Xiong'an New Area is considered as a special new area with national significance after Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and Shanghai Pudong New Area. Its establishment is also a major strategic decision under the cooperation and development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, following the planning and construction of Beijing city deputy center. Currently, most researches focus on the strategic significance of Xiong'an New Area and interpretation or discussion on the objective of its development and construction, but the general idea and challenges of planning and construction on Xiong'an New Area need to be carefully and deeply analyzed and thought about. The paper makes some views and suggestions on strategic significance, the orientation of urban development, the planning of industry and land use, the innovation of institutional mechanism as well as some problems such as the administrative and land management model and ecological protection of Xiong'an New Area by four geographers, who have long been studying the development and planning of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Yangtze River economic zone. The purpose of this paper is to promote the further study of geographers, and to provide the advice and suggestions for the planning and construction of Xiong'an New Area. Moreover, the further study of Xiong'an New Area is of great value to the theoretical study of regional integration in China.
China has undergone substantial industrial and spatial restructuring since the economic transition. The triple process of globalization, marketization and decentralization has a significant influence on the restructuring of manufacturing spaces in urban China. Using the data from the basic unit survey and second economic census conducted in 2001 and 2008 respectively, we investigated the restructuring process of the manufacturing spaces in Nanjing. The result implies that with the suburbanization of the manufactures, multiple specialized areas emerged in the outskirt of Nanjing. In particular, the development zones gradually became the major base of those manufacturing firms. And a hub-and-spoke pattern has also been detected with the development of traffic infrastructures and the construction of the development zones in Nanjing. Employing the binary logistic model and spatial autocorrelation models (SLM/SEM), we also found that the global factors of foreign investment and the export degree of industries, the market factors encompassing the urban land price and the development of non-state/collective enterprises, as well as two dummy variables of development zones and city center indicating the force of decentralization have highly significant impact on the failure/migration and re-agglomeration of manufacturing firms in Nanjing, together with other locations, industrial, and regional factors including the distance to the highway, distance to the airport, pollution intensive, hi-tech intensive, land supply, and density of roads.
Since the 1980s, China has experienced great political and economic transformation that many scholars theorize as globalization, marketization and decentralization. Under this background, local governments play increasingly significant roles in shaping urban spatial structure and facilitating urban development. Local governments at multiple administrative levels and with different powers tend to produce different types of urban forms. In this paper, based on the urban land competitive bidding rental theorem, we reveal the urban spatial development character driven by local governments, and derive different urban spatial development paths under the influence of different local governments. In data analysis, we use land use data interpreted by remote sensing in the years of 1990, 2000 and 2010, and several technical measures such as urban spatial morphology measure index, the moving windows algorithm, and the Sectorial analysis method. We measure and compare the constructive land scale, regularity of built-up land sprawl, and morphological evolution between Guangzhou and Dongguan, whose urban development is driven by different levels of governments-Guangzhou's municipal government and Dongguan's village/township governments respectively. Our results confirm the theoretical derivation that municipal governments tend to develop cities with a more compact and dense urban core. The development density reduces as the land development extends away from the urban core. In contrast, village/township governments tend to develop a more dispersed, scattered, and discontinuous spatial pattern. This paper highlights the different roles that local governments at different administrative levels and with different powers have played in shaping China's urban spatial structure. It contributes to the research on the mechanisms and impacts of local governments upon urban spatial reconfiguration, and calls on our attention to the linkage between local governance and urban spatial attributes.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate and evaluate the spatial distribution of urban innovation in the Yangtze River Delta. In this study, the data of innovation ability of 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2001 to 2012 were selected. Based on the coefficient of variation, Gini coefficient, Herfindahl-Hirschman index, spatial autocorrelation and spatial regression analysis method, combined with GIS spatial analysis, SPSS data analysis tools and Geoda software, this paper examines the spatiotemporal change and influencing factors of innovation capability in the Yangtze River Delta cities. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The overall spatial differentiation and innovation concentrations of the region have been stable in recent years. (2) The spatial pattern of innovation is still in dynamic change, but a high innovation output zone which consist of Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Nanjing has formed. The innovation space in the delta has shown fluctuating characteristics, with a minor positive spatial correlation among cities. This indicates that a certain degree of spatial heterogeneity exists in the Yangtze River Delta region. (3) Urban innovation has shown a certain degree of spatial spillover effect. The level of investment, environment and scale of the innovation are the main factors influencing the spatial differentiation of innovation capacity of cities in the region. The research results provide some guidance for the improvement of city innovation capacity and regional sustainable development of the Yangtze River Delta.
Gender equity and women's quality of everyday life has always been an important issue in the field of feminist geography. In the perspective of individual daily travel, most of the present studies on gender differences are confined to the statistical description of various travel characteristics. However, there is lack of research on travel purpose that directly reveals the essence of inequality of labor division between female and male in a family, especially for the daily travel purpose structure, including subsistence activity, maintenance activity and recreation activity, which is closely related to women's travel activity right and the quality of life. Previous research on the influencing factors of women's travel activities mainly focused on the personal and family attributes, but lacked of consideration of the built environment in different communities. As such, based on the gender differences of daily travel characteristics, this paper concentrates on the travel purpose and explores the inequalities existing in family life. A total of 1604 resident samples in 18 communities in Guangzhou are selected as research data. A multinomial logistic model is used to examine the influencing factors of female's travel purposes, including individual attributes, family attributes and the built environment attributes in their residential communities. The results show that there is no significant gender difference in terms of daily travel activities such as travel rate, travel time, and departure time distribution. However, the structure of travel purposes is obviously different between female and male. And the significant factors that affect the female residents' travel purpose structure include "age", "educational level", "family structure", "whether they have 0-6 years old children". Moreover, some built environment factors are also significantly associated with the female's travel purpose. On weekdays, for those who live in low POI density or low public transport facility density communities, their travel purposes are more likely to be restricted to maintenance housework activities. And on the rest days, in low construction density, POI density, commercial accessibility or insufficient public transport facility communities, female residents' travel purposes are similarly confined to responsible daily activities, but with less recreational travel opportunities. This study could shed light on the formation of equal travel space for the female group, and provide beneficial implications for the optimization of the land use structure and adequate public infrastructure services in communities concerning women's quality of life.
"Place" was posed by humanistic geographers in the 1970s as a term opposite to "space". Humanists emphasize the importance of subjective feelings and individual experiences in place formation. In their argument, place is a collection of personal experiences and meanings. Place identity is formed based on internal identification. Social constructionists, on the other hand, believe that we cannot understand place properly without an analysis of the bigger social structure. Place is a product of social construction. Power relationship, economic production pattern, and cultural norms all exert an influence on place formation. Place identity, in other words, is based on its relationship with outside world and its relative position in macro-structure. Most place-related researches on China are also divided into two groups on account of methodological perspective. However, humanistic and constructionist motivations are usually at work at the same time in place formation and transformation. Structuration theory, which is widely used in sociological researches, is a constructive perspective in overcoming the dualism in methodology of place-related research. This perspective is used in this article to analyze the transformation of place identity of Sanlitun, a neighborhood in Beijing. From the transformation of Sanlitun's spatial structure, sense of identity and its relative position in macroeconomic structure, we could observe that place is neither purely a collection of personal meaning and experiences, nor purely a product of social structure. It is influenced by the interaction between the practices of social actors and social structure. Place is part of this interrelationship. It is the result from the interaction of actors and structure; meanwhile, it becomes the background in which the next round of interaction takes place. "Society-Actors-Place" forms a complicated multilateral interrelationship.
It is important to analyze and summarize the internal logic changes of agricultural business entities, especially to cultivate new agricultural business entities and perfect modern agricultural management system. Firstly, we analyze the changes of agricultural business entities (CABE) since 1952. And then, we quantify the change of agricultural business entities adopting a quantitative approach, and identify its effect. CABE have obvious stage characteristics, which can be roughly divided into five stages. In fact, there is a big difference between the decision maker and the operating mechanism at different stages. During the first stage (1953-1958), the cooperative operation was based on family management, while collective management under the people's commune system was playing a dominant role in the second stage. At the third stage (1979-1992), new changes took place in the subject of agricultural business entities, which was pure peasant household's time. Farmers, and peasants coexistence in the household contract management dominated the fourth stage. Since 2013, the agricultural management system in China has taken on new characteristic, namely, many kinds of types of operation, such asfamily management, collective operation, cooperative management and enterprise management, etc. are compatible. After 1978, China's agricultural management system has been optimized; the tool variable value has been on a rising trend, the grain yield and agricultural total factor productivity index also showed the characteristics of fluctuation. Throughout the study period, the agricultural management system has a significant positive effect on grain yield and agricultural total factor productivity. In the new period, the arrangement of agricultural production and operation system should follow the market rules strictly. First of all, we must respect the willingness of the agricultural production and business entities to join or set up cooperative organizations, to protect the production and operation of the main body, to change the cost of production supervision, and to improve the degree of organization. Secondly, we should speed up the design and exploration of supporting systems, and promote the appropriate scale of operation. In the end, we should develop new business entities, develop professional farmers, and improve the production skills of workers.
The contemporary studies of tourism big data are not sufficient to utilize online tourist-generated contents for evaluating tourism destinations, while the content-analysis studies in linguistic studies have yet to have qualified technics for conducting tourism research. In order to bridge this gap between these, this paper constructs an emotion model for evaluating tourism destinations based on tourists' online reviews. This model is composed of three emotional filtering factors including tourism lexicon, grammatical logics and emotional multipliers. The tourism lexicon contains 3507 positive emotional words and 3365 negative emotional words. It is used to depict the general emotional image of a tourist online review by calculating positive and negative words within the review. Every emotional word will be counted as one score, either positive or negative. Grammatical logics contain 13 rules which adjust the positive or negative scores and give the final emotional score of the review. Emotional multiplier in this study is set from three to five. It is used to correct the deviation of exaggerated positive emotions due to the existing pro-positive preference in human emotional expression. This paper collects 120731 pieces of tourists' online reviews among eight tourist destinations (Yangshuo, Zhangjiajie, Huangshan, Chengdu, Luoyang, Kanas, Jiaozuo and Xishuangbanna) and uses this model to evaluate the overall emotional images of these destinations. The result is compared to the questionnaire-based survey data conducted by UNWTO (United Nation, World Tourism Organization) among these destinations from 2013 to 2015. The verification proves that the three emotional filtering factors are effective in mapping emotional images of tourists' online reviews. Based on both single and multiple-year verification, the accuracy of the proposed six sub-models is ranged from high to low as follows: C2>C1>C3>B>Direct Scores>A. This outcome means that the model-based result is the closest to the UNWTO result under the C2 that emotional multiplier is set at 4 and the tourism lexicon and grammatical logics are applied. This paper contributes to the literature by paving alternative ways of destination evaluation and proves the usefulness of tourism big data in geographical studies. This effort will underpin subsequent theoretical and empirical studies in tourism geography.
The urban tourism community embraces the multiculturalism and charms of cities. It serves as an important component of destination systems based on city tourism characteristics. A network can record tourists' personal observations, which provide novel perspectives for studying the urban tourism community's images. This paper uses a text-mining method to express comments on the typical urban tourism community concerning Beijing, as published on the Baidu Travel and Ctrip network platforms. Through analysis of the domestic tourism community's cognitive images, emotional images, and overall image perception of the Nanluoguxiang area, 798 Art District, Sanlitun Village, Shichahai, and Dashilan, four reasons are proposed for differing image perception among five tourism sub-communities focused on: architectural features, history and culture, business types, and resident groups. The following conclusions are drawn. (1) Urban community tourism cognitive image elements can be assigned to six groups: construction, diet, culture, place names, tourists' groups, and store types. (2) The tourism community's affective images possess different characteristics, reflecting an extension of cognitive images but, overall, culture and atmosphere of affective images are more prominent. (3) The tourists' attitudes toward tourism community demonstrate affection and admiration, but the understandings and emotions toward the culture of five communities are different. (4) Tourism community types can be grouped as history culture, modern culture, and integrated culture. In line with these conclusions, this paper presents measures and suggestions. First, classification of construction of tourism community protection and management needs to be strengthened, and perception of community material image elements improved. Second, the tourism community experience elements should be enriched, and emotional identity enhanced. Third, the material environment and atmosphere of characteristic culture should be optimized, and comprehensive attraction enhanced. Finally, a network platform should be constructed for the tourism community, and enthusiasm of tourists toward posting online reviews should be raised. This study can help identify the core value of tourism resources in the community, determine suitable image management and strategy, and promote sustainable development of tourism communities.
With the rapid process of urbanization, the space of tourism has been expanded and the growth of the tourism-guided New-type Urbanization has been booming. However, due to the lack of guidance of a scientific model, there are a series of practical issues, including excessive investment on tourism land, disorderly spatial layout, impaired rural style and ecosystem. Thus, it is urgent to apply the comprehensive remediation to the space of tourism urbanization, and reconstruct the scientific and rational spatial layout. The areas of tourism urbanization can be classified into Attractions [A], Town [T] and Rural area [R], presenting the pluralistic interactive relations. According to the five different combination types of ATR space-efficient trade-offs, the authors summarize the common characteristics of the space of tourism urbanization through the proposed model of the space restructuring of tourism urbanization in the perspective of ATR, which is known as the single-core linkage spatial layout.This model stresses that the space effect should be reasonably concentrated so that the tourism town as the center supporting the industries can avoid the negative effect caused by scattered development and scenic spots and villages can be separated to maintain the quality of the overall ecological environment. Taking Mayangxi, Fujian province as an example, this paper utilizes the ATR optimized reconstruction of space on the basis of analyzing the current state of space fragmentation. As the results reveal, the space taken by tourism attractions presents the united pattern in vast areas, with three main united parts located along the Mayangxi. As the only tourist center with pillar industries, Shili town in the south is also the livelihood space of local residents. Rural residential areas can be divided into two types of the one with conservative remediation and the one merged into town, in order to best promote the protection of the whole environment and strictly control the ecological red-line areas. The ATR single-core linkage spatial layout model not only constructs the space management platform for the Mayangxi Ecotourism Area, but also provides the practical theoretical basis for the reasonable spatial layout of a new tourist town in the future.
In the context of climate change and urbanization, increasing pluvial flood disasters leads to severe losses and impacts of urban inhabitants, properties and functions, particularly in the interruption of public services (e.g. urban transportation and emergency response). Therefore, the emergency management and risk adaptation of urban pluvial flooding have been one of the hotspots in natural hazards research. The city center (East Nanjing Road-Central Business District) of Shanghai, China has been selected as a study area because it exhibits enhanced consequences of pluvial flooding. A simple 2D hydrodynamic model (FloodMap-HydroInundation2D), which couples hydrological processes with surfacewater flow modeling in urban environment, was used to derive pluvial flood inundation associated with urban road network. Furthermore, GIS-based spatial analysis (network analysis and cost distance algorithm) was employed to evaluate the transportation conditions and emergency responses (accessibility and service coverage) of critical public service sectors (Medical Treatment and Public Security) under multiple scenarios of rainfall magnitudes (1 in 10 year and 1 in 100 year return periods) and flood thresholds (30 cm and 50 cm). The results show that: (1) at normal (no rainfall or less than 1 in 1 year rainfall) condition, urban emergency response could cover almost the total (more than 99%) area in 10 minutes or less, among which ambulances and police vehicles could reach the majority (82% and 87%) of the study area within 5 minutes. (2) During 1 in 10 year rainfall scenario, most of the urban roadways was predicted to be accessible and more than 90% of the city center would be reachable in 10 minutes. The response areas of large or medium emergency vehicles with better performance of water-wading (above 50 cm) would even be close to the service coverage at normal condition. (3) Under 1 in 100 year rainfall scenario, as the rainfall intensity significantly overwhelm the design capacity of storm sewer drainage system, majority of the urban road network would be highly inundated. Over half of the study area could be completely inaccessible within 10 minutes, according to 30 cm threshold. By contrast, the emergency service area would largely increase to about 93% of the city center when flood restriction subject to 50 cm threshold. This study suggests that the framework developed for coupling high resolution pluvial flood modeling with urban emergency response assessment, is proved to be practical and effective and will provide a scientific basis for urban flood mitigation and smart emergency management.
Division of sedimentary cycles from the Yellow River sediments under Kaifeng City is the groundwork to illustrate the relationship between the decline of Kaifeng City and the Yellow River floods in history. However, traditional method dividing sedimentary cycle with granularity cannot be used to the sediments under the city because the normal granulometric sequence of the sediments were disturbed significantly by human activities, such as city reconstructions, looking for treasures buried in sediments, etc. after flood events. Therefore we must discover other proxy indicators instead of granularity to divide flood sedimentary cycles in urban areas. Three sedimentary cores (ZKsz, ZKyz and ZKjm) of 25 m were drilled in April, 2012. ZKsz and ZKyz are in the central urban area of Kaifeng City, and ZKjm is in the western suburbs of the city that is the reference core on the study. The core sections were split fresh in the field at most 10 cm interval and a total of 657 samples were acquired and stored in sample boxes. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, V, Cr and Co in samples were measured with the instrument of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Mn, Al, Fe, and P with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), and Hg and As with Atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). The integrated enrichment factor (IEF) of elements from human and biology was defined in this paper. With IEF as a proxy indicator, sedimentary cycles were divided based on the wavelet analysis with the help of MATLAB 7.0 software. The results show that the elements of Ni, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, V and Al in cores are primarily of natural sources, while Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Hg, As and P are anthropogenic-biogenic elements from human activities and biology. Most boundaries of the sedimentary cycles divided by granularity (sand-clay ratio) in ZKsz and ZKyz are consistent with IEF in ZKjm less disturbed by human activities, indicating IEF can be used as a proxy indicator dividing sedimentary cycles. There are eight element cycles in ZKsz upper stratum from 0 to 12 m, and six element cycles in ZKyz from 0 to 9 m, which are more than their granularity cycles, indicating that IEF can avoid the human disturbance to normal granulometric sequence and element cycles can inverse the Yellow River flood frequency accurately. The ancient Daliang City in the Warring States Period, Dongjing City in the Song Dynasty, Kaifeng City in the late Ming Dynasty and Kaifeng City in the late Qing Dynasty were buried under the ground of 10 to 12 m, 9 m, 4 m and 1 m respectively in the area within the city wall of Kaifeng City nowadays.
Due to the intensive impacts of natural processes and anthropogenic activities, coastline changes have become one of the most important characteristics in coastal evolution. Detecting coastline changes and understanding the spatial patterns of human utilization are of great significance to provide knowledge for coastal resources management with sustainable development purposes. This study took six periods of remote sensing images from 1990 to 2015 as primary data sources for identifying coastlines, analyzing coastline changes, and recognizing the spatial patterns of the changes affected by human activities in Zhejiang Province. The results showed: (1) since 1990, the coastline changes in this province was significant; the total length of coastline, as well as the natural coastlines, was reduced; the coastlines constantly moved toward the sea and the artificial shorelines were significantly increased. (2) In the past 25 years, the whole coastline fractal dimension of Zhejiang is 1.0922; before 2000, the fractal dimension was relatively stable, then it showed a downward trend; in 2015, it reduced to 1.086. (3) During the last 25 years, the artificial index of Zhejiang's coastline has been rising; the transformation from the bedrock shoreline to port shoreline was the major changes; the artificial degree of the northern Hangzhou Bay, Xiangshan Harbor and Jiaojiang Port were the highest in the coastal areas. (4) during the study period, in 7 natural coastal areas of Zhejiang, the shoreline utilization structure of southern Hangzhou Bay, Sanmen Bay and Oujiang Estuary-Shacheng harbour maintained a single subject, the using type of Xiangshan Port District were dual structure, and the remaining areas showed different characteristics of evolution trend. (5) The shoreline development strength of Zhejiang presented a rising trend in the past 25 years; it rose from 0.25 in 1990 to 0.38 in 2015; the development and utilization of coastline strength of Xiangshan Harbor District is the largest among all harbors/bays; the strength index reached 0.53 in 2015.
Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data, this study investigated the spatio-temporal changes in extreme UTCI indices in China during 1979-2014. The results show that national average heat indices have significantly increased. Hot nights (1.50 d/10a) and summer minimum UTCI (0.63 °C/10a) have larger increasing rates than hot days (1.32 d/10a) and summer maximum UTCI (0.24 °C/10a). The number of hot days and hot nights has increased rapidly since the early 1990s. In comparison, most of cold indices show no significant trends, except for winter maximum UTCI (0.42 °C/10a). Cold days and cold nights series show distinct characteristics in different periods, with both high mean values and large fluctuation ranges in the 1980s and the period after the mid-2000s, and both low mean value and small fluctuation range in the period between them. Particularly during recent 10 years, China has been facing both severe extreme heat stress in summer and cold stress in winter. From the perspective of regional differentiation, heat indices increase over most of China. The largest increasing magnitudes of hot days and hot nights were observed over eastern Xinjiang and central Inner Mongolia, namely 3-4.80 d/10a and 4-5.94 d/10a, respectively. Winter maximum UTCI increased at 82.04% of China, with the largest increasing rates (1.20-2.18 °C/10a) in central and western Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi. Other cold indices show no significant trends in most of China, and their changes are relatively small. In addition, the comparison between extreme UTCI indices and extreme temperature indices shows that, both of them reveal increasing hot days and hot nights and decreasing cold days and cold nights in most parts of the country. Nonetheless, the increases in hot days and hot nights indicated by extreme temperature indices have relatively large magnitudes, and the phenomenon of hot nights increasing faster than hot days is more prominent. Besides, decreasing trends in cold days and cold nights show larger magnitudes and spatial extent for extreme temperature indices.
Climate change research in South China extending back before the current century not only has considerable importance to researching the features of climate change and predicting future climate change and climate disasters in South China, but also plays a positive role in analysis of the characteristics of climate change throughout China. In this paper, there are two data sources: historical documents and modern meteorological observations. Historical documents include Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun records and collections from local gazettes and other historical data. A total of 1499 records from stations operational from 1736 to 1911 were collected from Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun records with about 9 stations recorded yearly, and 1237 records from 1710 to 2000 were collected from other historical documents with about 4 records yearly. Based on the features of records in historical documents and characteristics of winter climate in South China, methods for reconstructing the winter cold index were established to reconstruct the series of winter cold index for analysis of the characteristics of cold and warm in winters in South China from 1710 to 2009 by clustering analysis, the Mann-Kendall method and power spectrum analysis. The results showed the following: (1) The average winter cold index in South China was 2.2 from 1710 to 2009, with a maximum index range of neighboring years of 3.0 (the difference between 1834 and 1835) and maximum index difference of adjacent decades of 0.7 (the difference between the 1890s and 1900s), which indicated an obvious change in winter cold. (2) Winter temperatures were warmer in the 20th century than in the 19th century. (3) The cold and warm changes in winters in South China from 1710 to 2009 could be divided into three stages: warmer winter existed during the two periods from 1710 to 1834 and from 1893 to 2009, while it colder winters were observed in from 1835 to 1892. (4) The cold winter index in South China had no apparent change from 1710 to 2009, with an obvious warming trend indicated by the Mann-Kendall method. (5) The results of spectral analysis showed the cold winter index in South China had dominant cycle of 100, 50, 40, and 8 years. (6) There was a significant correlation between winter cold index and instrumental series in the same periods, which showed that the constructed series could reflect the features of winter change in the past 300 years at some scale and had some reference meaning regarding research into the characteristics of winter of South China and China overall.
Westerly and monsoon are two important systems that have a reciprocal relationship. A large number of studies have shown that the East Asian monsoon gradually has shrunk back from north to south, resulting in the change of regional hydrothermal configuration in the Holocene. Central Tibet, the key region of westerly-monsoon interaction, is extremely sensible to climate changes. In this paper, a 252-cm-long profile (T1 terrace), covering about 6-1.4 ka BP through OSL dating, was collected from northwest Tangra Yumco on the study area. Through analyzing climate of alternative indicators including grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) and the ratio of carbon and nitrogen (C/N), the middle-late Holocene paleoclimate changes of Tangra Yumco were reconstructed. The results show that the paleoclimate in this region during middle-late Holocene experienced two major stages. In Stage I (about 6-3.4 ka BP), the climate was warm and wet, with a high and stable lake-level. At 6-5 ka BP, the clay indicated that the climate was humid. About 5-3.4 ka BP, the average grain size increased, indicating a drought trend, but the overall climate feature was still wet. In Stage II (about 3.4-1.4 ka BP), the climate turned cold and dry, the lake level declined obviously and reached the lowest level at 2.4 ka BP. After 2.4 ka BP, the climate turned warmer before getting colder with several fluctuations. This result is almost consistent with global climate sequence and well comparable with the existing researches. The research indicates that moist degree is evidently subject to monsoon in this region, by comparison with climate changes of Tangra Yumco and surrounding records in lake sediments; however, the relationship between temperature and westerly-monsoon interaction is not obvious. Whether the warm wet-cool dry hydrothermal configuration is controlled by the Indian monsoon or the East Asian monsoon still needs further research. This paper provides some reference for further study on the interaction between the westerly and monsoon in the transitional region on the Tibetan Plateau.
