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  • Perspectives and Contention
    Xianjin HUANG, Qinli LU
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    The globalization of resources is highly related to that of economy, while the rapid development of China has benefited a lot from the globalization in recent decades. It is urgent for China to get the supply of world resourses, but the research in this field is considerably weak. More efforts should be made in the geography of global resources and these measurements play an important role in sustainable development as well as the implementation of strategies. Currently, the main studies on world resources still focus on the analysis of the domestic fields. As for China's close trading partners, the Eurasian continent and Africa, they still lack of specific systematic, target-oriented, in-depth studies, which lag behind the pace of development of China's globalization and strategic needs; the similar situation exists in some important countries with global investment strategy. Considering the Belt and Road Initiative, it is critical for China to promote international cooperation and form an international research team for global resources, as well as to strengthen top-level strategic direction. Ongoing training for institutional and educational talents is one of the key factors to keep a competitive research team. It is also helpful to enhance the utilization and research of global resources for the further development by establishing a set of complete databases for the world's resources gradually.

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    Miaomiao WANG, Lei ZHOU, Shaoqiang WANG, Xiaoqin WANG, Leigang SUN
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    Currently, analyzing the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystem functions based on models is the focus of global change ecology. However, one of the model simulation uncertainties stems from the spatial heterogeneity. Spatial heterogeneity is a function of scale. In this paper, an ecological process-based model Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) was used to simulate the daily Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) in the spatial resolutions of both 1 km and 8 km from 2003 to 2005 at four sites of ChinaFLUX, including Changbaishan (CBS), Qianyanzhou (QYZ), Haibei (HBGC) and Lasadangxiong (LSDX). In terms of Land Cover data and Leaf Area Index (LAI), we try to find how these differences influence the GPP simulation difference influenced by spatial resolutions of model inputs. The results show: (1) the finding that GPP simulations varied with spatial resolutions is mainly due to LAI diversity in the 8-km mixed pixels, the averaged absolute difference values of the LAI between 1 km and 8 km across the four sites are 0.85, 1.60, 0.13 and 0.04, respectively; (2) GPP simulations at the spatial resolution of both 1 km and 8 km could capture the GPP's seasonal dynamics across the four sites, the correlation coefficients (R2) between the simulated and eddy covariance flux measurements, range from 0.79-0.97 (1 km), and 0.69-0.97 (8 km), and the absolute difference is 11.46-29.65 gC/m2/month (1 km), and 11.87-24.81 gC/m2/month (8 km); (3) the averaged monthly GPP absolute differences derived from spatial resolutions in the four sites are 14.43 (CBS), 12.05 (QYZ), 4.79 (HBGC) and 3.22 (LSDX) gC/m2/month, in which greater differences were found at the forest site than at the grass site, and in growing season than in non-growing season. In conclusion, it is feasible to input coarser spatial resolutions data to improve the large-scales and long-term GPP simulations. Also, we should reduce the simulation differences at the forest sites as well as in the growing seasons.

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    Jinghu PAN, Junfeng LI
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    Nighttime light (NTL) data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) are able to provide information on nighttime luminosity, a correlation of the built environment and energy consumption. NVI (Nighttime-light Vegetation Index), RNVI (Ratio Nighttime-light Vegetation Index), DNVI (Difference Nighttime-light Vegetation Index), NDNVI (Normalized Difference Nighttime-light Vegetation Index), SANVI (Soil-adjusted Nighttime-light Vegetation Index) and MDNVI (Modified Difference Nighttime-light Vegetation Index) were used to compensate for the shortage of DMSP/OLS data. DMSP/OLS night lights data, MODIS NDVI products, China GIS database and socio-economic statistical data are also taken into consideration. An electricity consumption estimation model is used to obtain a figure for electricity consumption from 2000 to 2012. Lastly, we divide electricity consumption into four ratings and analyze the spatio-temporal patterns by using ESDA method. Results are as follows: All of the indexes can compensate the shortage of DMSP/OLS data, among which MDNVI is the best model. We reduced spatial overflow effect of night lights data by using MDNVI model. Then we built a linear regression model of electricity consumption by regression analysis, and we used it for DMSP/OLS data to retrieve China's electricity consumption spatial layout. We compared the MRE (mean relative error) between the result and related research, which proves that our result has a lower MRE and a higher accuracy. Finally we find a way to obtain China electricity consumption data from 2000 to 2012 quickly and effectively. Electric consumption grew quickly in China from 2000 to 2012; on the whole, maximum electric consumption increased from 6.79 M kW?h to14.82 M kW?h. We discovered, using downscaling analysis, electricity consumption showed significant differences within regions. We analyzed electricity consumption levels, Moran's I and LISA cluster in the study area from 2000 to 2012 by using statistical data. Results showed that generating capacity and electricity consumption of 31 provinces have a strong spatial correlation. Gradually formed four "HH" cluster areas, namely Langfang-Tianjin, the Pearl River Delta, Shanghai-Hangzhou-Nanjing and the West Bank of the Taiwan Straits from 2000 to 2012. Spatial agglomeration of electricity consumption at county scale is significant, with "HH" clusters mainly located in Beijing-Tianjin, the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, Changchun-Harbin-Dalian area, and North Tianshan Mountains area. The "LL" pattern shows a gradual trend moving from the south-eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Tibetan Plateau. The index proposed here combines information from both DMSP/OLS NTL data and MODIS NDVI data for more detailed characterizations in nighttime luminosity. Our assessments confirm its ability to reduce the NTL saturation. Moreover, its simplicity enables rapid characterization and monitoring of electricity consumption.

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    Anzhou ZHAO, Xianfeng LIU, Xiufang ZHU, Yaozhong PAN, Yuling ZHAO, Dongli WANG
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    Based on daily temperature (average, maximum, and minimum) data from 52 meteorological stations, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of 16 extreme air temperature events in the Loess Plateau from 1965 to 2013, using the methods of linear regression, Mann-Kendall test, correlation analysis, and Hurst index. The results are as follows: (1) From the view of temporal variation, the occurrence of ice days (ID0), frost days (FD0), cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), as well as the cold spell duration indicator (CSDI) and diurnal temperature range (DTR), indicated statistically significant decreasing trends (P < 0.05). In particular TX10p clearly decreased (4.63d/10a, P < 0.001), while the occurrence of tropical nights (TR20), summer days (SU25), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), warm spell duration days (WSDI), and growing season length (GSL) had significantly increasing trends (P < 0.05), of which TX90p had an especially clear increase (5.68d/10a, P < 0.001). The monthly minimum value of daily maximum temperature (TXn), monthly minimum value of daily minimum temperature (TNn), monthly maximum value of daily maximum temperature (TXx), and monthly maximum value of daily minimum temperature (TNx) showed increasing trends of 0.30°C/10a, 0.40°C/10a, 0.20°C/10a, and 0.30°C/10a, respectively; (2) In terms of spatial distribution, the extreme warm indices (TR20, SU25, TX90p, TN90p, and GSL) indicated that extremely high temperatures had the most significant increasing trends in the north Loess Plateau region, and the cold indices (ID0, FD0, TX10p, TN10p, and CSDI) indicated that extremely low temperatures had the most significant decreasing trends in the northwest Loess Plateau region. GSL increased most significantly in areas located in the central Loess Plateau region; (3) Pearson correlation indicated that all the extreme air temperature indices had good correlation, except for the extremal indices (TXn, TNn, TXx, and TNx) and the diurnal temperature range; (4) There was a close correlation between the trends of the most extreme air temperature indices and average temperature, and poor correlation between the trends of the most extreme air temperatures and elevation. It was also shown that the abrupt change points of average temperature mainly occurred in 1991, and ID0, FD0, TX10p, TN10p, CSDI, and DTR showed a decreasing trend; (5) Results of Hurst index indicated that the warm indices would keep increasing, while the cold indices would continue to decrease.

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    Yajun WANG, Yuzhen MA, Ruijie LU, Shangyu GAO
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    Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can reflect land cover and the ecological environment change. This study sampled tree-ring cores in the Xinglong Mountain -the eastward extension of the Qilian Mountains, analyzed the correlation relationship between tree radial growth and vegetation NDVI, and reconstructed NDVI variability. The results indicated that tree radial growth and summer NDVI were influenced significantly by hydrothermal condition in the study area, the tree-ring width correlated significantly and positively with summer NDVI, the fitted equation relating them was developed by using simple linear regression, and the explained variance of the reconstruction was 0.600 (R2adj = 0.582, F = 34.472, P < 0.0001). The summer NDVI reconstruction since 1845 AD showed that vegetation coverage was relatively sparse in the 1860s, the early 1880s, the early 20th century and 1920s-30s, and the low period 1920s-30s corresponded to the megadrought that occurred widely in northern China. The NDVI reconstruction correlated significantly and negatively with the dryness/wetness index, which showed the reliability of the reconstructed NDVI and also some representation of the wet-dry evolution model. Cycle analysis showed that the NDVI sequence has presented 2-3 years, about 5 years, about 13 years and about 15 years of oscillation since 1845 AD.

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    Yubin BAO, Ting LI, Hui LIU, Tao MA, Huaixiang WANG, Kang LIU, Xi SHEN, Xinhao LIU
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    The research on the assessment of ecosystem services is the hot spot and focus in global researches of ecology, geography, and exerted a profound influence on significantly regional ecosystem management, sustainable development and human welfare. We chose the InVEST model, a tradeoff model of regional development and ecosystem management, which provides a quantitative, scientific, dynamic assessment methods for regional water retention. Under the background of the project of Returning Farmland to Forestland, the influence of the land cover changes on the water retention was calculated quantitatively. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The area of grass, scrub, woodland and towns increased by 3204 km2, 285.3 km2, 122.7 km2 and 450.4 km2, respectively in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi from 2000 to 2010. By contrast, farmland, deserts and wetlands were reduced by 3984.5 km2, 72.7 km2 and 5.2 km2, respectively. (2) Water retention of the research area displayed a decreasing tendency in the 10 years, which has a remarkable reduction of 25 m3/hm2-40 m3/hm2 in the central part of the study area invloving the southwest of Wuding River basin, the upper reaches of Yanhe River and Qingjian River. Part of the central region has a more significant reduction exceeding 40 m3/hm2. And the reduction of other basins in this area was below 25 m3/hm2. (3) On the basis of these studies, the importance level of water conservation capacity in 2010 of the study area has been classified , and the total area of the water retention in highly important area and vital important area reached 32255.1 km2 with a proportion of 40.5%. (4) The assessment of water conservation function and the five partitions of importance level not only provides a reference for the effective management of ecosystems and is of great help to developing planning decisions in a scientific and rational perspective.

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    Xiaoyang GUO, Wei WANG, Guoliang WANG, Lina LIU, Yuzhen MA, Jiang HE
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    In this paper, within-lake grain-size components distribution was disclosed and its relationship to the controlling and influencing environmental factors were explored, to present bases for interpretation of core grain-size data. Specifically, 139 lake surface sediments were achieved from 68 lakes and reservoirs in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The grain-size of surface sediments was measured using Microtrac S3500 particle size analyzer, and the grain-size components were fitted and partitioned using lognormal distribution function. Correlation analysis and ordination analysis including detrended component analysis (DCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to analyze the relationships between grain-size components distribution and influencing factors, including water depth (De), the distance to shoreline (Ds), the distance to river mouth (Dr), the ratio between the distance to shoreline and the lake's radius (Ds/R), and the ratio between the lake's radius and the distance to river mouth (R/Dr). These factors can reflect the re-suspension caused by wave action (De), the transport of shoreline clastic deposit (Ds and Ds/R), the riverine clastic deposition and erosion process (Dr), and the overall influence of riverine clastic deposition under specific hydraulic conditions (R/Dr). Thus, the fitting and partitioning yields six components (i.e., C1: 0.4-1.9, C2: 2.0-12.0, C3: 17.0-58.0, C4: 70.0-150.0, C5: 170.0-500.0 and C6: >600.0 μm). The grain-size components of the samples near lake center mainly contain clay (C1), fine silt (C2) and medium-to-coarse silt (C3). The grain-size components of the samples in the transitional area mainly include medium-to-coarse silt (C3) and fine sand (C4). The grain-size components of samples near the shoreline mainly contain medium-to-coarse sands (C5). The results of scatter plot show that the R/Dr is extremely significant positively correlated with the C4 (n=139, R=0.280), C5 (n=139, R=0.273) and C6 (n=139, R=0.255), and significant negatively correlated with the C2 (n=139, R=0.233), suggesting river transportation and the hydraulic conditions is the major factor influencing the grain-size distribution of lake surface sediment. In addition, the factor of Ds/R shows extremely significant positive correlations with C3 (n=139, R=0.265) and extremely significant negative correlations with C5 component (n=139, R=0.299), suggesting that the relative location of the sample site to shoreline is the secondary influencing factor. Significant correlation was also found between the De and the C1, indicating that the water depth related wave action energy was also a factor influencing the distribution of clay components. The RDA results support those of the scatter plot and further disclose the relationship between the variables and the environment factors. That is, RDA results show that the R/Dr (F=7.20, P=0.0020) and the Ds/R (F=4.96, P=0.0120) are statistically correlated to the spatial distribution of grain-size of lake sediments. C4, C5 and C6 have a small angle with the positive vector of R/Dr, suggesting that the R/Dr is positively correlated with C4, C5 and C6. C3 has a small angle with the positive vector of Ds/R, suggesting the Ds/R is positively correlated with C3. Furthermore, the box plot comparisons of the grain-size component percentages between the lakes with inflow rivers and the lakes without inflow rivers suggest that, the river input and the related resuspension process control or influence the grain-size distribution, resulting in the enrichment of the clay and fine silt in the lake center. So the fractions of the riverine clay and fine silt in the lake surface sediment and associated environmental implications should arouse much attention.

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    Manjiang SHI, Yaowen XIE, Qi CAO
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    Rural settlements are the main landscape type in arid region, and is an important component of population-land relationship research. What is more, the change of landscape pattern of rural settlements is deeply influenced by development policies, population size, cultivated land resources, water resources and others factors in oases. The Heihe River Basin(HRB) is the second largest inland river basin in Northwest China and it is also a hotspot region where there is a complex relationship between population and land use. Recently, many scholars have studied the relationships between population and water and land use in the HRB, however, there was less research on quantitative landscape description and driving mechanism analysis of rural settlements. Therefore, this paper takes the midstream area of the HRB as our study area, using 1987, 2002, 2013 Landsat TM / ETM + and OLI remote sensing images to extract the spatio-temporal distributed information of rural settlements. Taking advantage of GIS spatial analysis, landscape index analysis and multiple linear regression methods it reveals the rural settlement landscape evolution and driving mechanism. The main conclusions are as follows: ① The oases is the main concentrated region of rural settlements. Then, around cities and along rivers and roads are obvious agglomeration areas of rural settlements; ② Landscape index changes show that area growth is more significant than shape change of rural settlements from 1987 to 2013. The main reason for remarkable growth of rural settlements is the expansion of rural settlement land and newly-built rural settlements, which presents different spatial and temporal patterns in the study area. And rectangle, band and nearly round are the main shapes of rural settlements; ③ The distance to cities, rivers, and roads is the primary factor that affects the landscape changes of rural settlements, followed by population size, and the last is regional economic development.

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    Weishan CHEN, Lin LIU, Yutian LIANG
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    It is important to get a clear understanding of rational allocation of commercial resources and spatial aggregating feature of retail formats in a metropolis. The use of big data for retailing agglomeration analysis has already became a new trend of commercial quantitative research, yet little attention has been given to the hotspots recognition of retail formats and their cluster characters so far. In this paper, an approach of urban retail center recognition based on POI (Point of Interest) data are proposed. With Guangzhou for a case study, we analyze the hotspots of retail activities and inner aggregating distribution of retail formats by using the method of KDE (Kernel Density Estimation) and Getis-Ord G*. The results show that: (1) The commercial levels of retail centers which are extracted by KDE method have a strong correlation with the density distribution. The density values of retail centers are decreasing from urban center to the suburbs, which shows the trend of commercial grade within the city is diffusing from center to periphery. This result is in line with the objective facts. (2) The retailing hotspots are mainly distributed in Yuexiu and Tianhe districts, which proves that dual-core commercial space has taken shape in Guangzhou. (3) The spatial aggregating feature of retail formats (including department stores, shopping centers, supermarkets, convenience stores) are quiet different. Department stores and shopping centers are clustered around the retail centers. Supermarkets are mainly distributed in periphery of downtown area. And convenience stores are only centralized in hotspots in business locations. From the results of spatial analysis, the aggregating features of retail formats are consistent with retailers' operation and their location strategy. Overall, the results of retailing distribution analysis based on the POI data can explain part of the corporate behaviors difference and commercial economy distribution within urban areas. The study results of retailing activities are also conducive to the strategy-making process of both governments and retailers.

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    Xin LIU, Canfei HE
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    Dynamic externalities have attracted broad attention in industrial growth researches. Both specialization and diversification, also known as MAR externalities and Jacobs externalities, have significant impacts on urban industrial growth. Empirical results in developed countries fail to reach a consensus about dynamic externalities, while researchers draw the similar conclusions in China, that competence amongst industries, on contrary to specialization, contributes to industrial growth, and diversification remains to be further researched yet. Technology has always been a key sector in economic growth theory. In recent years, evolutionary economic geographers emphasize the role of technology, more specifically, knowledge spillover and relatedness in economic geography studies, especially in regional development and industrial growth areas. Analyzing industrial growth using relatedness conduces to comprehension of dynamic externalities. China has embarked on the road to reform and opening up and so far had extraordinary hyper growth in recent decades, thus becoming the world's largest manufacturing factory. Research on China's rapid urban industrial growth is conductive to industrial growth and even economic geography literatures. Through setting up a new industrial and regional growth model, this study analyzes the relationship between relatedness and urban industrial growth in China considering about both industrial characteristics and regional differences. Defining relatedness based on industrial co-occurrence not only reflects technological relatedness, but also reflects all the other underlying conditions behind it, such as institution, infrastructure and so forth. Samples cover the period from 1998 to 2008 for 287 cities in China. The results indicate that relatedness generates strong positive effect on urban industrial growth. Moreover, different factor-intensive industries and different regions exhibit dissimilar effects. Industries which are technically intensive tend to have a higher growth rate. Meanwhile, the effect on urban industrial growth generated by relatedness is much higher in eastern China than in other parts. This paper enriches the empirical and theoretical relation between relatedness and urban industrial growth, especially in China. At the same time, it provides reference to local governments on regional industrial policies, raises the discussion between path dependence and path creation, and is instructive to the enhancement of regional growth and economic development.

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    Shaoying ZHONG, Xin YANG, Rui CHEN
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    Hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system is a key part of medical and health system reform which can take full use of medical resources. But most of current research about accessibility of medical facilities has two drawbacks: Firstly, they did not consider the level of medical institutions and the stratification treatment of patients; secondly, the influence of multi-modal road facilities on spatial accessibility of medical institutions is not investigated. Here we conduct research on the spatial accessibility of medical institutions at different levels of medical institutions and different referral rates by using the two-step floating catchment area method and multi-modal network dataset. The conclusions are as follows: Firstly, the overall spatial accessibility of medical facilities shows the trend of the inverted U with the increase of referral rate, and when the referral rate was 60% the spatial accessibility of medical institutions comes to a head; Secondly, when the referral rate was 60%, the spatial accessibility of medical institutions considering the ground transportation and underground transportation is 9.81% higher than that considering the ground transportation only, and the variance of accessibility of medical institutions in the streets decreased by 8.58%; in other words, the subway can not only improve the overall spatial accessibility of medical facilities, but also reduce the imbalance of spatial accessibility of the streets; Thirdly, the "Inverted Pyramid" distribution of medical resources is the foundation of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system.

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    Haijiang WANG, Changhong MIAO, Haipeng NIU, Zhanliang YUAN
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    Based on long-distance highway passenger transport data of China's central cities, by use of GIS spatial network analysis, we analyze the spatial structure of China's passenger travel over a highway network and its spatial distribution on national scale. The results indicate, highway passenger transport volume has a strong correlation with urban population and economy scale, but no correlation with the level of economic development. The areas that are characterized by spatial agglomeration of highway passenger transport contacts are located in eastern China with a large population and developed economy. The most densely populated areas are located in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. Meanwhile, the stronger regional agglomerations of highway passenger transport are found in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shandong province, Henan province, and Chengdu-Chongqing. On the whole, the national highway passenger transport contacts take the regional central cities as centers and other regional cities as objects, which form regional spatial agglomeration areas in middle-short distance passenger transport. The study finds that: (1) The appreciated distance of China's long-distance passenger transport should be within 500 km and the best is about 100-300 km. (2) Contacts of long-distance passenger transport increase with the increasing distance within 200 km, and then present the trend with conic distance attenuation. (3) Spatial association of China's highway passenger transport contacts among central cities is strong. (4) The internal mechanism of urban agglomeration evolution can be characterized by structure and network of highway passenger transport contacts within 500 km. The extent of internal transport links in urban agglomerations can reflect regional economic development level and integration development degree. (5) Highway passenger transports with different distances reflect the regional transport links within different spatial scales. Regional traffic contacts structure and network at various spatial scales like urban agglomeration, inter-province, intra-province and regions can be clearly characterized by spatial distance subdivision of highway passenger transport.

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    Jie HUANG, Yexi ZHONG, Jianxin LI, Yuzhao Wen
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    Innovations in science and technology have led to a new high-speed transport infrastructure. High-speed rail, for example, is improving regional accessibility through time-space compression, and is promoting changes in regional economic patterns and spatial structures. After launching a "four vertical and four horizontal rail lines", China has entered an age of high-speed rails. This emergence highlights the importance of understanding the impact of high-speed rail on Chinese city accessibility. Using traffic times between provincial capital cities, train trip prices derived from train schedule, and per capita income, this study explored the impact of high-speed rail on the economic accessibility from two important perspectives: rail service price, and rail service consumption capacity. There were three key findings. First, operating high-speed rail increases rail service prices to provincial capitals to different degrees. For example, rail prices increased from 6 to 60 yuan (RMB) for the 9 cities without high-speed rails. In contrast, rail prices increased more than 60 yuan, and as high as 300 yuan, for the 22 cities with high-speed rails. The presence of high-speed rail decreases the correlation between rail service price and temporal accessibility for the 22 cities with high-speed rails from 0.95 to 0.54. In addition, there are significant changes in rail service prices. Conventional rail service prices are found in approximate alignment with the core-edge model. The 22 cities' high-speed rail prices are closely related with the distribution of high-speed rail lines and the prices for cities on horizontal high-speed rails are lower than those for vertical high-speed rails. The second key finding is that considering resident capacities to consume rail service, either conventional or high-speed, provincial capital cities with higher incomes have a higher capacity. Cities with lower incomes have lower rail consumption capacity. As such, the research concludes that urban resident income plays a decisive role in determining consumption capacity. Meanwhile, rail service prices are crucial in determining urban consumption capacity with respect to the rank of consumption capacity. Furthermore, the cost effectiveness of high-speed rail with increasing speed and price mainly depends on hourly economic limit. At the same time, resident income levels shape perceptions about cost effectiveness. Currently, the real cost effectiveness of most provincial capital cities are consistent with their perceptions. The third key finding is that high-speed rail reduces inequalities between cities in terms of rail service price and consumption capacity, but enlarges inequalities for the 22 cities with high-speed rails. In addition, the inequality of rail service consumption capacity is far higher than rail service price.

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    Shaoying LI, Zhifeng WU, Biying LI, Yilun LIU, Xiaoyue CHEN
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    Analyses of the spatial and temporal characteristics of residential Floor Area Ratio (FAR) are of great significance for urban planning and real estate development. The majority of the current studies focus on FAR estimation, calculation, planning and the relationship between FAR and economic development. However, the evolution process and the spatial pattern of FAR lack significant attention. Using residential big data obtained from the Internet, this study investigates the spatial-temporal pattern of FAR at multiple levels by combining time series analysis and spatial autocorrelation methods. The results of the study are as follows: (1) In the past 30 years, the residential space of Guangzhou has expanded from urban central area to the suburban areas. The fluctuation and increase trends in residential FAR have occurred. (2) In the initial stage of residential development before 1994, the FAR at the residential quarter level has no obvious spatial autocorrelation. In the rapid development stage (1995-2004) and the stable equilibrium stage (2005-2014), the FAR of newly-built residential quarters shows a significant spatial autocorrelation pattern. The spatial agglomeration has grown over these three intervals, thus reflecting the gradual improvement of residential development and planning guidance. (3) At district (country) level, the residential FAR has demonstrated a strong spatial autocorrelation. High-high clusters are concentrated in Yuexiu and Tianhe districts, whereas low-low clusters are concentrated in Conghua district. The spatial differentiation of FAR has emerged at the street (town) level. With the influence of location, transportation, infrastructure construction and land price, several streets in the urban core, such as Dongfeng, Binjiang, and Liede, have become the high-high concentrated areas of residential FAR. Moreover, the low-low clusters of FAR are mainly distributed in some tourist towns, such as Wenquan, Shawang, and Nansha towns.

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    Rui HUANG, Zheng WANG, Guanqun DING, Yangran GONG, Changxin LIU
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    Quantitative analysis of influencing factors of carbon emissions has an important guiding effect on reducing regional carbon emissions. This article, based on STIRPAT model, made an analysis of several factors influencing carbon emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu province, respectively population, affluence (in form of per capita GDP), techonology (in form of energy intensity) and urbanization. The results of Ridge regression showed that for 1% change in population, per capita GDP, energy intensity and the level of urbanization, there was 3.467%, (0.242+0.024lnA)%, 0.313%, and 0.151% change in energy carbon emissions in Jiangsu, respectively. Based on this study, the paper set eight scenarios to furthur analyze and predict the future trend of carbon emission in Jiangsu. It is found that low growth rate of population, low growth rate of per capita GDP and high technology progress rate would help to control carbon emissions, and the carbon emissions in 2020 would be 202.81 MtC in that case. To control Jiangsu's future carbon emissions, it is essential to not only improve the technology progress rate and control the population quantity, but also to reduce the growth rate of per capita GDP, which indicates the government should slow down economic development and transform the economic growth mode to New Normal.

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    Shiguang SHU, Hui DENG, Chengzhong WU
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    Environmental issues in the Mu Us Sandy Land and the surrounding area have been arouse academic attention. Effects of land use and scale on the southern edge of the Mu Us Sandy Land, have become an important research content. In terms of army land type, distribution and quantity, the settlements expanded greatly in Yansui Town during Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty. The article examines the pattern of the cultivated land use in the area near the town, as well as the distribution and quantity of 36 castle pastures and army land in late Wanli Period. Result show that during the Ming Dynasty, the spatial distribution of army reclamation experienced a process of moving northward, from those counties in Fuli Region-Boundary Stone-"Erbian"-"Dabian". More specifically, the reclamation took place in the counties in Fuli Region before Zhengtong Period and was restricted to the south of boundary stone during the ten-year Chenghua Period. Before the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was mainly found to the north of "Erbian". During the late Ming Dynasty, the army reclamation in Yansui Town developed significantly in Wanli Period, but declined from the end of Wanli Period to Chongzhen Period. During Wanli Period, spatial and temporal characteristics of landscape in the area near the edge of Yansui Town, are primarily military and geographical co-decision. Spatial characteristics show that cultivation, especially Xilu Yulin Wei cultivation, was the main part of army reclamation that is close to the boundary. Jiadao (the area between ''Erbian" and "Dabian") Migu Field and Xilu Castle Migu Field were the main part of inner Jiadao Migu Field and Pastures, especially Xilu Pasture was the major landscape around the boundary region. Quicksand was mainly located to the north of "Dabian" and also in the part of Jiadao. During the Wanli Period, the pattern of the land use, which was close to boundary, of Yansui Town can be seen like this: farmland was in the south of Pillar; To the north of the Donglu Boundary Stone was Castle Migu Field and to the north of Xilu Boundary Stone, there was cultivation. The Castle Migu Field was located further north. In the area between the Boundary Stone and Two Slides, there was new added grain field in the north of the Boundary Stone while out of the Migu Fileds of castles, pastures occupied that area. From late Wanli Period to Chongzhen Period, due to years of war and natural disasters, the agricultural production suffered a devastating damage, and the abandoned rate of the land was above 90%. During the Ming Dynasty, the development of army reclamation had little effect on the southward movement of Mu Us Sandy Land, but the natural conditions may be the root cause for the movement of the Mu Us Sandy Land.