprises inside certain industrial cluster on convention inheritance and diffusion, the present research expands the cognition with the mechanism of enterprise deviation's action on inter-industry co-evolution.
  • CHEN Tao
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    Based on coordination theory derived from Synergetics theory and commonly used models in tourism, a model for analysis of China's tourism development coordination condition at provincial level has been established. And based on national tourism statistics during 1996-2010, an indicator system comprised of tourism supply, demand and support sub-system has been created for this purpose. Through analysis of the tourism coordination condition in the past 15 years, 23 provinces significantly improved their coordination condition, while 5 declined and 4 remained at the same level. Meanwhile, provincial difference remains evident, especially between eastern coastal provinces and western inland provinces. Four provinces are highly coordinated, 7 above average, 12 at average coordination level, 5 below average and 3 in the lowest condition. There are more eastern coastal provinces in the higher end of coordination spectrum and more western inland provinces in the lower end.
  • LI Feng, WAN Nianqing, SHI Benlin, LIU Xiaoman, GUO Zhenjiang
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    Vulnerability of tourism is the reverse force of sustainable tourism development. The purpose of vulnerability research is to achieve sustainable development by means of reducing system vulnerability. Principal components analysis and the way of five-level classification are involved in this research. Three important findings can be obtained as follows. (1) China's tourism industry is at the medium level in vulnerability; however, it is not evenly distributed. The tourism industry of southeast coastal provinces shows a relatively low level in vulnerability compared with the other two regions. (2) On the whole, China's tourism structure fragility is more serious than tourism environmental vulnerability. Structural vulnerability and environmental-stress vulnerability are prone to occurrence with the effects of related incentives. (3) Provinces in western China have high vulnerability in tourism industry, where the environmental vulnerability of tourism is the main cause for vulnerability of tourism industry, while ecological economic factors and tourism risk factors are the major influencing factors of vulnerability of tourism industry. The provinces with medium vulnerability in tourism industry are distributed widely and differently, where the influencing factors of vulnerability of tourism industry include service efficiency, tourist market rate, tourism investment coordination and balance. The vulnerability of tourism industry in eastern China is relatively slight, where the structural vulnerability of tourism is the main cause for vulnerability of tourism industry, while tourism investment coordination and balance are the main influencing factors of vulnerability of tourism industry.
  • JIN Fengjun
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    Human beings have started its development and extraction from the nature since the industrial revolution, and created a series of efficient economic development modes and spatial behavior patterns. Human beings have been enjoying the welfare from the nature and creating huge welfare at the same time. However, human beings now live in the globe, but the sustainable development of spatial welfare for human beings is not optimistic as people have expected. With the view of welfare economics, this paper illustrates the fundamental definition and characteristics of the spatial welfare for human beings' sustainable development, summarizes the three puzzles for human beings' living space as over loading system, imbalance status, and disorder function. Finally, it puts forward the ways and guides for building the spatial welfare.
  • SUN Jun, PAN Yujun, TANG Maolin
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    Modern Chinese geographical disciplinary system has been established by introducing Anglophone geography. Such a situation impels historians to focus on the progress of knowledge, theory and disciplinary system in ancient China, and the progress of these contributions can be divided into two main phases. During the science history research stage from the 1940s to the 1980s, Wang Yong, a Chinese geographical historian, carded the basic geographical knowledge, but he concluded that there was not a discipline of geography in ancient China. On the contrary, Hou Renzhi, Wang Chengzu, Ju Jiwu, Yu Xixian et al., and a team of geoscience from the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences under the Chinese Academy of Sciences believed that there was a discipline of geography in ancient China, and they discussed disciplinary meta-questions such as object, content, theory, and system etc. After the 1980s, serial works about geographical thought history were published by geographical historians Zhou Chunti, Yang Wuyang, Wang Hongwen, Liu Shengjia, Zhao Rong, Pan Yijun and Wang Aimin, and they described the progress of geographical concept, assumptions, experiment, law, proposition, theory, method, research paradigm in China, and tried to card and foresee the key issues in geographical thought. From Dynastic Geography to Historical Geography: A Change in Perspective towards the Geographical Past of China is an original work which discovers that the primary characteristic of Chinese ancient geography was a distinct humanistic concern reflected in its research content and methodology. According to these works, we discuss the shift of geographical tradition in China: before the Christian era, there was a tradition of investigated and researched nature, and Chinese scholars kept a watchful eye on the human world; after the Christian era, much attention was paid to the human world, and the tradition of investigated and researched nature was reduced; since the 1950s, there has been a strong original relationship between Chinese and Anglophone geography.