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  • Orginal Article
    Jianming CAI, Jing LIN
    2016, 35(11): 2001-2014. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611001
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    With the deepening of globalization, the national competitiveness is increasingly dependent on the S&T-pillared hard power, talent-sourced intellectual creativity and culture-centered soft power, as well as those multi-scale innovative spaces/places as accommodators. The spaces refer to not only the spatial entities which can help to foster and inspire innovation, but also the cultural ambience and innovation eco-system which are able to stimulate ideas exchange and social interaction. Therefore, how to implant the culture as a key element into space to make it a cultural and culturally-productive place, is gradually becoming the essential issue to be dealt with and big challenge to academic society. This paper thus tries to, first of all, based on the elaboration of China's new vision and the systematic literature review on culture essence, call for the desperate need for China to formulate its own new culture to be aligned with its comprehensive power in international arena. Then, based on the historical development perspective, it argues the importance and approach of how to create culture-embedded innovative local spaces for enhancing both the urban and national competitiveness. Lastly, the paper stresses that geographers should pay high attention to a series of new research topics on inter-relationship between culture and place, in an aim to further optimize the innovative place making and promote urban sustainable development in the human-oriented, urbanity-chasing and amenity-focused age. To response this summoning, geographic science needs to expand its research horizon to more focus on micro space and place making while continuously exploiting its advantage in a macro regional study.

  • Trends in Geography
  • Trends in Geography
    Mingxing CHEN, Yinghua GONG
    2016, 35(11): 2015-2024. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611002
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    In March, 2014, the "National New Urbanization Planning (2014-2020)" was issued, indicating that China's urbanization has entered into a transition period from "quantity growth" to "quality improvement". The transformation of the national policies in urbanization is the result of long-time multidisciplinary researches on urbanization, with the collective wisdom of many scholars. Academician Lu Dadao took the lead in research on a series of consulting reports of urbanization, which is a symbolic achievement and has played a key role in the transformation of policies in urbanization. This paper reviewed the main content of the consulting reports, as well as the substantive promotion and influence they have on the relevant ministries and commissions of the nation. We believe that the discipline of human and economic geography should undertake the function of national think tank, and strengthen basic researches to support the policies. Urbanization is an important part of geographic research, and the new-type urbanization has provided a broader space, and we should have a strong sense of responsibility and scientific spirit.

  • Trends in Geography
    Xuegang GONG, Xiaoyong LIAO, Xiulan YAN, You LI, Kun YANG, Dan ZHAO
    2016, 35(11): 2025-2040. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611003
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    In recent years, environmental pollution accidents occur frequently in China, which gives rise to serious environmental damage. Environmental damage identification and assessment is one of the most important environmental protection measures to cope with damage, while baseline is the key to determine the nature and extent of injuries or damages. As a crucial component of environmental damage assessment and restoration activity, baseline determination is the key technology link of scientific assessment and the important premise for a fair damage assessment, which can be used for the environmental damage identification and assessment in China. There are four widely used methods that can determine the baseline of environment or resources in developed countries: historical data, reference area data, environmental standards and models. Firstly, this paper analyzed these methods systematically, and summarized their advantages and disadvantages based on the theory and case studies. Then it discussed the specific steps of all kinds of baseline determination methods. Furthermore, we summed up knowledge on soil or soil environment, which is closely related to soil baseline determination in China, and proposed the basic principles of soil baseline determination for environmental damage identification and assessment. In conclusion, we recommended the "4 steps" operating procedure for determining soil baseline, which provides a valuable academic perspective and gives a scientific guidance for soil environmental damage identification and assessment in China.

  • Trends in Geography
    Yu DENG, Yuefang SI
    2016, 35(11): 2041-2052. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611004
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    Innovation rather than land, capital and other factors becomes the new driver of economic development. In recent 35 years, researchers have made fundamental contributions to the understanding of the innovation process by exploring the location of R&D centers, the geography of high-technology industries, the diffusion of knowledge, etc. This paper systematically examines the history of the Western research on innovation geography, by summarizing the main researchers and their analyzing spatial scale, methodology and main findings every 5 years from 1991 to 2015. From 1991 to 1995, researchers mainly illustrated the geographical features of innovation activities as concentration in places. From 1996 to 2000, researchers explored the dynamics of innovation agglomeration, by focusing on the role of institutions. The period of 2001 to 2005 witnessed the booming of innovation geography research, especially the role of distant knowledge and global pipeline. From 2006 on, the evolutionary turn took the innovation geography research into the study of innovation network description and exploration. In summary, the Western innovation geography research has endured a dynamical development in the last 35 years; however, it has three shortcomings: neglecting the relationship between individuals and the organization, under-development of methodology, and thinking little of innovation policies and practices in developing economies. Therefore, we propose three fields to be studied to develop a new theoretical framework based on the developing economies: (1) the role of individual and organization as innovators; (2) the combination of quantitative and qualitative research; and (3) the innovation characters of developing economies.

  • Articles
  • Articles
    Shan LI, Meishu SUN, Weijia ZHANG, Lei TAN, Nina ZHU, Yuanfei WANG
    2016, 35(11): 2053-2070. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611005
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    Climate comfortable period (CCP) is a temporal index evaluating the climate comfortableness or human thermal comfortableness. It is of significance to architectural design, public health and tourism development etc. Most of studies on CCP generally take month-scale as the time granularity, which is too long to precisely chart the intra- or inter-regional differences, especially under global climate change. This article chooses day-scale as the time granularity of CCP, which is more precise than month-scale. Based on the daily meteorological data from 775 basic weather stations in the mainland of China from 1961 to 2010, which is provided by China Meteorological Science Data Sharing Service Network, this paper makes use of Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and Wind Effect Index (WEI), and modifies them to fit the actual situation of China in order to assess the climate comfortableness in the mainland of China since the 1960s. This study indicates the average annual and seasonal CCP and its spatial patterns in the mainland of China, and summarizes the evolving characteristics of CCP over the past 50 years. These results can provide some scientific understandings for human settlements environmental constructions, and also be helpful to improve local or regional resilience responding to global climate change.

  • Articles
    Abdimijit ABLEKIM, Alimujiang KASIMU, Alishir KURBAN, Manzira TURSUN
    2016, 35(11): 2071-2090. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611006
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    The study on environmental protection and ecological restoration in the lower reaches of the Tarim River has aroused widespread concern in the community and government at all levels. For those studies, the observation of the various forms of water resources is very important, because almost all natural processes and human activities are directly or indirectly restricted by lackage of water resources in the Tarim River Basin. In this research, the lakes in lower reaches of Tarim River were selected as an object, water body information was extracted from historical maps, topographic maps and satellite images, over the past century. Based on water body information and some other ancillary data, evolution of those lakes was analyzed, and the following results were summarized. (1) According to location, wate rbody and their change trends, evolution of the lakes could be divided to three time segments of the study period. Before the 1960s, hydrological conditions of the lower Tarim River were better than in recent 50 years, the number of the lakes was large, and most of the lakes were larger. For example, from the end of the 19th century to beginning of the 20th century, the total water body of the lakes were more than 2000 km2. From the 1960s-1970s to the end of 20th century, along with the construction of water conservancy facilities, hydrological conditions in this region tended to be worse, water bodies were reduced or completely dried up in many lakes. In this century, as an one of important results of Ecological Water Transfusion Project, hydrological conditions were improved, some lakes were refilled with water, and they were dried up over the decades. For example, in 2013, the total water area of the lakes in this region reached 760 km2. (2) The lakes of the lower Tarim River can be categorized into three main classes, in terms of types of lake basins. The lakes are distributed west of national highway and the right side of the mainstream is typical eolic (wind-formed) lakes; The lakes distributed on the east side of the mainstream and among the river network are riverine (fluvial) lakes; Tetima Lake can be identified as a tectonic lake. (3) Evolution of eolic lakes in this region has been summarized, and compared with riverine lakes in the same region. And we found that, there are great differences between eolic lakes and riverine lakes, in the aspects of shape, depth, water quality, formation time, etc. (4) In modern days, human factors exert more effects on the lake changes of this region than natural factors.

  • Articles
    Xiaohui LE, Junxian CHEN, Jiawen YANG
    2016, 35(11): 2091-2104. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611007
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    High capacity transit system offers a solution to traffic problems and shapes the city structure at the same time. A great number of articles have examined the close relationship between rail transit and urban structure. Our study attempts to enrich the existing literature by providing empirical evidences of how the metro system in Shenzhen has helped to change urban structure. We use data of land transaction from 2000 to 2014, which includes information on price, parcel location, land use type and transaction mode. We calculate distances from each parcel to its nearest metro station, nearest hub station, and the city center. We also divide all land parcels into three groups according to its temporal relationship with the planning and operation of its closest metro station. When analyzing the data, we firstly plot land price and FAR in relation to the three distance variables to see how they vary spatially. We then use spatial regression models to test whether land price and FAR are significantly affected by the distance to stations. We find that price and FAR of parcels transacted before metro plan announcement shows weak or even no station-orientation. However, price and FAR gradients appear after metro plan announcement and metro operation, which result from relatively fast price increase at station proximity. It is shown that land price and FAR's rising within 1 km are greater than the ones within 2 km. In addition, we find that metro investment has a greater impact on land price in relatively underdeveloped outer part of Shenzhen than that in the inner part by dividing all land parcels into two groups. Metro stations in the outer part then become a series of new economic growth points. Shenzhen is a city of multiple centers. The station-oriented development could further move the city into a fine tuned multi-center structure.

  • Articles
    Dandan ZHAO, Yecui HU
    2016, 35(11): 2105-2115. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611008
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    This study constructed an evaluation index system for urban land intensive use and urbanization based on their definitions. In addition, urban land intensive use and urbanization levels were measured in three urban agglomerations located in east China from 2007 to 2013 by the improved entropy method, which paves the way for the analyses such as co-integration theory, impulse response function and variance decomposition to explore the changing relationships and the interactions between urban land intensive use and urbanization. The analyses reveal that the levels of both urban land intensive use and urbanization are on the rise and there is a stable long-term equilibrium relationship between them. This indicates that they develop together and that each has a positive effect on the other in the long term. However, the specific effect that each has on the other is different. With regard to the impact of urbanization on intensive land use, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration ranks first, while the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration ranks last. On the other hand, with regard to the impact of intensive land use on urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration ranks first, while the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration ranks last. Based on this, each of the three urban agglomerations should focus on different aspects in the future. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration should focus on scientific land use planning and improving intensive land use level in order to enhance the effect of intensive land use on urbanization. Urban land intensive use generates a negative effect on urbanization and urbanization only exerts a weak influence on urban land intensive use in the case of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, but they will achieve harmonious development in the long term. Therefore, it is important to carry out reasonable urban planning, adjust the urbanization mode to realize sustainable urban development and enhance the effect of urbanization on urban land intensive use from a long-term perspective. The Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration ranks last in terms of the impact of intensive land use on urbanization. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on intensive land use theory and enhance the effect of intensive land use on urbanization in order to achieve harmonious future development. This is the only way to enhance the relationship between urbanization and urban land intensive use. In turn, this is the only way in which urbanization can be made sustainable and the theory of urban land intensive use be applied more reasonably, thus providing the foundation for the sustainable development of both.

  • Articles
    Sabit MANSUR, Nasirdin NASIMA, Mamut ARSLAN
    2016, 35(11): 2116-2124. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611009
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    Based on three periods of remote sensing image data, August in 1989, 2002 and 2014, by using the Costanza ecosystem service value calculation formula, and referring to the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service value equivalent, the paper, combined with biomass and biodiversity of different land use/cover types in the study area, formulated ecosystem service function value equivalent weight of each land use/cover types in Tomur National Nature Reserve, and analyzed changes in the value of ecosystem service of different land use/cover types. Results showed that: (1) Glacial snow was the largest land type in the reserve, accounting for 49.18% of the total area, and increased by 3.66×104 hm2 during 1989-2014, with an annual rate of 1.11%; Grassland area, which accounted for 3.72%, increased by 0.34×104 hm2, with an annual rate of 1.43%; Water area, accounting for 3.81%, had a reduction of 1.63×104 hm2, with an annual rate of 2.22%; Waste land, accounting for 42.31%, decreased by 2.33×104 hm2, with an annual rate of 0.55%; Woodland, accounting for 0.98%, with an annual rate of 1.70% in early stage and 1.33% in later stage. The dynamics of water, grassland and forest land was high, while that of glacier and wasteland was low. The overall dynamic degree of the region in the early stage was 0.72% and the later stage was 0.62%, suggesting that with the promotion of the reserve to the national level in 2003, enhancement of protection efforts and weakening of the impact of human activities, the active degree of mutual conversion between different types gradually slowed down. (2) The ecological service value of the reserve was 52.31×108 yuan/a, which highlighted the important ecological status of the protected area. The ecological service function of water resource supplies and hydrological regulation was the highest in the 11 ecological service functions of the reserve, which was related to the large area of glacier and water in the protected area. The value of the ecological service function of food and raw material production was low, which was related to its non-productive operation mode. During the study period, the total value of ecosystem services decreased by 31.49%, while that of grassland and glaciers increased by 35.70% and 27.63%, and the water and wasteland decreased by 55.43% and 13.81%, and the forest land decreased by 22.13% first and then increased by 15.75%. In the proportion of the value, water was dominant in 1989, and the glacier was in 2014. The main reason was that the water body with the high value of the ecological service was replaced by the glacier with the lower value of the ecological services.

  • Articles
    Tao LI, Bifan CAI, Zhuomin TAO
    2016, 35(11): 2125-2138. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611010
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    Leisure Agriculture Tourism (LAT) plays an important role in exploring multi-functionality of agriculture, enhancing agriculture quality and efficiency, expanding employment and income channels for farmers and stimulating the vitality of rural and social development in the countryside. Therefore, scientific and objective evaluation of environmental health on LAT, is beneficial to identification of the type, size and layout of the regional LAT development. What's more, it can instruct related policy, market, capital and infrastructure in case blind development, disordered expansion and ecological damage. It is also a scientific action to promote agricultural modernization and coordinate society and economy between urban and rural areas by effective development of regional agriculture's leisure function, according to local conditions. So the evaluation is equipped with theoretical guidance and practical value. The paper constructs an environmental health evaluation system of LAT, and examines the environmental health and suitability of LAT in the six coastal agglomerations of China, combined with ESDA analysis. Finally, the results can be obtained as follows: (1) The environment health index shows obvious differences among the urban agglomerations and inside the urban agglomerations; the differences of environmental health index are dominated by the industrial economy environment, and the "non-equalization" of environmental health index is the "bottle-neck" restricting the development of regional LAT. (2) There are different characteristics in spatial structures, spatial patterns and spatial trends of the kernel density distribution of the environmental health index among the urban agglomerations and inside the urban agglomerations. There is noticeable node-liked hierarchical distribution, "patch shaped, distributed" and "ring shaped, continued" characteristics between urban agglomerations, and network-liked spatial distribution structure, "cluster type" and "band extension" spatial form within urban agglomerations; (3) LAT along the coast can be divided into 4 types: healthy and active development, healthy and suitable development, sub-healthy and moderate development, and non-healthy and integrated development. At last, the paper provides the development directions and strategies to various types, in order to promote agricultural modernization, coordination between rural and urban areas, improvement of eco-environment in rural areas and achieve sustainable development of LAT.

  • Articles
    Meifang LI, Jinpei OU, Xia LI
    2016, 35(11): 2139-2152. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611011
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    Influenza A (H1N1), an acute infectious disease, broken out throughout the world in 2009. It has not only become a hazard to human health but also resulted in great global economic loss. At present, many scholars have carried out studies on various disciplines related to influenza A (H1N1). However, few studies have investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics of influenza A (H1N1) based on Geographic Information System. In this study, we collected the monthly and yearly data of influenza A (H1N1) incidence in 31 provinces of China from 2009 to 2013 from the National Scientific Data Sharing Platform for Population and Health to explore the spatio-temporal distribution of influenza A (H1N1) in China. The spatial distribution of yearly incidence of influenza A (H1N1) in the five-year period was analyzed using global Moran's I, local Getis-Ord Gi*, and the Moran scatterplot. Among them, global Moran's I was used to analyze the average spatial correlation and significance level of the whole study area. Local Getis-Ord Gi* and the Moran scatterplot were used to analyze the instability and heterogeneity of local regions. In addition, we used the degree of concentration, time series model, and circular distribution analysis to examine seasonal variations of influenza A (H1N1) epidemics. The results showed that influenza A (H1N1) incidence in 2009 was significantly higher than that in other years. Moreover, there were prominent correlations between both spatial and temporal dimensions of influenza A (H1N1) incidence. As for global spatial autocorrelation, the global Moran's I results suggested that significantly positive spatial autocorrelations were associated with the yearly incidence of influenza A (H1N1) in 2010, 2012, and 2013, as well as the monthly incidence of influenza A (H1N1) from October to April. Regarding local spatial autocorrelation, the Moran scatterplots showed that an increasing number of adjacent provinces had high incidence from 2009 to 2013. Besides, the outcomes of local Getis-Ord Gi* indicated that the hot spots of the epidemics transferred from northwest China, including Xinjiang, Qinghai and Gansu, to southeast China. In terms of the seasonal characteristics of influenza A (H1N1) epidemics, the degree of concentration analysis showed that there were strong temporal aggregations of these epidemics every year. Additionally, using the time series model and circular distribution analysis, we identified that the peaks of incidence were clustered from October to April. Therefore, the findings of our study not only improved the understanding of the spatial variation and temporal dynamics of influenza A (H1N1) in China, but also provided an effective method for infectious disease surveillance.

  • Articles
    Guirong LIU, Shuming BAO, Jinfeng SHE, Hongli ZHANG
    2016, 35(11): 2153-2166. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611012
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    The financial institution structure in China has undergone tremendous changes since the 1980s; the financial service industry has evolved from retail banking to a more complex system involving commercial lending, insurance, securities and other services. Based on the spatial statistical analysis and GIS, the paper aims to analyze spatio-temporal changes in domestic financial institution structure, using the 2004 economic census data from banks, securities and insurance institutions. The studies have shown that domestic financial institutions have experienced phase-wise, jumping, asynchronous and nonstationary development over the time while spatially, these institutions have undergone an unbalanced development across provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, resulting in significant differences between financial sectors in terms of spatial agglomeration. While financial institutions providing low-end financial services, such as retail banking, are evenly distributed with no significant agglomeration, financial institutions providing high-end services, such as investment and insurance, have experienced significant spatial agglomeration. Meanwhile, the discrepancy in spatial distribution is ever-increasing. Along with the financial security, incremental demanding in investment and financing, the proportion of domestic insurance banking, investment and financing banking will be continuously rising in the near future. It is expected that China's financial institution structure will be more diversified as the economic development and marketing reforms continue, and financial investment and securities services grow. It is also expected that the regional financial structure will experience spatial convergence in certain sectors while diverging in others. These two trends in regional financial institution structure domestically will coexist.

  • Articles
    Yanhua CHEN, Suqiong WEI, Songlin CHEN
    2016, 35(11): 2167-2184. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611013
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    In the global context, the analysis involving effects and enlightenments on TDI of Chinese mainland in the cross-strait economic development facilitates the better understandings of the relationships between Taiwan and Chinese mainland, as well as the identification of reasonable future of TDI and cross-strait economic and trade relations. Based on panel data of Taiwan investment inflows and outflows from 1991 to 2014, this paper has selected indicators such as investment, consumption, import and export trade as exogenous variances according to macro-economic growth theory, respectively building vector autoregressive model (VAR) to measure two problems: one was contrasting economic contribution from TDI and other FDI to Chinese mainland, the other was the comparison of economic effect on Chinese mainland's TDI and other OFDI. The empirical results showed that: (1) A short-term negative economic effect on Chinese mainland and positive ones in the long run existed considering the impulse response from TDI, which has played a long-term positive role in Taiwanese economic growth; (2) There was an obvious asymmetry on TDI in the cross-strait economic impacts: compared to other FDI from typical economies, TDI's economic contribution in the mainland of China ranked fifth, (more influence comes from Japan, the United States, South Korea and Hong Kong), yet jumping as first concerning Taiwanese economic growth in contrast to other OFDI' representative economies (exceeding the United States and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations). On the basis of the above conclusion, the prospects and suggestions of TDI in the mainland of China and the future of cross-strait economic and trade relations were put forward: on the one hand, China should continue to adopt Taiwanese preferential policies underhanded and guided by the geographic thinking, which refers to core thoughts of the geography school and regional school; On the other hand, Taiwan should adjust the distribution of investment industry and its value chain strategy, not only to expand the cooperation on Taiwan high-tech industry, advanced manufacturing industry and other emerging industries, as well as financial, logistics and other modern service industries between Chinese mainland and Taiwan, on the basis of the current manufacturing investments from Taiwanese, but also to promote the balanced development and coordinated spatial layout of Taiwanese industry value chain in Chinese mainland.

  • Articles
    Xiande LI
    2016, 35(11): 2185-2200. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201611014
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    : In 1973, Daniel Bell coined the term "post-industrial society". According to Bell, the era of the service economy is coming up and the role of manufacturing industries tends to decline. This study aims to explore the economic transition towards a 'post-industrial society' in Shanghai through the lens of an industrial input-out network. The empirical analysis is based on an input-output table among 144 industries in Shanghai for the year 2007. More specifically, an industrial network is created based on complete consumption coefficients and reveals direct and indirect connections among individual industries. Social network analysis is then applied to calculate in- and out-degrees of individual industries. The in-degree of an industry captures both direct and indirect inputs from all other industries to the industry under investigation, whereas the out-degree of an industry characterizes the (direct and indirect) flows from that industry. A typology of industries is identified based on individual industries' in- and out- degrees. The analysis further elaborates the difference between manufacturing and service sectors in terms of in- and out-degrees as well as characterizes the relationship between industrial connections and GDP growth. Despite the fact that manufacturing sector's share in GDP has been declining in the past few decades, the current study suggests that manufacturing maintains strategic positions within input-output networks among industries. In other words, manufacturing is still a relevant and integral part of Shanghai's economy. As for policy recommendations, the paper suggests that Shanghai should strengthen the integration of manufacturing and producer services, promote industrial clusters (i.e., improve related variety and unrelated variety among individual industries), as well as incubate emerging industries such as aerospace technology and engineering.