This article aims to understand the origin and operation of public-private partnerships amidst China's regional governance through the lens of new state space. This study argues that public-private partnerships have emerged as a spatial fix to repair the geographical unevenness and regulatory deficits of the states. Furthermore, this study identifies the operational mechanisms of public-private partnerships in line with the sharing of powers, responsibilities, and interests. (1) The central government designed the original power distribution among different levels of the government based on their levels, functions, and territories. Then, the powers have been redistributed between state agents and market agents based on the property rights of the enterprises to repair the regulatory deficits of the original design for the power system. (2) The central government has deployed administrative incentives to mobilize the public-private partnership to achieve social development, optimize resource distribution, and harmonize the provincial-municipal government relationships. At the same time, the provincial and municipal governments who strived for their nested interests are committed to propelling the central government and market agents to involve local governance. (3) Governments at different levels have employed administrative orders to strictly define the responsibilities of market agents, which, at the same time, built the service system to tackle the governance failure of marketization. In general, China's state space has been able not only to reconstruct itself across different geographical scales to reassert state regulation, but also to rebuild new regional governance across the interaction of powers, responsibilities, and interests under the framework of the public-private partnerships.
Ensuring stable and sustainable poverty reduction is an important task in the “post poverty reduction era”, especially for the previous poor tourist destinations. Poverty-returning in the tourist destination refers to the phenomenon that the past poor areas that have been lifted out of poverty through tourism development return to poverty due to the vulnerability and unsustainability of individual conditions, economic pattern, ecological environment, policy background, etc. In the “post poverty reduction era”, poverty-returning, as a key issue of sustainable poverty reduction, should be paid more attention in the practice and research in the poor tourist destinations. Due to theoretical gap and practical needs, this paper aims at constructing a practice-oriented analysis framework of tourist destination poverty-returning mechanism through multidisciplinary literature review. The framework suggests that the improper poverty reduction mechanism will bring negative impacts on tourism, including low tourism competitiveness, single industrial structure, poor anti risk ability, serious tourism leakage, lack of residents' ability and power, lack of social security policies, environmental damage, etc. Different combinations of these impacts will lead to the lack of opportunities, empowerment and security, and then results in low asset poverty-returning, low growth poverty-returning, restructuring poverty-returning or temporary poverty-returning through direct effects, secondary effects or dynamic effects. In practice, the framework can guide tourism poverty reduction practitioners to examine the risk of poverty-returning, judge the possible results of poverty-returning types, prevent poverty-returning, and provide effective guidance for sustainable tourism development in poor areas. This paper, which aims at solving practical problems, improving practical efficiency and reducing practical costs, will also theoretically guide future research on poverty reduction in tourist destinations. On the basis of this framework and facing practical needs, future research can explore whether there is a better classification method for poverty-returning, whether there is a cause of poverty-returning that needs to be supplemented, whether there is a new path for poverty-returning etc. It will also help to clarify the future research direction in this field.
Promoting the high-quality development of ice and snow tourism practices the development concept of “ice and snow resources are as valuable as mountains of gold and silver”, boosts the construction of a leading sports country and a healthy China, and meets people's growing needs for a better life. After more than 30 years of development, China's ice and snow tourism industry has formed a relatively large scale and showed an integrated development pattern, with products of all kinds and markets all over the country. Preparations for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games have brought great opportunities for the development and prosperity of ice and snow tourism. Favorable policies have been issued one after another and consumer enthusiasm has been rising greatly and reached an all-time high. At the same time, the related research on ice and snow tourism has continued to emerge and obtained abundant research results. Based on the logic line of “connotation identification-context sorting-system construction”, the research on ice and snow tourism in China was reviewed and analyzed from the aspects of connotation and concept, context of ice and snow tourism research and development, research content, research methods and regions. The results show that the connotation of ice and snow tourism was abundant and the concept was interpreted from multiple perspectives like tourism resources, tourist motivation and travel season. The research on ice and snow tourism in China has gone through four evolutionary stages and is increasingly linked to practice, and the industrial development is driven by factors like resources, policies and markets. There has preliminarily formed a basic framework system of the research content, while the combination between the research content and the national and industrial development strategy needs to be strengthened. Qualitative research took the lead and there was short of quantitative and longitudinal research. The research areas were highly concentrated in Northeast and North China, mainly from the macro-perspectives. Finally, the innovation of future research was proposed from the aspects of theoretical construction, research perspective, research content, research method and region. This article aims to promote the theorization and system construction of ice and snow tourism research in China, take the lead in guiding future research and promote the high-quality development of ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era.
Snow cover is a fundamental resource for the development and layout of ski tourism. Therefore, revealing the spatio-temporal characteristics and identifying the key areas of snow cover resource are great significance for the high-quality development of ski tourism in China. The paper aimed to describe the spatio-temporal characteristics of snow cover and identify key areas for ski tourism development. The spatio-temporal characteristics of snow cover from 1988 to 2018 are described through Mann-Kendall mutation test, hot spot analysis, important-performance analysis (IPA). The key areas are identified for ski tourism development through the matrix of resource stability and tourism suitability. The results suggested that: (1) The changes of snow cover are classified into three periods in the past 40 years: Ⅰ decrease period (1980-1995), Ⅱ increase period (1995-2010), and Ⅲ decrease period (2010-2020). The snow cover area changes 33.2% in period Ⅰ-Ⅱ, 31.1% in period Ⅱ-Ⅲ, and 29.3% in period Ⅰ-Ⅲ. (2) The snow resource remained stable from January to March, while it decreased significantly from March to October, and recovered from October to December. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the snow areas changed 30.3% in the whole year, 28.3% from March to December, and 26.8% from January to March. (3) According to the five-priority level, the key areas for ski tourism development account for 4.9%, 11.69%, 31.57%, 25.73 and 26.11% of the total country, respectively. In general, 85% areas of the total country are not suitable for ski tourism, but their specific use process depends on the level of social development. (4) Due to the stability of snow cover and good tourism development conditions, the most suitable areas for ski tourism in winter (December to February) are clustered in the Changbai Mountains in Liaoning and Jilin provinces. (5) The provincial-level regions with the best snow resources are Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinghai. The best conditions for tourism development are Beijing, Tianjin, Guangdong, Shandong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Anhui and Hubei. (6) According to the results of seasonal analysis of ski tourism areas, China has the basic conditions to develop outdoor ski tourism all year round. Metropolitan areas such as North China, East China and South China have the market conditions to develop ski tourism in summer and autumn. The dynamic data of snow coverage at the national scale in the past 40 years can be widely applied to the development and planning of ski tourism of national and local governments.
The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games has promoted the development of the ski tourism industry in China. At the same time, this emerging form of tourism has widely attracted a growing number of studies, which are still in favour of the, so-called, structural dimensions of perceived attributes of ski tourism resorts and the potential impact, hereby, imposed upon tourist experience. Based upon the geographic rationale, which mobilises the inter-relationships among human, emotion, and place, this study aims to scrutinise the structural dimensions of the attributes of ski tourism resorts. Equally, we have examined the extent to which these dimensions have influenced tourist experience, especially, in terms of the positive emotion, immersive experience, memorable tourism experience, satisfaction, revisit intention, and word-of-mouth recommendation intention. In this study, we select dichotomous ski tourism resorts, namely, the Silk Road International Ski Resort in Northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the Changbaishan International Resort in Northeast China's Jilin Province for data collection. As this research umpacks, first, based upon the scale development and validation procedures, we identify and analyse 15 dimensions of perceived ski tourism resort attributes by developing and evaluating a measurement scale, which consists of 59 measurement items. Second, the measurement result manifests that climate and natural environment, ski slopes, entertainment, staff, and cultural environment are the most significant factors predicting ski vacationers' experience. Third, positive emotions, immersive experience, memorable tourism experience, and satisfaction play a role in moderating the relationships between ski tourism resort attributes and vacationers' revisit intention and their word-of-mouth intention. Notably, the role of these factors is not even. In the declining role of moderation, the factors may be reordered as satisfaction, memorable tourism experiences, immersive experience, and positive emotions. This study is significant, inasmuch as it provides a solid theoretical framework, apart from a useful measument tool for subsequent empirical research regarding ski tourism resort attributes. Also, it contributes in deepening our understanding of the interactions among human, emotions, and place in the context of ski tourism resorts.
With the success of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Winter Paralympics, “300 million people participating in ice and snow sports” has become a reality, which effectively drives the construction and development of China's ski resorts. In the post-Beijing Winter Olympics era, how to promote China's ski resorts from quantity to quality has become an important issue. What is “quality”? It is necessary to build a scientific and reasonable comprehensive evaluation system for ski resorts. Based on the concept of spatial vitality and the interaction between the people, activity and place, we develop a comprehensive system including three evaluations based on AHP weight method and entropy weight method: ski resort attractiveness, activity level of ski activity and skiers' perception. Using multi-source data such as statistical data, location data, passenger flow data and user rating data, the spatial vitality characteristics of China's ski resorts are analyzed through time series volatility model, kernel density analysis, accessibility calculation model and information entropy. Results indicate that: (1) There are obvious regional differences in the distribution of the attractiveness of China's ski resorts, the activity level of ski activity, and skiers' perception, showing a dual-core pattern centered on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Guangdong Province, high in the north and low in the south, and high in the east and low in the west, respectively; (2) The spatial vitality of China's ski resorts is characterized by high-value agglomeration and low-value dispersion. Specifically, high spatial vitality ski resorts are mainly concentrated in the three major regions (i.e. Beijing-Zhangjiakou, Jilin Province, and Xinjiang's Altay Prefecture), while low spatial vitality ski resorts are distributed nationwide; (3) The top five provinces/municipalities in terms of average spatial vitality of ski resorts in China are Beijing, Hebei, Guangdong, Jilin and Liaoning, while the average spatial vitality of ski resorts in Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Guizhou and Qinghai provinces are included in the weakest type. Besides, overall improvement strategies for the spatial vitality of ski resorts in China are proposed as well as the corresponding optimization paths for different regions, which could provide basis and guidance for promoting the high-quality development of the ski industry in the post-Winter Olympics era.
Ice-snow tourism is an integration of ice-snow industry, cultural industry and tourism industry. Under the background of rural revitalization and ecological civilization construction, the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism needs to achieve a harmonious equilibrium between economic improvement and cultural inheritance. It is closely related to the evolution of the spatial structure of rural ice-snow tourist destinations under the tourism field. Therefore, it is necessary to study ice-snow tourism with space paradigm as the axis. By means of theoretical deduction and model construction, this paper first analyzes the two-wheel driving mechanism of the multi-stakeholder game theory and cultural capital practice of ice-snow tourism in rural revitalization, deconstructs the spatial system of ice-snow tourist destinations under the two-wheel driving, and discusses the spatial linkage logic required for the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism. The study found that the spatial system of rural ice-snow tourism destination is a multi-dimensional system of dynamic and static combination, virtuality and reality coexistence, which is reconstructed into a double-layer spatial structure of geographical space and information space, as well as a four-dimensional spatial network of ecological space, production space, living space and tourism space, and all of the subspace interacts with each other. The high-quality development of rural ice-snow tourism based on the spatial system depends on the practice of cultural capital to enrich the supply of ice-snow tourism products, deepen the community coordination under the game of stakeholders, and optimize the planning of rural ice-snow tourism through spatial linkage.
The impact of mega-events on the tourism destinations image (TDI) has a time-series dynamic feature, and the analysis of the inner mechanism is conducive to promoting destination marketing and competitiveness. This paper adopted Python data mining technology and natural language processing technology (NLP) to crawl the travel reviews of well-known domestic travel websites and established a dataset based on long time series and large sample data. The analysis framework is constructed from the “cognitive-emotional-overall” dimensions to explore the temporal change of Zhangjiakou's TDI during the bidding period, preparation period and warm-up period of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. In this way, the potential impact and mechanism of the Winter Olympics on the TDI in a special period and in a specific way can be analyzed. The results show that: (1) The composition elements of Zhangjiakou's TDI are becoming increasingly diversified and the effect of the Winter Olympics is becoming more and more significant. The key degree of ice and snow tourism image under the influence of the Winter Olympics is increasing, and it has experienced the refinement process of changing from vague to concrete image. Positive emotions are becoming more prevalent. (2) The Winter Olympic Games have a progressive influence on the TDI of Zhangjiakou City, which exerts its effect through the construction of tourism experience, the projection of image and the halo effect of brand perception. The Winter Olympics promote product innovation, infrastructure upgrade and service level improvement in Zhangjiakou, which will have a positive impact on the TDI by improving the visitor experience. This paper explores the dynamic impact path of the Games on the changing image of city tourism, which is a guide for host cities to change the TDI through festivals and post-event marketing.
In recent years, ice and snow tourism has gradually become an important form of leisure and recreation. However, affected by global climate change, the development of ice and snow tourism faces severe challenges. At present, there are few academic researches on urban residents' climate change perception, perceived value, environmentally responsible behavior and tourism intention against the contex of ice and snow tourism, and the relationship between them is studied less. Therefore, taking Beijing as a case study, this paper uses structural equation model to analyze the impact relationship of climate change perception, perceived value, tourism intention and environmentally responsible behavior of urban residents against the contex of ice and snow tourism. The findings are as follows: (1) Climate change perception can be divided into two dimensions: climate change representation perception and climate change risk perception, which have a significant positive impact on ice and snow tourism perceived value; at the same time, climate change risk perception has a significant positive impact on urban residents' environmentally responsible behavior. In other words, the stronger the urban residents' perception of climate change is, the greater perceived value they will have. And the more tourists' risk perception of climate change is, the more responsible they will be to environment. (2) Perceived value has a significant positive impact on tourism intention and environmentally responsible behavior. That is, the stronger the urban residents' perceived value of ice and snow tourism is, the more environmentally responsible behavior and intention to participate in ice and snow tourism they will have. (3) Tourism intention has a significant positive impact on environmentally responsible behavior. In other words, the stronger the urban residents' intention of ice and snow tourism is, the stronger sense of environmentally responsible behavior they will have. (4) Tourism experience plays a significant positive role in the path of climate change perception affecting tourism intention and environmentally responsible behavior. Among them, the climate change perception of tourists with “high tourism experience” has a stronger impact on tourism intention than that of “low tourism experience”. And for tourists with “low tourism experience”, the perception of climate change of tourists with “high tourism experience” can have a significant positive impact on environmentally responsible behavior. This research is not only helpful to deeply understand the psychological and behavioral characteristics of ice and snow urban residents, but also is of great significance to clarify the complex mechanism of climate change perception on ice and snow tourism intention, and can provide practical reference for the management of ice and snow tourist destinations.
Ice and snow are natural phenomena as well as valuable tourism resources. Originating in the European mountains in the late 19th century, ice-snow tourism has become an increasingly significant sector of the tourism industry. Despite sustained growth, international ice-snow tourism has faced unprecedented threats in recent years. The ice-snow tourism in China has developed in recent years. However, ice-snow tourism industry in China has proliferated in the past few years, especially after China won the 2022 Winter Olympics bid in 2015. The purpose of this study is to summarize international studies on ice-snow tourism and then provide references for future studies in China. Articles associated with ice-snow tourism, published before the year 2021, were retrieved from the Web of Science core collection with the topics “ice tourism”, “ski tourism”, “snow tourism”, “winter tourism” and “ski resort”. Based on a systematic review of the literature, Citespace was also used to perform text mining and visual analysis. The results show that: (1) Research of international ice-snow tourism increased continuously from the year of 1988, with developed countries in Europe and America contributing most of the research, while China showed its great potential in this field. (2) Tourism injuries dominated the initial phase of international ice-snow tourism studies, whereas climate change attracted attention afterward due to the consensus on global warming. In recent studies, studies have focused on ice-snow tourism industry sustainability, diversity of products and services in ski resorts, and other micro-level topics. (3) Knowledge structure of international ice-snow tourism studies was visualized as co-citation clusters, with 7 clusters identified. As a result of comparing labels and reading associated articles, these clusters could be grouped into three main categories: impact on the natural environment, tourists' experience, and industry development. Additionally, this study suggests that Chinese research on ice-snow tourism has generally focused on discourse at the macro level, and used similar perspectives, conventional data sources and research methods compared to international studies. Therefore, this study concludes that future research on ice-snow tourism in China should pay more attention to in-depth case studies, multiple perspectives, new data and methods, and the practical value of research.
The effect of “space-time compression” brought about by “space of flow” breaks the traditional logic of resource allocation, reconstructs regional relations and drives the formation of network organization form of regional integration. Metropolitan area is an important spatial form of urbanization, and metropolitan area integration is also an important form of regional integration. It is a theoretical problem to be studied urgently that constructs the theoretical framework of metropolitan area integration to explore the characteristics, effects and mechanism, under the background of “flow space” and network. This study initially constructs a theoretical model of the integrated symbiotic network system of metropolitan areas and looks forward to the future research direction of the integration of metropolitan areas. The research believes that: (1) The integrated symbiotic network system of metropolitan area includes a multi-domain physical facility network and a virtual relationship network, such as economic space, social and cultural space, and ecological space. It has the dual attributes of symbiotic system and complex network, and reflects the organizational mechanism, evolution direction and law of the metropolitan area integration. (2) The formation mechanism of symbiotic network, the benefit generation mechanism of symbiosis network and the evolution mechanism of symbiosis network system are the basic operation mechanism of the integrated symbiosis network system, reflecting the inherent inevitable connection of metropolitan area integration. (3) The summary of the network characteristics of metropolitan area integration, the comprehensive review of positive and negative effects, the analysis of endogenous, exogenous and network-driven mechanisms at different stages, and the discussion of cross-border and network relationship governance paths, etc. are all important contents for further research on metropolitan area integration. Through the exploration of the theoretical framework construction of metropolitan area integration, it is expected to promote the expansion of research perspective of urban geography and the enrichment of the content, and to provide theoretical guidance in the practice process of the governance and regulation of metropolitan area integrated.
In the context of economic globalization and regional integration, urban development forces have shifted from geographical agglomeration to external network coordination. The connectivity among cities or city network is increasingly becoming “the second essence of cities”. With bibliometric analysis of urban network externality studies, we find that spatial econometric models have been increasingly employed to quantify whether, and to what extent, urban network externality matters in the developmental process of cities or regions. This study first investigated the mathematical properties of spatial econometric models and in particular, the correspondence of model parameters and various measures of urban network externality. More importantly, we highlighted two essential issues of classic spatial econometric models when being applied to model urban network externality: the asymmetric effect and scale effect of urban network externality. Then, we developed an asymmetric spatial economic model (ASEM) to capture the asymmetric effect of urban network externality and, a hierarchical spatial autoregressive model (HSAR) to deal with the scale effect of urban network externality. A series of Monte Carlo simulation experiments were conducted to assess the benefits of these two proposed methodologies. We found that: (1) Ignoring the potential asymmetric effects in the urban network will significantly reduce the accuracy of model parameter estimation. On the other hand, the proposed ASEM can accurately identify the asymmetric effects of network externalities and yield more accurate parameter estimation. (2) Ignoring multi-scale network effects in real world data and modeling the network effects at a single scale will cause serious estimation distortion. The HSAR model instead can provide a reliable quantitative method for modeling the externalities of multi-scale networks.
Networking of the relation among cities is a momentous trend in the development of urban system structure. The connection between cities is often the superposition of multiple elements rather than a single dimension. The urban system of the spatial network of different factor flows differs from each other in spatial organization. Furthermore, the network based on one single factor has obvious limitations so that it is necessary to make a comparative study on the differences of factor flows under the multi-city network. Therefore, this paper, on the basis of four element networks, which are enterprise connection, scientific research cooperation, population migration and gravity simulation, analyzes respectively the external spatial characteristics and disparities of China's urban networks under the perspective of multiple flow space, to be specific, urban node, path connection, community characteristics and etc; explores the internal pattern and law of inter-city connections; as well as attempts to advance proposals to optimize the development of China's urban system. The results reveal that: (1) The spatial organization of multi-city networks shows that the characteristic of similar stability with a “diamond+cross” spatial structure and a “core-node-edge” hierarchical structure, integrates with the characteristic of multiple diversity from the perspective of multi-dimensional data sources; (2) Mobility of population, circulation of materials and other networks that depended on the operation of infrastructure, to some certain extent, are greatly constrained by geographical distance and at the same time show obvious small group characteristics in adjacent areas and strong community structure. However, the less substantial elements such as capital flow and information flow break through this geographical restriction. The focus of the connection lies in the attraction of the target city to the element flow, and the community structure of this type appears to be weak. (3) At present, China's urban connection has the dual characteristics of hierarchy and flattening in form. Therefore, this paper proposes an urban connection model of the “community buzzer-gatekeeper-regional pipeline” model, compatible with the dual features of vertical structure and network structure, applying well for demonstrating the characteristics of China's urban connection, identifying 10 core gatekeeper cities and 8 types of regions in China. Among them, the goalkeeper city with special resources and regional advantages is the leader of the region, playing a key role in undertaking, transforming and spreading various resource elements. This paper aims to improve the theory of urban network and provide theoretical support for urban network development.
Based on extensive data collected from 2000 to 2020 from enterprise headquarters and branches across the whole industry, this paper integrates social network analysis, multi-dimensional proximity analysis, and spatial analysis methods to reveal the spatial pattern, spatio-temporal evolution, and influencing factors of the network of three urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin in four aspects: urban node type, hierarchical association, network community division, and their influencing factors. There are five deductions: (1) There is a significant spatial polarization of urban network node intensity that exhibits hierarchical traits. With a greater proportion of first-tier and second-tier cities, the Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration has the most developed network structure. The Central Plains Urban Agglomeration is dominated by second-tier and third-tier cities, while Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration has a high proportion of third-tier and fourth-tier cities. (2) The degree of network association is gradually raised, and the axis level of the urban network is significant. The network, strong in the east and weak in the west, forms a radiation skeleton in the form of a star, focused on Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Jinan, and Qingdao. Horizontal cross-border links among Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration, Central Plains Urban Agglomeration and Guanzhong Plain Agglomeration are lacking. (3) According to the values of degree centrality and betweenness centrality, urban nodes are divided into four types: high degree centrality-high betweenness centrality, low degree centrality-high betweenness centrality, low degree centrality-low betweenness centrality, and high degree centrality-low betweenness centrality. Among them, Qingdao, Jinan, Zhengzhou and Xi'an belong to “high degree centrality-high betweenness centrality” cities in the past 20 years, which are the “hub” and “bridge” of the urban network. (4) Urban network communities are influenced by boundary barrier effect, neighborhood effect and spillover effect. The overall community structure of “three large communities and one small community” and the trend of “clustering first, then merging” has been formed. (5) The evolution and growth of urban networks are positively influenced by geographic proximity, institutional proximity, social proximity, but frequently industrial proximity has a detrimental effect.
Traffic flows is the core factor reflecting the interaction in urban agglomerations and a new measure model of spatial structure. The advanced stage of urban agglomeration is spatial development model of network. The study of spatial signs and interaction mechanism in urban agglomeration from the perspective of network has a reference significance for regional planning and development. In this context, the theory of flow space, social network and pan-maps are applied. Based on Autonavi navigation OD data in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area collected in 2019 and 2020, this study constructs a transportation network model and uses a social network analysis approach to analyze its characteristics of spatial construction, node and edge. The conclusions are drawn as follows: After unifying the spatial scale, the Greater Bay Area presents the spatial organization form of “four groups and three circles”; A multi-center networked spatial structure in the Greater Bay Area has been formed relying on core nodes of Dongguan, Shenzhen and Guangzhou; Close local connection and loose overall connection is main characteristics of the network in the Greater Bay Area; There are two strong connection subnetworks in the network: Shenzhen-Dongguan and Guangzhou-Foshan; A continuous thread of connection has not yet formed within the Greater Bay Area. This study reveals the interaction relationship and structural characteristics among regional cities, which is of great significance for promoting the Greater Bay Area to build a multi-polar, group-based and collaborative development pattern. The Greater Bay Area should promote regional cooperation relying on the spatial organization structure and form three major development subgroups: Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhaoqing, Zhuhai-Zhongshan-Jiangmen-Macao and Shenzhen-Dongguan-Huizhou-Hong Kong. Meanwhile, it is necessary for the Greater Bay Area to give play to the advantages of central nodes, deepen the contact of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao and enhance international influence relying on transportation strategy and construction of free trade zones.
Textbooks have established as a fundamental sight in the development path of economic geography. In order to strengthen the construction of economic geography textbooks with Chinese characteristics, this paper selects 13 textbooks published since 2016 in the UK, USA, Canada, Russia, Germany, France, Japan and other countries to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of the content characteristics. The results show that: (1) The content of all textbooks focuses on the examination of different spatial dimensions of economic activities, while seldom considering the relationship between economic activities and natural geographical conditions; only recently it has paid partial attention to the utilization of energy and mineral resources and green development. (2) Except for a few (4 out of 13) textbooks, where theoretical analysis content occupies a large proportion of pages, most (9 of 13) textbooks mainly analyze recent practical problems in the world and the related countries, with special attention to those both having a significant impact on people's social and economic life, and having obvious spatial difference. (3) Most textbooks, in the analysis of theoretical and practical problems, stress the characteristics of economic geography in the relevant country: the textbooks for English-speaking countries focus more on world issues and internationally representative theoretical viewpoints, Russian textbooks have transformed economic geography to socioeconomic geography, German ones emphasize relational economic geography on the basis of inheriting the normative research tradition, France's focus on the diversity of world economic geography, and Japan's stress the economic geography of urban and rural communities. Inspired by this research conclusion, we suggest the following in the construction of economic geography textbooks with Chinese characteristics: (1) Highlighting the background characteristics and research results of China's economic geography development, (2) stressing the geographical nature of economic geography, (3) deepening the mechanism of economic geography under the specific government system and unique cultural accumulation, and (4) summarizing the laws of the spatial evolutional economic pattern of a large country and the changing trend of the relationship between economic growth and the geographical environment. The practice of attracting readers' interest from the analysis of practical problems in textbooks in other countries can also be used for reference.
This paper adopts the historical materialist view of history, establishes a time-space framework, and analyzes the characteristics and causes of human geography teaching in Chinese universities during the period of the Republic of China (1912-1949). This paper mainly focuses on the teaching characteristics of human geography in the geography departments of National Peiping (Beijing) Normal University, National Central University, National Tsinghua University, and National Sun Yat-Sen University. The historical materials come from the universities' teaching archives, articles on people's memories, government documents, textbooks and teaching references compiled and translated by Chinese scholars, and referenced to relevant research literatures. Under the time-space framework and based on the comparison of historical materials, this paper draws the following conclusions. First, only in the context of history can we understand the inevitability of the geographical courses such as military geography, national defense geography and political geography during 1912-1949. Second, only in the context of the world political background can we understand the teaching content of “national humiliation geography” during the study period and the failure of the proposition of “Zhong Ti Xi Yong”, which means taking traditional Chinese cultural classics as value core and applying Western science and technology. Third, only by further refining the time-space framework can we deeply understand the initiative of professors in the teaching of human geography in the period 1912-1949, such as their academic thoughts, teaching styles, political propositions, textbook compilation and selection. To sum up, only by standing in the open framework of time and space can we more clearly position the teaching of human geography in Chinese universities today.
