Rural revitalization and urban-rural integration aim at narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, promoting balanced development and realizing the equivalent life quality between urban and rural residents. Spatial equilibrium and its quantitative expression provide a new perspective to explain the pattern, process and mechanism of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. Through the analysis of basic theory, this study discusses the scientific content and interaction between urban-rural integration and rural revitalization, sets up the urban-rural spatial equilibrium model, defines the urban-rural development isolines, works out the way to implement the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China, and addresses the potential for further research. The results show that: (1) Theory of regional system of man-land relationship and theory of spatial structure are the important theoretical basis for urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. The urban-rural integrated development depends on the all-round development of economy, society and environment with optimized spatial layout and innovative system, and rural revitalization mainly refers to the "pentagon of rural revitalization" and "people-land-capital-industry"; Urban-rural integration and rural revitalization strategy support each other, and the process of urban rural integration and rural revitalization is a dynamic equilibrium process between urban and rural areas. (2) The key issues of implementing rural revitalization and urban-rural integration can be illustrated through the urban-rural spatial equilibrium model, and the overall per capita benefits in rural areas gradually tend to be the same as that in cities by the re-optimization of urban-rural factors and population mobility; the dynamic process and mechanism of urban-rural integration spatial equilibrium is further interpreted via the urban-rural development isolines. (3) Exploring the implementation path of scientific rural revitalization strategy can achieve the goal of urban-rural integration and urban-rural spatial equilibrium development. The scientific path of rural revitalization is discussed from the perspectives of policy system construction, "pole-axis" spatial progressive diffusion, sub-area classification and typical development pattern, and it can provide theoretical reference for the strategy implementation of China's rural revitalization.
The forest ecosystem structure, function, succession process and spatial pattern will change accordingly due to global climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. It is significant to explore dynamic change in forest landscape for the sustainable development of forest in the near future. Our study area is Taihe county of Jiangxi province. We combined a land-use change model (CA-Markov model), an ecosystem process model (PnET- II), and a forest landscape model (LANDIS-II) to simulate the change in forest area, aboveground biomass under climate change, land use, harvest and the combined scenario for the period 2010-2050. The results show that: (1) Climate change has less impact on forest area in the study area. The forest area loss is reduced by the harvest treatment, and land use change leads to a more dramatic change in forest area. (2) The response of the coniferous forest to various disturbances show a difference compared to the broad-leaved forest. The coniferous forest responds more strongly to the harvest. (3) The method of coupling multiple model is benefit for the regional forest management. The simulation results can help to make some suggestions for improving and optimizing plantation structure and function in the hilly red soil region of southern China.
Economic development zones play an important role in urban and regional development. They have become a magnet for capital and migrant flows, which stimulate various production relations, and gradually turn into new social space, with important significance to inclusive urban and regional development. Previous efforts of special economic zones, however, place great emphasis on economic development, with few considerations of social development. Although this problem has attracted much attention, there is lack of a systematic view of livelihood of migrants, which results in incomplete understanding and policy approaches to improve social inclusive development of economic development zones. With an empirical study on Nansha New District in Guangzhou, this paper attempts to establish a multidimensional analytical framework of livelihood space to facilitate an understanding of livelihood capital of migrants. The result shows that the livelihood space of migrants in the economic development zone has both expansion and compression compared to their hometowns or other areas. Migrants in Nansha have dramatically improved their livelihood. But compared to the locals, their livelihood capital is still lower. Overall, their economic space has been extended, while the policy space, public service space and residential space are compressed. The compression and extension of the livelihood space of migrants has the relationship of mutual restraint or promotion, which together constructs the unique livelihood space of migrants. The household registration system is an important influencing factor. In addition, the willingness of migrants to stay in the development zone has complex formation mechanism and livelihood capital shows little impact. Therefore, a better livelihood space of the migrants in the development zone is of great significance to improve the living conditions of industrial workers in the city and shape the development strategy of inclusive urban development. These findings can contribute to Lefebvre's theory of space production, pointing out that there is a continual process from production to social space and the latter is increasingly important.
Environments of the Ordos Plateau in historic times have been furiously disputed over the past several decades. Archaeological sites are the most valuable targets for understanding past human living environment. In this paper, based on extensive field survey of archaeological sites, collection of historical records and research archives, the authors employed the theory of urban geography and GIS spatial analysis to interpret human living conditions on the Ordos Plateau over the Qin and Han dynasties. Totally, 168 archaeological sites were included in this paper and 46 of them were field surveyed by the authors. The results show that, spatial distribution of these sites presents a typical cross structure, with the center located in Dongsheng and Yijinhuolo regions. This distribution pattern implies that regions along the axes of the cross are most livable and important areas over the Qin and Han periods. However, much fewer archaeological sites are located in present desert and sandy land, such as Hobq desert, and the Mu Us sandy land has only a few relatively small sites, indicating that these areas have been desertified during the Qin and Han dynasties. Thus previous arguments that the Mu Us sandy land during the Qin and Han periods was a fertile region and it was a "man-made" desert are challenged. Moreover, the authors proposed that proper spatial scale should be considered when archaeological sites are used to reflect historical environment, because the landscape of the Mu Us sandy land varies place to place nowadays and, undoubtedly, should be diverse in historic times. Therefore, it is unsurprised that people have settled in desert and, at proper locations, built cities. This study sheds new light into historical geography studies, which, to some extent, would also contribute to the understanding of regional human-nature relationship in history.
The increase of carbon emissions has a direct impact on extreme weather disasters and global warming. Therefore, controlling and reducing carbon emissions is one of the important ways to promote ecological balance and regional sustainable development. The difference in urban land use patterns and the different speeds and levels of urban economic development will, of no doubt, lead to the differences in carbon emissions. The amount of carbon emissions from different land use structures and the levels of its efficiency will directly affect the sustainable development of the urban economy, which has aroused the attention of academics. This paper estimated the quantities of carbon emissions of different land types by using the land use structure data from 11 districts in Nanjing from 2005 to 2014, and further introduced the estimated carbon emissions into the DEA model as an undesirable output variable to estimate, compare and analyze the total factor carbon emissions productivity growth of land use structure in Nanjing by using the Hicks-Moorsteen index method. The major results were shown as follows. First, the main sources of carbon emissions for land use structure in Nanjing were the indirect carbon emissions from the construction lands. During the study period, the carbon emissions of land use structure showed a continuous growth trend and certain degree of spatial heterogeneity in the districts of Nanjing city. The severe emission areas were mainly concentrated in the central regions and there was a tendency to shift to the northern regions. Second, the total factor carbon emission productivity growth and its decomposition factors were lower than the traditional total factor productivity (TFP) growth, which means that the traditional TFP growth without considering the constraints of carbon emissions overestimated the actual productivity growth level of land use structure. The total factor carbon emission productivity growth showed a convergence trend with the characteristic of equilibrium development between regions during 2006-2014, due to the fact that the development concept of "low carbon and high efficiency" were deeply rooted in people's mind and the energy consumption per unit of GDP was continuously decreasing. The calculation results of model 2 showed that the total factor carbon emission productivity growth level of Jiangning district was the highest and that of Yuhuatai district was the lowest. Third, the decomposition results of total factor carbon emission productivity growth indicated that the technical efficiencies of all the districts in Nanjing were relatively low, the "technology catch-up" effects were not obvious, and the scale economy effects of land use began to appear, but the scope economy effects were not very significant. Fourth, total factor carbon emission productivity growth presented a positive spatial correlation and the characteristics of spatial agglomeration in all the districts of Nanjing. The districts of high and high (HH) agglomeration were increasing and the districts of low and low (LL) agglomeration were decreasing. Finally, some suggestions were put forward.
This paper studied the spatial structure, pattern, and characteristics of China's high-speed railway (HSR) network. The paper first built a daily origin-destination (O-D) HSR flow matrix consisting of 180*180 cities to evaluate the daily HSR flow of China. Then by analyzing the network density, four kinds of centralities, core/periphery structure and cohesive subgroups using the network analysis software, i.e., University of California at Irvine Network (UCINET), this paper displayed the structure and characteristics of China's HSR network. Finally, the global trend analysis and spatial interpolation function of geographic information system (GIS) were used to simulate the pattern of the daily HSR flow and four kinds of centralities in China and to reveal the characteristics and the differentiation of their spatial distribution. The results are as follows. First, spatially, the HSR network of China is loosely organized. The HSR network density of different regions differs greatly as such: eastern China> central China> northeastern China> western China. Particularly, the HSR network density of the Yangtze River Delta is higher than that of other region in China. This phenomenon shows the imbalanced and uncoordinated development of China's current HSR network. The HSR cliques and cores of eastern China, central China, northeastern China and western China are different. Second, by analyzing the daily HSR flow, we find that the flow of Beijing-Shanghai HSR line which has developed into the main "corridor" of China's HSR flow is much higher than that of the rest lines. However, its west and east sides have shown an asymmetric reduction trend. Beijing-Shanghai HSR line, Beijing-Guangzhou HSR line and Hangzhou-Fuzhou-Shenzhen HSR line are the nation's HSR center-lines, as they have the highest daily HSR flow. These three lines have developed into a triangle pattern, which is the basis of China's HSR spatial structure. The spatial pattern of the flows of the key urban elements, such as the population and industries, has been affected by the HSR network. These key elements of both sides of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR, Beijing-Guangzhou HSR, Shanghai-Kunming HSR, Hangzhou-Fuzhou-Shenzhen HSR lines have an asymmetric reduction trend, which shows the strong influence of the "corridor". Third, key elements related to HSR such as population and industries of the cities located to the southeast of the Hu Huanyong Line are higher than those of the cities to the northwest of the line in China. Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Zhengzhou, Shijiazhuang, Nanjing and Shanghai are the national important HSR accessibility intermediary cities. These cities, together with other provincial capitals and regional central cities, have spatially developed into multiple service centers of China. Besides, the spatial spillover effects based on the HSR accessibility have been spilled from the first-tier developed cities to the second-tier or third-tier cities. The HSR development and its accessibility have brought potential agglomeration chances to second-tier or third-tier cities.
In this paper, Anhui province was selected as a subject for a case study. A comparative study was conducted based on the data of the Second National Soil Survey and the data collected during 2010 and 2011. The study, applying GIS spatial analysis, focuses on the spatial-temporal change of soil organic carbon (SOC) density and storage in the surface layer (0-20 cm) and 0-100 cm layer of the study area during the period (1980-2010). Furthermore, this research explored the impact of land use change on SOC density and storage. The results are as follows: (1) From 1980 to 2010, the mean SOC density decreased by 0.37 kg/m2 in the surface layer, and by 1.63 kg/m2 in the 0-100 cm layer in the whole province. SOC density in the cultivated land increased, yet it decreased in the non-cultivated land. (2) The map of SOC density change showed that SOC density increased in the north and decreased in the south. The increment rate decreased from north to south within the province. The area with SOC density increment was slightly more than the area where SOC density decreased. (3) From 1980 to 2010, SOC storage decreased by 34.23×109 kg and 197.26×109 kg in the surface layer and 0-100 cm layer, respectively. SOC storage increased in Huaibei plain, Jianghuai hilly land and Yangtze plain, and decreased in western and southern hilly mountains. (4) SOC density and storage reduction is relatively slow in the context of non-cultivated land changing to cultivated land, rather than in the remaining original land functions or transferring to other non-cultivated functions. The internal transfer of cultivated land functions, i.e., changing to paddy field or upland, will result in more increment in SOC density and storage than the land with the remaining functions. The research will provide support in decision making related to regional soil carbon sequestration potential and soil fertility changes.
The Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) is aimed at building a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional, and a compositely interconnected network. The B&R orderly accelerates the free flow of economic factors across the area and further increases the integrated efficiency of regional economic resources in the B&R region, which has significant influence on reshaping the political and economic landscape of Eurasia and optimizing the geopolitical environment around China. Based on the complex network theory and the geostatistical analysis, this research focuses on the topological features and the spatial structure of the B&R trade network and the proximity of its nodes, by building a database and applying the related techniques, such as ArcGIS, Pajek, and Stata. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The trade network in the B&R region is a small world and scale-free network. It keeps growing and follows the optimum selection rules, which means the new nodes preferably connect with the existing nodes of higher degree in the network. (2) Countries in the B&R trade network display the typical core-periphery hierarchical character. China plays a leading role in promoting industrial upgrading and economic development for these countries. (3) The structure of the B&R trade network shows a "mixed" structure, including both the hub-spoke and the fully-connected modes. The spatial heterogeneity among different kinds of centralities is significant. (4) The extended gravity model can better explain the B&R trade network. There exist the "Powers' Effect" and the "Geographical Proximity Effect" in the trade relationship. In the B&R trade network, scientific and language proximity are the most important forces. Institutional proximity shows a significantly negative effect, while cultural proximity shows a relatively weak effect. As a result, China should develop diverse policies that are based on different spatial levels, enhance the trade with the neighbouring countries first, and then to the distant ones and their surrounding areas; leverage the advantage of scientific and language proximity to promote the trade with other countries, and strengthen the cultural infiltration along the B&R region.
In the study of urban socio-spatial evolution, the residents committee could be taken as the basic unit of analysis because it has a relatively similar socio-economic status. It might be more accurate to assess the residential differentiation and segregation degree and reduce the underestimation effect using the data of residential committees. Based on the Shanghai population geographic information database and census data obtained from 2000 and 2010 with statistical units of the residents committee, the present study used the local differentiation index and spatial analysis methods to describe the characteristics of urban residential differentiation and social space evolution in Shanghai under the background of globalization and marketization in dual dimensions of the Hukou and the occupation. The results demonstrated that in Shanghai, the residential differentiation characteristics were apparent and the "core-periphery" socio-spatial structure formed before 1949 was largely unchanged. Consequently, inner city of Shanghai experienced rapid gentrification and white-collar gathering during the last two censuses. The residential space of the elite class was closer to the city center, and the residential space of ordinary white-collar social classes were further marginalized with urban expansion. This confirmed other scholars' opinions on the marginalization of white-collar workers and the differentiation of the middle class based on case studies. The inter-provincial immigrant residential areas shifted from the edge of the central urban area to the area outside the central city, and further to the outer suburbs. Transnational and native elites dominated the space production - the reproduction of social relations, which brought about long-term stability of urban social space in Shanghai. At macro-scale, the residential differentiation in the occupation dimension was more obvious than that of the Hukou dimension. At micro-scale, the urban residential segregation index climbed quickly, while the residential differentiation in the Hukou dimension truly existed, which was independent of the occupation difference. The disadvantaged group gathered in the marginal social space and social inequality might be more severe in the future. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the social equality governance in the urban space and further analysis should be made on the social space characteristics, space power relations, and space logic of Chinese large cities.
Public service facilities are the important carrier of urban social service. The space coordinate configuration of public service facilities space and living space is of great significance to enhance the level of urban human settlements environment, eliminate social isolation, and maintain social harmony. Based on Google, Baidu, Tencent and other electronic maps which include the locations of 790 residential areas, 178 primary schools, 301 community hospitals, 1681 bus stops and other data which belong to Changchun city. This paper makes a quantitative analysis of the morphological characteristics, agglomeration characteristics and proximity relation of public service facilities space and living space, by using some software and some quantitative methods, such as ArcGIS 10.0, Kernel density estimation, Nearest Neighbor Indicator, Riley's K function, and location quotient analysis. The results showed that: (1) There is a significant difference in the distribution of public service facilities and living space, but a high correlation is found. There exist convergence and differentiation in the number of "core-periphery" distribution characteristics at the same time. In particular, the dislocation between primary school and living space is obvious. (2) There is a feature of space agglomeration between the public service facilities space and living space, but the differences in agglomeration scale and intensity are significant and the coordination degree of spatial distribution still need to be improved. (3) From the spatial relationship between the distribution of public service facilities and residential space, CLQ residential areas→community hospitals, CLQ residential areas→primary schools, and CLQ residential areas→bus stops values are 1.210, 1.176 and 1.133, respectively. Public service facilities have an obvious attraction for residential areas; on the contrary, it is not obvious, and the spatial pattern presented "asymmetry" characteristics. This paper argues that the coordination of public service facilities space and residential space, evacuation of public service facilities in urban core areas, and expansion of urban residential space under the guidance of public service facilities are an important path for future regulation to promote the coordination of public service facilities space and living space.
The development of specialized villages is evolving from a scattered point pattern to a clustered planar form, showing a trend of gradual agglomeration. We analyzed the formation and evolution of Specialized Villages Agglomeration (SVA) at the foothill of Taihang Mountains from the aspects of both internal functions and external influences. Based on the concept of SVA, empirical models were constructed as an example for further analysis. Findings from our study include: (1) SVA is a dynamic concept with constantly changing spatial extent and internal functions. (2) The evolution of SVA follows the path of the "center-periphery" model, which is verified by empirical analyses. The calculated global spatial autocorrelation shows that there is a spatial clustering of SVA at the foothills of Taihang Mountains area in Henan and the degree of agglomeration is increasing. The result of optimized hot spot analysis further confirms an expanding spatial extent of the agglomeration, where the hot spot and sub-hotspot areas have been expanding. The evolution of SVA seems to follow the "center-periphery" spatial structure in its diffusion process. (3) The evolution of SVA is mainly affected by the indigenous, geographical, and industrial factors, which strengthen the interactions and interconnection among specialized villages. The empirical analysis shows that SVA at the foothills of Henan Taihang Mountains area continues to grow over time with tightening economic linkages between specialized villages and the growing overall economic development in the area. That is to say, the influence of the whole network of SVA to the node gradually increased in terms of economic development and cooperation. At the same time, the interaction and connection between specialized villages is gradually intensive, and the agglomeration advantage of the network is gradually prominent. Finally, there is also an observable trend of decreasing dominance by the growth poles in the agglomeration, making SVA a more balanced cluster than before.
"Hotel-community" is an arena for different agents. By conducting participant observation and in-depth interview and drawing the theories of "yes in my backyard" and "not in my backyard", this paper seeks to investigate the interplay between Dongguan's luxury hotels and their nearby communities, focusing on the performance of the relationship between capital, local community residents and government. This paper finds that: Firstly, capital and power have participated in the construction of "hotel-community" landscape, presenting the four patterns of "hotel-community" relationships in which win-win cooperation is able to achieve, i.e., "hotel+real estate" "hotel+village" "hotel + center town" "hotel + government". Secondly, the existence of the hotel industry is the negotiation between "yes in my backyard" and "not in my backyard". Although the local residents have resisted to the "spiritual degeneration" generated by the hotel industry nearby, influenced by the place-based emotion and insight of modern development, they gradually revised the conflicting relationship with the hotels and accepted the hotel industry as part of their daily life. Thirdly, the "yes in my backyard" effect finally defeated the "not in my backyard" effect as the living experience of local residents, local landscape and the idealism imagination of hotels have worked in collaboration to reshape the local residents' profound attachment in the luxury hotels. The innovative implication of the "yes in my backyard" and "not in my backyard" theories in this paper is that the effects of these two theories are the consequence of the negotiation of the cultural factors (spiritual degeneration) , emotional factors, and the imagination.
We live in a world full of political, economic or social borders, and our lives are always constructed and changed by borders, while the political dimension of border is well documented, other dimensions, such as the social dimension, cultural dimension, and interaction within bordered area, are not. Through field investigations and in-depth interviews, this paper discusses the formation and development of Chung Ying Street border area between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, a border area with a history of more than a century, currently located between two systems (socialism and capitalism) in one country. Chung Ying Street was the result of the Britain's lease on the New Territories in the late 19th century. Since the reform and opening-up policy, Chung Ying Street has witnessed great changes in its function, role, status and socioeconomic structure. Most notably, the boosting economy and tourism have greatly influenced the mundane practices and life space of border inhabitants. This paper explores how the border affects the spatial construction of the study area, and how border inhabitants adapt to and utilize the border through mundane practices. By examining the dynamic interactions between border inhabitants and border in different stages and bottom-up rebordering by residents, this paper finds that: First, under borders impact on Chung Ying Street, the spatial formation can be demonstrated as a spatial construction process, since both sides are managing the border, and residents from both sides are adjusting to negotiating with and even actively utilizing the border. In this process, border governors, inhabitants, tourists, parallel traders and other forces are constantly interacting with each other, reflected by different stages of development in Chung Ying Street area. Secondly, border inhabitants' transition from passive adaptation to active utilization of the border effect, indicates the fundamental principles of survival strategies and life space in their mundane practices. Based on the empirical study, this paper concludes that: (1) The construction process among the border, border inhabitants and border spaces might have gone through several cycling phases, during which the three actors are constantly interacting with each other in different ways; (2) Through routine practices, the border has been "instrumentalized" as a crucial survival-strategic means by border inhabitants in the context of "one country, two systems". In summary, to investigate the meaning of borders and the process of life space formation in a border area through "bottom-up" lens from the inhabitants' perspective, this research not only extends research viewpoints and enriches empirical cases, but also provides a better understanding of the formations and developments of border space. Practically, this research lays a sound foundation for further political implications concerning border governance in China.
In the process of the continuous outflow of rural labor force, return migrant labor force is critically important to rural development and reconstruction. Based on the typical questionnaire of the 15 villages in the three counties around the Pearl River Delta region, i.e., Raoping, Luhe and Deqing, using the logistic regression analysis model, this paper analyzes the influencing factors of the career conversion and the employment choice tendency of return migrant labor force. The main results are as follows: (1) The accumulation of material capital of return migrant workers was the basis of self-management in retail, grocery, clothing and individual repair etc. The space choice of the non-agricultural employment tended to be of the center of the town or county (district). (2) The rural population outflow has led to the significant changes in the relationship between human and environment in rural areas, so that the rental costs of large-scale agricultural land become lower, the part of the rural return migrant workers selected to engage in agricultural production, mainly focused on the economic fruit trees, herbs, boost agricultural land non-grain, which affect the quality of cultivated land and food security in the region. (3) Non-farm employment in rural areas was affected by multiple factors. In terms of personal characteristics, the younger and the higher education, the greater the probability of return migrant labor forces engaged in non-agricultural jobs; In terms of family characteristics, the number of households with fewer farmers and the number of migrant workers, the smaller the farmland area of return migrant labor forces tend to engage in non-agricultural occupations; In terms of village characteristics, the employment tendency of rural labor force varies in different counties. The shorter distance the villager lies to the county, the higher the probability of rural labor force engaged in non-agricultural occupation. Reflow variables, including the length of the returnees, the length of the return, and whether the rural labor force has gone out, have no significant effect on non-agricultural employment options.
Under the background of rapid urbanization in the past few decades in China, rural areas have been experiencing a dramatic transformation process. Rural transformation reflects the urban-rural development and transformation of economic development mode. Based on the theory of "the production of space", by integrating the research methods of literature review, field observation and interview, this paper explores the process of rural space transition with the influence by different subjects of production. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Xiaozhou village has experienced a dramatic change and become a creative tourism destination from a typical ancient village mainly in three phases, i.e. the organic development of an ancient village; spontaneous agglomeration of artistic elites; rural and cultural creative tourism develop simultaneously, which are one-to-one correlation between the space of the water village, the space of artistic creativity and the space of creative tourism. (2) With the participation of creative class, local government, capital, and tourists, the space production subjects have been oriented towards multiple villagers from the single villager previously in Xiaozhou village. (3) Under the impact of capital imbalance, multi-stakeholders including local villagers, creative class, tourists, government and developers all play an important role in Xiaozhou village's space transition. Local villagers, creative class and tourists fully act as the bottom-up active function. The government exerts the top-down control effect, despite of the ineffectiveness when local villagers' spatial resistance occurs. Against the uneven promotion of capital, this paper mainly analyzes the transition from the three dimensions: How the space transformation process goes on, who are the subjects, and what are the results and mechanism of spatial production. This paper explores the dynamic mechanism of the rural transformation and provides the suggestions and references for the urbanization drive.
Commuting related issues in transitional urban China, like traffic congestion in rush hours, long distance commuting, increasing commuting time and its negative effect on human health, have attracted much attention of researchers in recent years. In order to solve the urban problems caused by residents' commuting, it is important to understand the changes of job-housing relationship and figure out the influencing factors of commuting behavior. Based on the activity-travel diary survey data of Xining conducted in 2013, this paper described the characteristics of commuting behavior of the residents living in different types of residential areas, in terms of their commuting distance, commuting traffic mode and commuting time. Using the structural equation model, we analyzed the relationship among these three endogenous variables, and explored the influencing effects of residential area type and individual socio-economic attributes.
The results reveal that: (1) Commuting distance has a significant positive effect on commuting traffic mode. The longer the commuting distance is, the more likely residents use the motorized commuting traffic mode. Commuting distance also has a significant positive effect on commuting time. Despite residents tend to take motorized commuting traffic mode when faced with long distance commuting, their commuting time is longer compared with their counterparts who have shorter commuting distance and take non-motorized traffic mode. This indicates that, the key to reduce motorized commuting traffic and bring down commuting time is to promote the job-housing balance and reduce the commuting distance. (2) After we control the impact of individual socio-economic attributes, residential area type still has a significant impact on commuting behavior in Xining. The residents who live in Danwei communities showed a prominent feature of the shortest commuting distance, lowest proportion of motorized travel mode and shortest commuting time. The residents living in commercial housing residential areas have the longest commuting distance, the most proportion of motorized travel mode and longest commuting time. And residents living in mixed residential areas in the old downtown area of Xining have longer commuting distance than those living in Danwei communities, whereas the proportion of motorized travel mode is higher than that of residents in Danwei communities. Compared with the existing research results in cities of eastern region, like Beijing, the commuting behavior of residents living in Danwei communities and commercial housing communities showed similar characteristics, while the commuting behavior of residents living in mixed residential areas in the downtown area of Xining had more proportion of motorized travel. This indicates that more job opportunities need to be provided in the downtown area of Xining to promote the job-housing balance in this city. (3) Individual socio-economic attributes have a significant impact on commuting behavior of the residents. Male, self-employed residents, high-income earners, part-time workers and well-educated residents have higher proportion of motorized commuting. They are the groups who need to be given more consideration in promoting job-housing balance in the city.
Using historical materials, this study introduces the changing geographical names in the Nansha Islands. Four toponym systems are described in this study, including the folk place name toponym system, from the Gen Lu Bu, and three official toponym systems published by the Chinese Government in 1935, 1947, and 1983. Gen Lu Bu is a type of navigation book created by ancient fishermen from Hainan Island. Since the Ming Dynasty, the folk place names of the Nansha Islands have been recorded in the Gen Lu Bu, including more than 100 individual island, reef, bank, and shoal names in the islands. However, for European mariners in the late 18th and early 19th century, the South China Sea was an unknown area with hazards. Following the early 19th century, foreign hydrographic survey vessels circumnavigated the Nansha Islands, surveying and mapping. Lacking a careful consideration of existing Chinese names of the Nansha Islands, most islands were renamed by these newcomers. Without a geographical survey and native place name census, the first batch of official names of the Nansha Islands reviewed and approved by China's Committee for the Examination for the Land and Sea Maps in 1935 primarily adopted these foreign-source names. Japan illegally occupied and renamed the Nansha Islands during its war of aggression against China. With the return of the South China Sea Islands after the end of the Second World War, the majority of the first official names were modified and refined by the Chinese Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1947, and a dozen new island names were added. Based on research on the Gen Lu Bu, many folk place names were adopted in the third round of standardization of the Nansha Islands names, and 189 Nansha Islands standardized geographical names were officially published by the China Committee on Geographical Names in 1983. These toponym systems are extremely important to China's sovereignty over the Nansha Islands. Based on a statistical analysis of toponym systems, the characteristics of generic and specific names are presented in this study, and etymological interpretations are described. The development, advantages, and disadvantages of toponym systems are analyzed. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the toponym system currently in use and proposes some suggestions accordingly. First, some existing geographical names of islands should be published officially and systematically. Second, for state sovereignty and navigation safety, parts of the large atoll, new sand cays, and large artificial islands should be named. Third, the island names sourced from exotic words should be replaced with the folk place names from the Gen Lu Bu. Finally, modern hydrographic surveying should be used to verify ambiguous reefs and banks.
In the era of "Internet+", WeChat public service has been widely popularized in various industries and fields, which, in academic communication, can effectively help journals to disseminate science and culture, increase the "stickiness" between journals and readers, and expand the academic influence and social popularity of journals. This paper summarizes the operation and development process of Chinese Geographical and Resource Journals cluster WeChat Public Account. At the same time, based on the background data of WeChat, the paper makes a statistical analysis of the practical results. The results showed that: (1) The establishment of WeChat Public Account is an important means to enlarge the scope of audience, effectively disseminate scientific culture and improve the influence of journals. (2) Scientific positioning, creative Title design, content innovation and wide publicity of WeChat Public Account are necessary measures to attract the public and enhance the publicity of journals. (3) Chinese Geographical and Resource Journals cluster WeChat Public Account has achieved remarkable results. Finally, the paper puts forward some suggestions on how to build brand WeChat Public Account from the following aspects: Attaching importance to micro-credit user experience, optimizing platform menu settings, increasing platform interaction with users and increasing publicity.
