The influencing factors of carbon emissions are an important research field that arouses the scholars' concern. Scholars at home and abroad have conducted many case studies and enriched their knowledge. Due to regional heterogeneity in socio-economic development and resource endowments, the research conclusions differ among scholars' results. There is a lack of systematic review and summary for research papers on carbon emissions. Based on the literature review, characteristics of carbon emissions influencing factors were summarized, and the results show that: (1) The influencing factors of carbon emissions have the characteristics of time effect, space effect and spatial scale effect. The influencing factors change in the degree and direction over time, region and spatial scales. (2) The time effect, space effect, and spatial scale effect of emission factors are related to the rapid economic development of China, the regional differences in economic development levels, and the coupling of economic development on temporal and spatial scales. (3) To capture the characteristics of emission drivers, future research need to be based on regional development direction, regional classification management and control, and spatial downscaling. Territorial function is the integrated expression of natural carrying capacity, socio-economic level and development potential. Due to the different functional positioning of urban, agricultural and ecological zones in the development and protection pattern of territorial space, industrial agglomeration and population distribution have their own characteristics, which lead to differences in energy-related carbon emissions. It is an important theoretical and practical attempt to carry out classified management and control of carbon emissions with the Major Function-Oriented Zones as impetus.
Coastal zone is the area with the strongest land-sea interaction. It is also the area with the largest scale of land development and utilization, the most complete types, the highest intensity, and the most fragile ecological environment. With the continuous advancement of urbanization and industrialization in coastal areas, the pressure on resources and the environment in these areas is increasing. The implementation of coastal space use control has become effective solutions to the problems of regional ecosystem degradation, environmental pollution, disaster threats, and inefficient use of resources. The negative effects produced by the development and utilization of the coastal zones have typical cross-regional characteristics. Therefore, the use control of a single space or element cannot solve the resource and environmental problems of the coastal zones. This requires a global, holistic and systematic thinking to implement use control, which is also an important reform request for the regulation of coastal space use. Based on the above thinking, this article introduces the theory of inter-regional negative externalities, and shifts the research object from space and space utilization to the evolution process of man-land (sea) relations that accompany space utilization. First of all, the article sorts out several typical manifestations of inter-regional negative externalities produced by the use of coastal space. In order to weaken the microscopic differences of geographic units, judge and analyze the evolution process of inter-regional negative externalities from a macro perspective, the coastal zone space is divided into adjacent shore land system, nearshore sea area system and inland regional system in this article, and on this basis, the relationship and characteristics of coastal zone regional systems are analyzed; secondly, from the perspective of the role of regional systems, it is proposed that the mechanism of coastal space use control is based on the constraints of the sustainable development of space. According to the protection needs of the recipient area, the control concept of determining the land by the sea or determining the sea by the land is selected, and finally by imposing various control measures to reduce the impact of the main area. The specific measures of the environmental impact of the recipient area include main area control, media control, transition area (action interface) control, and recipient area control; finally, the ideas for improving the system of coastal space use control, including the improvement of land-sea integration policy recommendations such as zoning control, shoreline classification control and balance of occupation and compensation, delineation of special control lines, total land source pollution control, etc., are expected to provide theoretical support and decision support for improvement of the coastal space use control system.
The rural settlement is considered as the spatial reflection of rural geographical functions, and its internal land use function and structure always change with the socio-economic development. “Transition” has been the major characteristics of the land use structure of rural settlements in China. Based on the rural vitalization strategy, this paper tries to firstly clarify the definition of land use structure of rural settlements, and then explore the transition laws of land use structure of rural settlements by following the research framework “process-types-mechanism-optimization”. This paper has combined the research of rural settlement transition and the changing times. The results show that (1) by analyzing the changing process of composite relationship between typical land-use types within rural settlements, the land use structure transitions can be divided into three types, i.e., external non-agricultural type, internal rurality type, and hollow declining type; (2) urbanization, rural industrialization, and rural modernization proposed by rural vitalization strategy can be regarded as the pull and push forces for this transition by changing the population, land, capital and technology elements flow and efficiency of resource allocation between urban and rural areas, thereby affecting the directions, types and results of land use structure transitions. In the future, guided by the rural vitalization strategy, we should optimize the land use structure by type conversion, land use efficiency enhancement, and policy guarantee. This paper can enrich and innovate the research of rural settlements transition and optimization theoretically, as well as provide scientific support for the village's planning and rural vitalization practically.
In the age of globalizing knowledge economy, inter-country scientific collaborations are more and more frequent. Therefore, the globalization and networking characteristics of scientific research activities are increasingly prominent. The scientific collaboration between two countries does not only rely on the bilateral relationship between, but also is influenced by the structural effects of the network itself. However, the endogenous structural effects are ignored in the literature on the evolution of knowledge network. Based on the internationally collaborative papers from the Clarivate Analytics' InCites database in the period 2000-2019, this study uses social network analysis and stochastic actor-oriented model to explore the structure, dynamics and determinants of global scientific collaboration network. Results show that the size of the network has expanded, the number of nodes and ties in the network has substantially increased, and the densification of the network has strengthened over time. Distinctive characteristics of the network is typically small-world nature and partially scale-free distribution, and there is a significant trend towards decentralization in the collaboration network. The whole network displays the co-existence of hierarchical “star-shaped” structure and heterarchical “universal” structure. China moves up from the periphery to the core, and the network is evolving from a single-center dominated by the United States to the double center including Sino-US, the bilateral partnership between China and the United States becomes the most importantly bilateral collaboration in the world. In addition, stochastic actor-oriented model indicates that transitivity and preferential attachment positively drive the evolution of scientific collaboration network. Geographical proximity and cognitive proximity have a positive and significant effect on the formation of international collaboration. The dynamic mechanism of the global scientific collaboration network is facilitated by country size. Meanwhile, common language, post-colonial links, and international students play an important role in the dynamics of global scientific collaboration network. Besides, we find that the effects of transitivity, geographical proximity, cognitive proximity and country size have increased, while the impact of preferential attachment has waned over time.
Development zones in China have been undergoing a series of transformations in the past decades, termed as the “three transitions”. This is followed by a new wave of transformation observed in some well-developed development zones in regions such as the Yangtze River Delta, evidenced by the formation of networks among these development zones at the regional level. These cross-boundary connections usually take the forms of industrial cooperation, the co-built industrial parks and policy sharing, which allows development zones to optimize the allocation of resources and thus improve productivity. While studies have revealed valuable insights into the cooperation and connections among development zones, few have investigated the phenomenon with the consideration of its relationship with the “three transitions” and thus fail to reveal its significance to the spatial transformation in contemporary China. In addition, previous studies performing quantitative measurements of these networks tend to use methods such as gravity models to approximate the connections, and less attention has been paid to more specific and tangible connections such as production chains and transport networks. Also, few studies have examined the factors affecting the formation and the evolution of these networks, e.g. how do distance, administrative level, and the GDP of cities where the development zones are located shape the network. In this context, this paper situates the formation of the networks in the series of previous transitions and proposes the emergence of the “fourth transition” of development zones in China. Following this, we take the state-level economic and technological development zone in the core area of the Yangtze River Delta region as an example and measure the network among these zones by adopting a corporate organization approach that has been widely used in intercity network research. After a brief description of its evolutionary characteristics with the application of social network analysis, we explain its micro-mechanism using stochastic actor-oriented models. The result shows that the “fourth transition” serves as a strategy of development zones to break through the limit of urban boundaries and seek new opportunities at the regional scale, which can also be understood as a new approach to regional integration. In the Yangtze River Delta region, the growth of the network is accelerating and the core-periphery pattern has been more evident over time, with the better-connected development zones concentrated in northern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu. This is influenced by factors such as network effects, the attributes of development zones and the city in which they are located, as well as the geographical proximity of parent enterprises to development zones.
Human capital is the synthesis of knowledge, skills and health level embodied in workers, which is of great significance to understand the spatial and temporal pattern of regional economic development in China during the period of innovation-driven and people-oriented construction. However, for a long time, the spatial measurement of human capital is facing many challenges. For example, the availability of data is quite low, the evaluation index cannot cover the connotation of human capital, and the research scale is mostly at the provincial level. This study attempts to construct a multi-index comprehensive evaluation system of human capital level based on the dataset of the fifth and sixth China population censuses to evaluate regional overall human capital level in China between 2000 and 2010. Using the method of Global Principal Component Analysis and Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, this study analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution and change of regional overall human capital level in China at the provincial, municipal and county scales, respectively. The results show that the level of human capital in China is characterized by “high in the Northeast and low in the Southwest, and the high level of human capital areas are distributed in dots or blocks”, showing the obvious space agglomeration. Besides, the level of human capital has scale effect, and the level of human capital in county scale has the highest degree of difference and spatial agglomeration. During the study period, the level and the stock of human capital increased as a whole in China, but about 11 percent of counties' human capital level showed a decreasing trend. The research results provide a new method for measuring the level of human capital on the different spatial scales, and provide support for human capital research and optimizing allocation of human capital from the spatial perspective.
The continuously growing internal migration in China has not only profoundly changed the population distribution pattern, but also become a key factor affecting the regional variation in population structure, of which the significantly varying level of aging is a typical case. In order to quantitatively estimate the region-specific aging effect of migration, this study developed a methodological framework to decompose the contribution of migration to regional aging into scale effect and age structural effect. The effects of in- and out-migration could be examined separately and comprehensively by using this method. Empirical analysis was conducted at the prefecture level with focuses on the spatial patterns and underlying mechanisms of the separate and overall effects. The estimation results revealed that migration has accelerated the aging process in most prefectures whereas alleviated it in a few regions. The reducing effect of population inflow and the enhancing effect of outflow on aging were not necessary as commonly expected in the existing literature. Remarkable regional variation was found in the aging effect of migration. The well-known Hu Huanyong Line was a distinct divide of the aging effect due to its significant role in the geography of China's internal migration. The aging process was slowed down greatly by massive in-migration in coastal mega-regions, inland provincial capitals and other regional central cities, as well as most western prefectures. In contrast, the process was accelerated in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River Basin with large-scale out-migration. The overall effect was contributed and the spatial patterns were shaped jointly by the scale effect and structural effect with the dominance of the former. Significance of the latter emerged as the effects of in- and out-migration were evaluated separately. Moreover, the two effects manifested diverse importance and modes in different areas. Finally, a typological analysis was conducted to identify the most typical features, mechanisms, and future trends of aging in various regions across the vast territory of China. These empirical studies and results demonstrated the rationality and effectiveness of this novel methodological framework. The limitation of this decomposition method and the future study to improve it was discussed in the end.
With the interaction of environmental changes, technological progress, and urbanized life, the supply-demand process of daily activity space needs and can be more resilient, but the existing study is rarely involved. Therefore, this study focuses on the main contradiction of China's social and economic development, excavates the connotation of urban resilience under the scenario of supply-demand contradictions between daily activities and the environment, and then constructs an organically integrated theoretical framework and evaluation index system of urban resilience. Finally, taking the central urban area of Nanjing as an example, and relying on the support of geographical big data, the comprehensive evaluation on spatial characteristics of daily activity-environment system resilience is carried out. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The structure of supply and demand of resilience factors between activities and environment as well as between quantity and quality is out of balance, and the imbalance and insufficiency of supply and demand exist simultaneously and restrict each other. (2) The spatial distribution of activity resilience and environmental resilience is significantly different, and the level of their supply and demand is low, as well as the degree of their mutual matching, which resulted in a spatial pattern of low-level spread of daily activity-environment system resilience. (3) The spatial support or matching role among activity resilience, environmental resilience, and system resilience has not been fully exerted, leading to serious differentiation of supply and demand of daily activity space, and lack of continuous benign interaction in spatial distribution. Therefore, the overall dynamic synergistic optimization of the supply and demand network of daily activity space should be promoted according to the evolution stage of resilience. In short, for urban resilience research, this paper has some reference value for the expansion of cross-fields, the integration of theoretical frameworks, the optimization of evaluation methods, and the implementation of governance concepts.
China has witnessed rapid growth of its consumption economy and shopping needs in recent years. The rules of residents' shopping travel have positive significance for arranging commercial space, planning traffic network and improving citizens' personal welfare. Thus, the residents' shopping trip have drawn increasing attention. Previous studies intensively investigated the individual and microscale shopping travel behaviors of residents. However, there is a lack of national-level research on the shopping trip patterns of residents in China. The purpose of this study is to fill this research gap. By using the nationwide time-use survey data of 49,673 respondents in nearly 300 sites in urban and rural areas in 29 provincial-level regions across the country, this paper systematically explores the characteristics and determinants of shopping travel behaviors. GIS spatial analysis is applied to investigate the characteristics of participation rate, shopping duration, and traffic travel time for shopping. A discrete choice model is used to explore the influencing factors of Chinese residents' characteristics of shopping travel behaviors. The study found that the shopping participation rates of the rural areas are lower than that of the cities, and the rate of the western region is lower compared with the eastern coastal areas, but the shopping duration is reversed. Residents in Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, Chongqing, and Yunnan have the longest travel time for shopping. Residents' shopping travel behaviors are affected by residents' individual attributes, the family attributes and location conditions of residents' family. Finally, from the perspective of infrastructure construction and shopping center planning, this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for the optimization of urban and rural spatial layout and traffic development.
This paper uses the commercial gentrification space of Daci Temple Community in Chengdu as the case. Based on Pierre Bourdieu's ‘field’ theory, it analyses the interest demand and capital acquisitions from the different actors of local government, developers, gentrifiers, residents, surrounding merchants and tenants. Then, it explores the influence mechanism between commercial gentrification and surrounding old neighborhoods. Using two qualitative research methods of participant observation and semi-structured interview, the empirical research findings show that commercial gentrification and surrounding old residential areas constitute a gentrification field, where different actors acquire and accumulate their own capital to establish social practice status. The gentrification core field composed of high-end consumption space where the local government and private developers unite. Specifically, the former pursuits the symbolic capital brought by beautification image driven by the development of the global city and national central city, while the latter accumulates maximum economic capital. Gentrifiers promote the development and consolidation of commercial gentrification in the process of pursuing a lifestyle consistent with their own social attributes. However, the residents are in a weak position in the process of gentrification, which becomes the subject of capital outflow. In the marginal field, the surrounding merchants begin to reconstruct businesses to cater to gentrifiers. Besides, with the new consumption space in the core field, the surrounding tenants have acquired economic and social capital in the whole gentrification field. Therefore, this paper reveals two important capital logics in the field. The core field of gentrification is promoted by the interest alliance formed by the local government, developers and gentrifiers, which reflects a top-down global capital logic. The marginal field is constructed by residents, surrounding merchants and tenants, which is presenting a bottom-up local capital logic. This is because the marginal field is influenced by the core field, forming a dynamic mutual relationship with the core field. Finally, this research fills the theoretical gap for the impact of China's commercial gentrification on surrounding residential areas, and in light of the practice value for the renovation of commercial space in urban centers.
In the strategic background of high quality integration in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), it is a feasible choice to build an inter-regional environmental collaborative governance system to improve the effectiveness of air pollution control in the region. This paper constructed an evaluation system of coupling degree of air pollution regulation from three dimensions: policy documents, implementation process and governance effect of environmental regulation, and then explored the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of coupling degree of air pollution regulation in 41 cities in the YRD from 2003 to 2019. On this basis, the cities in the YRD are divided into regional collaborative governance groups, and the synergy degree of air pollution control is measured respectively, thus the influencing factors of collaborative governance of air pollution in the YRD are explored. The results show that: (1) The coupling degree of air pollution regulation in all the cities shows the characteristics of agglomeration development, with Shanghai being the highest, followed by Zhejiang province and Jiangsu province, and Anhui province being the lowest, while the regional differences are narrowing. (2) The synergy degree of air pollution control in the YRD as a whole was low and showed a slow rising trend in the fluctuation, but the synergy degree of air pollution control remained at a high level after the division of regional collaborative governance groups. (3) The results of influencing factors analysis show that the differences in opening up, public transportation and greening construction between regions have significantly inhibitive effect on the collaborative governance of air pollution in the YRD, while the differences in economic growth and technological innovation have significantly positive effect.
Based on the comprehensive evaluation method combining fixed base range entropy weight method and fixed base equal weight assignment method, kernel density estimation and exploratory spatial data analysis methods, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of public health level of 284 cities in China from 2003 to 2018, and uses the generalized spatial two-stage least square method to investigate its influencing factors. The results show that: (1) During the study period, the urban public health level is on the rise as a whole in China, but the difference of public health level among cities has expanded, and there is always a phenomenon of multi-level differentiation. (2) The kernel density curves of the four plates have their own evolution forms in the position of gravity center, the height of main peak, the number of wave crests, the length of trailing and the thickness of trailing, which is the result of the coupling and superposition of time characteristics and regional characteristics. (3) There are positive spatial spillover effect and spatial “Peer Effects” in China's urban public health level, and the spatial agglomeration type has transformed from LL type to HH type. (4) Income level, population density, technological progress, industrialization and health system reform have an impact on urban public health, but the impact of various factors on different regions is heterogeneous.
In January 2021, the COVID-19 outbreak in Xiaoguozhuang Village of Shijiazhuang, the first COVID-19 public health emergency in the rural areas of China. Based on the individual trajectory data in 14 days of 941 confirmed cases, taking the transmission network structural analysis and the epidemic transmission dynamics analysis as the methods, the COVID-19 transmission network from the three aspects is deconstructed: epidemic points formation, types of outputs, and regional expansion evolution. Compared with the COVID-19 transmission network of Beijing Xinfadi Market and Dalian Kaiyang Seafood Company, the conclusions are as follows: (1) The numbers of epidemic points and types are large. In the approximate exposure time, new epidemic points will be formed simultaneously with the central city under the background of rapid urbanization. Still, high community activity leads to the formation of co-exposure to epidemic points; short distance "pendulum moves" leading to more extensive individual trajectory density, and finally resulting in the risk of temporary exposure of epidemic points. (2) It has the significant individual-individual contact infection characteristic and output chain relationship characteristic. The secondary outputs of the rural areas are due to the multigenerational family transmission, which is not seen in the urban cities. (3) Compared with the regional expansion of urban cities, the rural areas are manifested by a longer transmission period, caused by the long occult time of outbreaks and the relatively high relative risk of symptomatic confirmed cases in the rural areas. Finally, three suggestions are put forward, enlarging the management space from the terminal areas to adjacent areas around airports, and then implementing delay management on the overflow personnel based on time shift due to carrying the virus from potential epidemic points and buffering isolation area according to the range of risk changes. The deconstruction network of public health emergencies is a beneficial exploration and will provide a basis for improving the resilience of public health networks in rural areas.
Under the long-term influence of wind erosion, land surface coarsening on the Northern Tibet and Southern Qinghai Plateau is obvious. In this paper, the surface soil (0-1 cm deep) and shallow soil (1-10 cm deep) were systematically sampled in an east-west directional survey transect. By grain-size composition measurement and constructing a wind erosion coarsening index (WECI) that can depict the soil wind erosion coarsening degree, wind erosion coarsening characteristics of the land surface on the plateau were analyzed. Results show that the contents of coarse particles such as gravel, very coarse sand, and coarse sand in surface soil are higher than those in shallow soil, and the contents of coarse particles decrease gradually from west to east. On the contrary, compared with shallow soil, the contents of fine particles such as clay and silt decrease significantly in surface soil and increase gradually from west to east. From the eastern alpine meadow region (average WECI = 1.05) to the central alpine steppe region (average WECI = 1.47) and the western transition region between the alpine steppe and desert steppe (average WECI = 1.77), the degree of land surface coarsening caused by wind erosion aggravates. The fractal dimension and soil texture coarsening indexes commonly used in existing research are static indicators that can describe the soil texture status but cannot measure the change in surface soil particle composition caused by wind erosion. The wind erosion coarsening index constructed in this paper overcomes the above shortcomings and has the basis of wind erosion dynamics.
Exploring the characteristics and causes of extreme climate change in the Niyang River Basin under global warming has important significance for scientific support of extreme climate disaster prevention and ecological security in Tibet. Based on the precipitation and temperature data of the Niyang River Basin from 1960 to 2019, we used the extreme climate index method, Sen's slope method, Mann-Kendall tendency and abrupt change test and GIS spatial analysis method to explore the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of extreme climate in the basin in the past 60 years from the perspectives of precipitation and temperature. Combined with atmospheric circulation factors, we used the Geodetector method to investigate the possible causes of spatio-temporal characteristics. The results showed that the Niyang River Basin showed a trend of warming and wetting on the time scale. Precipitation amount, precipitation intensity, and the number of days of extreme precipitation all showed an increasing trend. High-temperature and low-temperature extremes all showed an increasing trend, and the number of low temperature days showed a decreasing trend. On the space scale, there was an obvious spatial heterogeneity in the study basin. The extreme precipitation overall gradually decreased from the east to the west, and the extreme temperature overall gradually cooled from the southeast to the northwest. As a water vapor channel, the Niyang River had effects of warming and heat-preserving, thus the extreme climate indexes showed continuous extreme points along the river. The Subtropical High and the Qinghai-Xizang High had a positive effect on the warming and humidification of the Niyang River Basin, while the Polar Vortex and North Atlantic Oscillation were the opposite. Topographic factors represented by slope and underlying surface factors represented by NDVI were the most important environmental factors that respectively influenced the spatial distribution of extreme precipitation and extreme temperature. Elevation played an important role in the spatial distribution of both extreme precipitation and temperature.
The study of spatio-temporal variation of dissolved carbon in regional groundwater is of great significance for understanding regional material cycle and energy transfer and promoting regional ecological sustainable development. In this study, groundwater, river water and lake water samples were collected to examine the characteristics of dissolved carbon in groundwater around the Qinghai Lake during the freezing and thawing periods, investigate the characteristics of dissolved carbon in different types of groundwater and its responses to the freezing and thawing periods, and reveal the difference characteristics and influencing factors of dissolved carbon in different water bodies around the lake. The results showed that the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of groundwater, river water and lake water in freezing period was higher than that in thawing period, while the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of groundwater, river water and lake water in freezing period was lower than that in thawing period. DIC was the main dissolved carbon in groundwater, river water and lake water, which accounted for 92% of dissolved carbon. The mean content of DIC in groundwater was relatively high under the hydrogeological conditions of bedrock fissure water, moderate water volume and shallow burial water, while the mean content of DOC was relatively high under the hydrogeological conditions of bedrock fissure water, abundant water volume and shallow buried water. DIC in groundwater was greatly affected by freeze and thaw process under the hydrogeological conditions of gravel bed in lakeside plain, diving in muddy sand and moderate water volume, while DOC was greatly affected by freeze and thaw process under the hydrogeological conditions of bedrock fissure water and poor water volume. DIC and DOC in lake water were much higher than those in river water and groundwater. DIC in river water was lower than that in groundwater in both the thawing and freezing periods, while DOC in river water was higher than that in groundwater in the thawing period and lower than that in groundwater in the freezing period.
Terrain Complexity index (TCI) is a digital representation of the external morphological structure of the regional surface. The TCI can characterize the diversity of slope units and the complexity of their combination forms, and also map the process of "imprinting" the Earth's internal and external forces on the surface. The objective description and quantitative expression of TCI can provide an important basis for topographic and geomorphological theoretical studies such as definition, characterization, and differentiation of surface morphology. The unique mountain-basin geomorphic structure in Xinjiang provides an ideal place for geomorphological research. This paper is based on the "inverted pyramid filter system" to gradually filter micro and macro slope factors and determine the weights to build a TCI model. The mean change point method was used to determine the optimal window of TCI in Xinjiang, analyze the spatial heterogeneity of TCI of different geomorphic units, and further explore the contribution of different forces to TCI. The results show that: (1) The TCI model is objectively screened and scientifically combined with correlation analysis, cluster analysis, coefficient of variation method, and principal component analysis so that the TCI model has overall objectivity and independent validity. (2) The TCI is based on the global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM, 30 m) terrain data (V2), and the TCI of the whole of Xinjiang is between 0.13 and 46.36 under the optimal window (14×14). The peak value of the TCI area of the same geomorphic type is similar to that of the basin, and the slope, skewness, and kurtosis of different geomorphic types can be compared to distinguish them. Local topographic differentiation, such as independent peaks and deep canyons, can be better characterized in longitude and latitude, and TCI equal to about 1 can be used as the boundary value between plain and mountain geomorphic units. When TCI is greater than 2 in elevation division, it is the beginning of the oscillation elevation region of each mountain system (mountain group), and the TCI curves at the foothills are significantly different. (3) TCI can better reflect the traces left by different exogenous forces on the surface, and to a certain extent, it can also represent the contribution of exogenous forces to different genetic geomorphic types. This study provides the theoretical basis and scientific method for the formation reasons and morphological characteristics of topography and geomorphology in Xinjiang and provides practical guidance for topography and geomorphology research, ecological environment impact, and regional development evaluation.
