地理研究  2018 , 37 (1): 119-132 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201801009

研究论文

北京市老年人口迁移意愿及影响因素研究

高斯瑶, 程杨

北京师范大学地理科学学部,北京 100875

Willingness to relocation of the older people within Beijing

GAO Siyao, CHENG Yang

Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

通讯作者:  通讯作者:程杨(1982- ),女,四川自贡人,副教授,主要从事健康地理学研究。E-mail:chengyang@bnu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2017-07-8

修回日期:  2017-11-24

网络出版日期:  --

版权声明:  2018 《地理研究》编辑部 《地理研究》编辑部

基金资助:  国家自然科学基金项目(41301164)北京师范大学自主科研项目(2015KJJCB30)

作者简介:

作者简介:高斯瑶(1992- ),女,北京人,硕士生,主要从事健康地理学研究。E-mail:ggaossiyyao@126.com

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摘要

北京正处于快速老龄化阶段,随着城市化进程的加深,迁移老年人的生活环境发生着剧烈的变化。分析北京市城市功能拓展区中老年人的迁移意愿及其影响因素,具有重要的实践意义。选择北京城市功能拓展区中4个新建小区为案例区,收集有效调查问卷353份,采用描述性统计和Logistic回归研究北京市老年人口的迁移意愿及其影响因素。研究发现:已迁移老年人中,71.4%的老年人愿意迁移。与子女居住距离的变化、孙辈的出生以及居住条件的改善是自主迁移老年人迁移的主要原因。老年人生命历程的变化对迁移行为有重要影响。老年人的身体健康、经济条件、与子女居住距离和居住环境对其迁移意愿影响显著。本文的研究意义在于结合老年人迁移的影响因素与宜居社区建设政策,为构建老年宜居社区提供科学依据。

关键词: 老龄化 ; 老年人口迁移 ; 生命历程 ; 宜居社区 ; 北京市

Abstract

The rapid population aging is coming along with the urban expansion in Beijing in recent decades. During the urbanization process, many older people have moved from the inner urban area to the newly developed urban areas in Beijing. Older people's living environment has dramatically changed. Moreover, elder care has become an important issue in the society. This study aims to understand older people's willingness to relocation and examine various factors which affect their willingness to relocation. This quantitative analysis is based on the data from 353 valid questionnaires which were collected from the older people aged 60 and over in four residential quarters. The four sampled residential quarters were all built after 2000 in the Urban Function Extension Area of Beijing. Descriptive analysis and binary Logistic regression were applied in this study. The results showed that 252 older people (71.4% of all the samples) were willing to move. In terms of the reasons for relocation, moving closer to or moving into their adult children's families and taking care of their grandchildren were the main reasons for the older people's voluntary relocation. Moreover, the changes of life course played an important role in the older people's migration behavior. The regression results showed that participants with better health status (OR=1.53, P=0.094), higher income (OR=2.05, P=0.015), who were strongly influenced by the living distance with their adult children (OR=1.23, P=0.020), having access to elevators after the relocation (OR=1.29, P=0.062), and perceiving the green space important (OR=1.56, P=0.005) were more willing to move. The construction of age-friendly community should meet the demands for various groups of older people. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the moving behaviors of older people in the process of urban development in Beijing, and it also sheds light on future studies on healthy living environment for older people to age in place.

Keywords: ageing ; older people's migration ; life course ; age-friendly community ; Beijing

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高斯瑶, 程杨. 北京市老年人口迁移意愿及影响因素研究[J]. 地理研究, 2018, 37(1): 119-132 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201801009

GAO Siyao, CHENG Yang. Willingness to relocation of the older people within Beijing[J]. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(1): 119-132 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201801009

1 引言

随着社会经济的发展,老龄化已经成为全球面临的社会问题。根据世界卫生组织确定的标准,当60岁及以上的人口占该地区总人口10%以上或65岁及以上人口占该地区总人口7%以上即认定该地区进入老龄化社会[1]。早在2000年,北京市人口普查数据显示,60岁及以上老年人口数为170.2万,老龄化率是12.32%,已经步入了人口老龄化的阶段。之后根据北京市2010年全国人口普查数据显示,60岁及以上老年人口数增长到246万,老龄化率达到12.54%。人口老龄化速度的加快以及老年人口数量的增加,使得养老问题成为了重要的社会问题。

近年来,北京市处于快速城市化阶段,北京市危旧房改造、城市中心区土地功能置换,以及随着城市的扩张,农村土地纳入城市建设,使得越来越多的老城区居民和大量农村居民被动迁移。随着中国城市土地有偿使用,单位制度的解体,居民的住房制度发生了很大改变。老年人从单位住房或农村平房中迁移到新建小区中,住房环境发生了剧烈的变化。老年人与熟悉的单位同事和邻居分开居住,单位制度和村委会制度逐渐被“社区”所代替,居住的文化环境发生剧烈变化。四大功能区之一的城市功能拓展区是北京市开发强度相对较高、但未完全城市化的地区。该区域包括朝阳区、海淀区、丰台区、石景山区,共70个街道、7个镇、24个乡,常住人口955.4万人,土地面积1275.9 km2。随着城市化进程的不断推进,该功能区内在近十年来出现了很多新建小区。大量老年人口从城市中心区搬迁到新建小区。从2000-2010年,北京市老年人口增长总数为75.9万人,其中51.3%的老年人居住在城市功能拓展区。另外,该区域也聚集了北京市45%的老年人。对于老年人来说,从传统社区迁移到新建社区后,居住环境改变的同时,也往往伴随其健康状况和社会经济地位的下降,以及家庭结构变化等情况的发生。可以发现,城市功能拓展区中老年人口数量最多、增长最快,而此区域中老年人的生活环境变化最为剧烈。因此对该区域中迁移老年人居住环境进行研究尤为重要。

目前,社会化养老尚未成熟,居家养老是主要的养老模式。独生子女政策的实行,家庭居住模式的改变使得老年人口从家庭中得到的养老支持资源减少,对传统的居家养老模式产生了挑战。老年人在退休后,由于身体状况的下降,活动范围缩小,老年人的日常购物、就医和娱乐等行为主要发生在社区内。因此,老年人更加依赖社区养老资源,宜居环境的建设将成为适应养老模式改变及提高老年生活质量的必要举措。全国老龄办于2009年启动了“老年宜居社区”和“老年友好型城市”建设试点工作。2011年《中国老龄事业发展十二五规划》明确提出“推动建设老年友好城市和老年宜居社区”。2013年,全国老龄办和国家标准委正式发布了《老龄宜居社区(基地)标准》。2015年修正的《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》新增“宜居环境”专章,推动了老年宜居社区建设。为改善老年人居住、生活和社会文化环境,2016年,全国老龄办出台了《关于推进老年宜居环境建设的指导意见》,是第一个关于老年宜居环境建设的指导性文件。建设老年宜居社区,不仅需要根据老年人的生理和心理特点构建满足老年人日常活动所需的空间环境和配套设施,也需要构建良好的社会环境和社区服务支持老年人的居家养老。在这样的背景下,了解当前北京市迁移老年人的迁移意愿以及对宜居环境的需求显得尤为重要。本文的主要目的在于,研究在城市化进程中,生命历程变化对老年人迁移意愿的影响,以及迁移老年人迁移意愿的影响因素。

1.1 老年人口迁移

总体来讲,西方国家已开展了大量关于老年人口迁移的理论和实证研究,学界对老年人迁移的研究也逐渐成熟。在对老年人迁移影响因素的研究中,主要将影响因素分为个人、家庭和社会三个层次。首先,对老年人个人特征来说,老年人在刚退休时,身体健康条件良好,发生第一次迁移,目的是为了寻求更好的生活环境,改变生活方式。而第二次迁移则是在75岁左右,随着老年人身体状况的下降,所需的照料资源越多,迁移是为了寻求更好的健康照料以及医疗资源[2]。经济条件方面,有研究发现住房花费、税务、养老金和健康照料花费会影响老年人迁移行为,经济条件差的老年人由于对公共服务需求更大,更倾向迁移到市中心[3,4]。老年人的婚姻情况也会影响其迁移决策,研究发现老年人丧偶之后迁移的概率是丧偶之前迁移概率的两倍[5,6]。除此之外,家庭和亲友状况也会影响老年人的迁移行为。荷兰一项对亲属的相关研究表明,家庭成员是老年人养老照料的主要提供者,随着与子女居住距离的增加,老年人更倾向于向靠近子女的地区迁移。另外,有孙辈的老人比没有孙辈的老人更倾向于迁移到离子女更近的地区[7]。在居住环境方面,老年人对房屋要求较高,当老年人健康状况下降,生活需要他人照料时,老年人更愿意居住在有便捷设施的房屋中,减少老年人在日常活动中对他人的依赖[8,9]。Rappaport的研究发现,老年人对气候条件的需求更多,老年人愿意承担更高的迁移费用搬到气候条件更好的地方。在美国北部地区很多老年人离开原有的社区,迁移到气候温暖湿润的阳光地带,寻求更好的居住环境[10]。在社区邻里和亲友关系上,社区人文环境、平静的社区生活、对社区服务设施可达性,与朋友邻居交往密切程度以及社区关系紧密程度都是吸引老年人迁移的因素[11,12,13,14]

中国对老年人迁移影响因素的研究起步较晚,随着城市化的不断发展,老龄化社会进程的持续加深,老年人迁移现象逐渐增多,越来越多的学者关注老年人迁移问题。国内研究主要关注老年人的迁移影响因素,包括年龄、身体健康状况和经济因素等。随着年龄的增加,老人的健康状况和经济状况下降,高龄老人较低龄老人更有可能接受子女的供养,发生迁移[15,16]。在与家庭亲友的关系方面,老年人对儿女的依赖程度较高,迁移后不仅希望得到儿女的陪伴,也希望儿女能够在经济和日常照料上给予支持[17],如果老年人身体状况好,经济水平高,就能够在家务和照看孙辈方面有所帮助,与子女和谐相处[18,19,20]。从社区层面来说,社区环境变化会影响老年人迁移意愿[21],Wang等对成都市老年人进行问卷调查,采用结构方程模型探究社会和文化因素对老年人迁移决策的影响。研究发现社区文化氛围、文化相似性和社区便捷程度会影响老年人的迁移决策[22]

生命历程理论是重要的迁移理论,西方很多学者将生命历程理论应用到老年人迁移行为研究中,认为导致老年人迁移的时间节点包括退休[23]、丧失亲人[5]和残疾等[24]。根据已有的研究结果来看,老年人生命历程的变化会影响其迁移行为。研究发现,退休后由于解除了工作的束缚,很多老年人为了更好的居住环境发生迁移,此时老年人的典型特征是健康、经济稳定、且拥有伴侣。之后因配偶死亡或健康状况恶化等因素,老年人自理能力下降,此时需要子女的照顾,为了获取更多的家庭支持资源而迁移,寻求更好的养老服务,或迁移到公共机构中获得长时间持续的照料[25,26,27,28]

国内也有一些研究关注老年人生命历程与迁移的关系。Chen应用1991年、1993年和1997年北京市健康和照料调查数据,研究了父母与儿女之间的居住模式,发现父母的住所随着生命历程的变化而变化。儿女结婚、照看孙辈、配偶去世、健康状况下降都是影响老年人居住变化的重要因素[29]。Li在对北京1980-2001年的研究中发现,北京社会的变化与西方有相似之处。随着市场经济的发展和老人生命历程的变化,年龄、房屋拥有情况、婚姻状况和孩子出生都会影响迁移[30]。中国城市居民的住房选择既受传统文化价值观的影响,又受到西方国家现代文化的冲击,随着后代的成长和长辈年龄的增长,代际居住模式呈现出一种中国特有的家庭分异规律,即分居(子女离开)、合居(照顾孙辈或自己与需要照顾的长辈再合居)、再分居、再合居(与照顾自己的子女合居)[31,32,33]。另外也有研究关注“单位”制度,应用生命历程理论探讨经历了体制转型后的居民迁居 需求[34,35]

1.2 宜居社区建设

世界卫生组织在2007年提出全球宜居社区项目(Global Age-Friendly Community Project),认为老年人宜居社区应该将老年人作为积极的、有价值的群体,同时支持并提供基础设施和服务来满足老年人的需求,并强调通过政府、老年人组织和非政府组织共同开发老年人宜居的社区环境[36]。美国退休人员协会(AARP)公共政策研究所(PPI)在2014年对社区宜居性进行研究,发现老年人非常重视社区的安全性和便利设施、公共空间以及医疗服务的邻近性[37]。很多学者依托宜居社区的内涵,根据老年人特点,对老年宜居社区的各方面进行研究,认为通过社区中自然环境、住房条件、社会环境、活动参与机会、社区正式与非正式支持、健康服务、交通情况和交流情况等方面与老年人的年龄、性别、收入、健康状况等特征相结合,配合政策支持来建立老年友好型社区[38,39,40,41,42]。在社区文化环境建设方面,社区为老年人提供方便的社会交往环境,能够提升老年人自评健康程度,减少心理抑郁,促进老年人参与社区活动并改善老年人的生活质量[43,44,45,46,47]

中国对宜居环境的研究较晚,2001年吴良镛提出人居环境理论,奠定了中国学者对宜居环境的研究。随后,很多学者对宜居城市的内涵和指标体系等方面进行研究,张文忠从城市安全性、环境健康性、生活方便性、出行便捷性和居住舒适性五个方面对北京城市宜居性进行评价[48]。随着中国人口老龄化的日益严重,之后的研究进一步深入到社区层面的宜居性研究[49]。北京市月坛街道2004年开展社区居家养老服务试点工作,了解老年人的服务需求,通过任务排序模型,将需求排序,发现老年人最需要的是医疗健康服务,其次是生活照料,最后是精神需求。柴彦威和李昌霞认为在建设老年人宜居社区时应考虑老年人购物偏好、行为习惯和可达性等方面的特殊需求,设计符合老年人出行方式的安全、无障碍、舒适便捷的社区步行系统[50]。另外,建设老年人宜居社区,既应注重社区的物质空间层面,同时也要强调社区精神层面的交往与归属感以及社区建设中老年人的参与,要建设面向生活质量的宜居环境和社区。孙菲等对参加文化活动的离退休老人进行研究,发现参与不同文化活动均能减缓认知功能的衰退[51]。更多研究发现,积极开展社区老年文化活动能够帮助或引导老年人树立良好的个人生活方式,保持愉悦的心理状态及和谐的人际关系,因而减少患病机会,延缓衰老的进程,提升养老满意度[52,53,54]

随着城市化进程的不断加深,老年人口迁移数量逐渐增多,但国内从生命历程理论研究老年人口迁移的文章仍然较少,缺乏将老年人迁移和老年宜居社区建设相结合的研究。综上所述,本文从老年人宜居社区环境的视角出发,通过问卷调查对老年人迁移意愿进行客观分析,研究在北京市的社会文化背景下,城市化进程中的老年人生命历程变化及老年宜居社区环境对老年人口迁移的影响,以期基于老年人相关政策,对未来老年人口迁移发展趋势及老年宜居社区的阶段性构建提供一定的科学依据。本文主要分析三个内容:① 调查已迁移老年人迁移意愿;② 生命历程变化对老年人迁移意愿的影响;③ 北京市老年人迁移意愿的影响因素。

2 研究方法与数据来源

2.1 数据来源

研究数据来自于课题组于2016年对居住在城市功能拓展区中的老年人进行的问卷调查。调查对象为拥有北京市户籍的60岁及以上的老年人口。考虑到中国男性与女性的退休年龄和政府相关政策规定,男性的退休年龄为60岁,女性干部为55岁,女性工人为50岁。本文将60岁及以上的人口定义为老年人口。此外,拥有外地户籍的人口享受不同的退休金和其它社会福利保障,因此本文仅调查拥有北京市户籍的老年人口,研究北京市户籍老年人在城市内部的迁移。

问卷调查内容包括受访者的基本信息,包括其社会经济状况,如受访者年龄、性别、婚姻状况、教育程度等;老年人迁移前后的居住状况、迁移的主要原因等。按照迁移原因设置了拆迁定点选择和自主迁移两个选项。另外本文对自主迁移的老年人的迁移原因进行了调查,设置了“您为什么选择迁移到这个社区(多选)?”的问题。根据生命历程理论,问卷中设计了进入老年后可能发生的6个主要的生命历程变化对老年人迁移的影响程度。这6个生命历程分别是退休、健康状况的下降、婚姻状况变化(丧偶、离婚等)、子女结婚、与子女居住距离的变化和是否抚养孙辈。在问卷调查中,将这些因素对迁移决策的影响程度划分为5个等级(影响程度很高=1,影响程度较高=2,影响程度一般=3,有一些影响=4,完全没有影响=5)。如果这项生命历程对老年人的迁移有影响,那么老年人需要选择相应的迁移原因,原因设置为包含开放性选项的多项选择。问卷中还包括了社区的自然环境、社区的文化环境和社区提供的社会服务与健康服务对老年人迁移意愿的影响。本文运用面对面调查法,由经过培训的调查员与受访者进行面对面的交谈,按照调查问卷设置的问题,完成数据收集工作。

2.2 研究方法

本文采取分层抽样的方式,在北京市城市功能拓展区的四个区中分别选取一个新建小区,因此抽样总量为4个新建小区的老年人总数,总共4216人(图1)。

图1   样本区位置

Fig. 1   The location of the case study sites

在误差幅度设置为5%,置信度达95%的情景下,得出预估采样数量为359份。之后根据每个小区拥有北京市户籍老年人数量比例分配各小区采样数量(表1)。共发放问卷359份,有效问卷为353份,有效率为98%。

表1   北京市城市功能拓展区中4个新建小区情况

Tab. 1   The information on the four newly built residential quarters in the Urban Function Extension Area of Beijing

编号新建小区名称居住空间类型老年人
群体特征
位置入住
时间
社区
规模(人)
老年人口
比例(%)
京籍老年
人数量(人)
分配样本数量(人)
1北辰福第小区两限房+
廉租房
来自北京市城区6个区回迁老人和购买两限房及少量租房老人朝阳区东五环2011年15000132000167
2长安新城小区经济
适用房
为改善住房条件周边企事业单位老人以及跟随子女迁移的老年人丰台区西四环一期2001年,二期2007年1200017.5100084
3西山枫林小区经济
适用房
为改善住房条件的老年人以及跟随子女迁移的老年人石景山区西五环外2006年498713.344043
4水岸温泉小区回迁房+
廉租房
原地回迁老人及少量租房老人海淀区西北部五环六环之间2014年78689.8677665

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在选择调查对象之前,首先通过对社区工作人员的访谈,了解社区基本情况,如小区的建成时间、类型,小区内老年人口数量等方面,同时确定小区中老年人日常聚集较多的活动场所。之后,调查员选择老年人较集中的户外活动时间和空间,于上午晨练时间在各新建小区中特定的活动场所,如社区公园、小区内路边和长椅等公共空间,进行随机抽样调查。

基于问卷调查的数据,首先采用均数和百分比进行统计描述,识别老年人迁移原因以及老年人生命历程变化对老年人迁移的影响。之后,用二元Logistic回归模型检验老年人迁移的影响因素,因变量是老年人的迁移意愿(0代表不愿意迁移;1代表愿意迁移),自变量选取老年人个人特征、家庭特征、住房环境和社区自然环境这四个方面,共14个自变量。个人特征变量包括年龄、婚姻状况、受教育程度、自评身体健康、自评精神健康、与配偶月收入。家庭特征变量包括子女居住距离、迁移前居住情况。住房环境变量包括电梯、取暖。社区自然环境包括绿化条件、人行道、医院距离、购物距离。

3 结果分析

表2显示了受访者的人口属性和社会经济特征。总体样本中,男性受访者占42%,女性受访者占58%。年龄在60~69岁之间的老年人占56%,70~79岁之间的受访者占30%,其余14%为80岁及以上的高龄老人。68%的受访者已婚,31%的受访者丧偶。从受教育程度来看,未受过教育的受访者占9%,小学和初中学历的受访者占42%,高中及以上学历的受访者占49%。绝大多数老年人的收入来源为养老金,占总体老年人的91%,少数老年人主要收入来源为儿女资助或最低生活保障金等。在居住情况方面,62%的老年人与配偶一起生活,6%的老年人独自居住,53%的老年人与儿女一起居住。在调查的老年人中,拆迁老人占受访者31%,自主迁移者占受访者的69%。

表2   样本人口统计特征(N=353)

Tab. 2   Demographic characteristics of the samples (N=353)

变量属性百分比(%)变量属性百分比(%)
性别男性42(150)与配偶的月收入(元)0~10006(20)
女性58(203)1000~20007(25)
2000~300015(54)
年龄(岁)60~6956(196)3000~400024(83)
70~7930(106)4000以上48(171)
80岁以上14(51)收入来源(多选)养老金91(322)
婚姻状况已婚68(239)儿女资助8(28)
共同居住0(1)最低生活保障金3(10)
丧偶31(110)劳动收入2(7)
分开/离异1(2)财产性收入7(24)
至今未婚0(1)迁移后居住情况(多选)配偶62(220)
受教育程度未受过教育9(33)儿女53(186)
小学16(56)孙子/女23(80)
初中或同等初中教育26(93)独居6(21)
高中或同等高中教育25(89)亲戚/朋友0(1)
大专技校15(51)迁移原因拆迁31(108)
本科及以上9(31)自主迁移69(245)

注:第3列和第6列括号内的数据为样本数。

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3.1 老年人迁移意愿描述性分析

调查结果发现(表3),在所有受访者中,表示愿意迁移的老年人有252人(71.4%),不愿意迁移的老年人有101人(28.6%),多数老年人愿意迁移。拆迁定点迁移的老年人愿意迁移的比例为75.9%,自主迁移的老年人愿意迁移的比例为69.4%,略低于拆迁定点迁移的老年人。在自主迁移的老年人当中,有29%的老年人是为了与儿女居住距离更近,有18%的老年人为了方便照看孙辈而迁移;为了更好的居住环境(16%)和享有方便的服务设施(14%)也是一部分老年人选择迁移的重要因素。可以看出,在自主迁移的老年人当中,因家庭因素迁移的老年人所占的比例最高,其次是为了能够获得更好的居住条件。

表3   自主迁移的老年人迁移原因统计(N=245)

Tab. 3   Reasons for older people's voluntary migration (N=245)

属性百分比(%)样本数
与儿女距离近29104
方便照看孙辈1862
社区环境好1656
周边配套设施方便1451
房价便宜1139
医疗条件好310
房屋设计好413

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3.2 老年人生命历程变化对迁移意愿的影响

表4针对生命历程变化对老年人的迁移影响程度进行了分析。从六项生命历程变化对老年人迁移行为的影响来看,子女居住距离和抚养孙辈影响最大。有287位(81.30%)老年人认为子女的居住距离对其迁移有影响,有180位(51%)老年人认为抚养孙辈对迁移有影响,需要搬到与子女居住距离近的地方或与子女同住。

表4   生命历程变化对老年人迁移的影响(N=353)

Tab. 4   The impact of changes in life course on the migration of older people (N=353)

百分比(%)均值标准差
12345
退休0.8511.339.0716.1562.614.281.08
健康状况下降0.856.811.0514.7366.574.390.99
婚姻状况变化3.17.14.88.876.24.481.07
子女结婚2.556.5211.618.570.824.391.08
子女居住距离变化15.321.5312.7531.7318.73.171.37
抚养孙辈10.211.97.121.8493.881.39

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另外,所有受访老年人当中,有37.39%的老年人认为退休对其迁移产生了影响,其中有90位(占有影响老年人的68.18%)老年人认为影响原因是退休后不再受工作地点的限制,可迁移到自己希望居住的区域。在健康状况的影响方面,有33.43%的老年人认为迁移行为的发生受到其身体健康状况的影响,其中有59位(占有影响老年人的50.00%)老年人认为其健康状况的下降增加了对便利的住房设施的需求,成为其发生迁移行为的影响因素;另外有66位(占有影响老年人的55.93%)老年人认为身体健康状况的下降需要子女提供更多的照料资源,因此迁移至与儿女共同居住或到离子女近的地方居住。在婚姻状况方面,有76.20%的老年人认为其迁移行为并没有受到婚姻状况变化的影响。有81位(占有影响老年人的96.43%)老年人认为婚姻状况如丧偶之后需要儿女的陪伴与照顾,因此需要迁移到离儿女近的地方或者和儿女居住,另外有8位(9.52%)老年人提到丧偶之后,独自一人不能承担所有家务,因此需要迁移到房屋面积小的地方。有103位(占有影响老年人的29.18%)老年人认为儿女结婚对其迁居产生影响,因为儿女结婚,需要与儿女分开居住,因此老年人发生迁移。

描述性分析的结果反映了老年人生命周期的变化对老年人迁移决策的影响。子女居住距离变化和是否抚养孙辈是影响老年人迁移的主要因素。其他生命历程的变化,如退休、健康状况的下降、子女结婚和丧偶也会对老年人迁移决策产生影响。

3.3 老年人迁移意愿影响因素分析

基于以上结果,采用二元Logistic回归的方法来分析老年人个人特征、家庭特征和居住环境对迁移意愿的影响。共线性诊断的结果为方差膨胀因子VIF范围为1.134~1.562,不存在多重共线性问题。对老年人口迁移的影响因素回归包括4个模型(表5)。模型1将个体属性的年龄、婚姻状况、受教育程度、身体健康、精神健康和与配偶月收入作为独立变量。模型2中加入了家庭特征,即子女居住距离对老年人迁移的影响程度,指标分为五级(完全没有影响=1,影响非常大=5,影响越大,得分越高)以及老年人迁移前居住情况对老年人迁移的影响。模型3中加入了住房环境变量,包括电梯和取暖这两个指标对老年人迁移的影响程度。模型4的自变量中加入了环境变量对老年人迁移的影响程度,包括绿化条件、人行道情况、医院距离以及购物距离。模型3和模型4自变量指标分为五级(完全没有影响=1,影响非常大=5,影响越大,得分越高)。

表5   老年人迁移意愿回归结果(N=353)

Tab. 5   The results of binary logistic regression models on older people's willingness to relocation (N=353)

变量
(参照组)
模型1模型2模型3模型4
BS.EExp(B)BS.EExp(B)BS.EExp(B)BS.EExp(B)
个体特征
年龄0.0210.0171.0210.0260.0171.0260.0240.0181.0240.0170.0191.017
婚姻状况
(无配偶)
0.3070.2701.3600.2740.3131.3160.2860.3191.3310.2410.3291.273
受教育程度(低)-0.0540.2990.948-0.0190.3030.981-0.0810.3090.9220.1160.3211.123
自评身体
健康(差)
0.4260.2521.532*0.3130.2611.3670.1670.2681.1820.2570.2781.293
自评精神
健康(差)
-0.1620.3110.851-0.1720.3150.842-0.1340.3200.875-0.1340.3310.875
与配偶的月
收入(低)
0.2160.2601.2420.2810.2651.3250.4130.2751.5110.7170.2942.047**
家庭特征
子女居住距离(连续)0.2130.0921.238**0.1760.0931.193**0.2060.0981.229**
迁移前居住情况(独居)
配偶0.1500.6321.162-0.0480.6370.953-0.2850.6650.752
其他0.3540.6401.4250.2710.6421.3110.1820.6661.200
住房环境
电梯(连续)0.3500.1311.419***0.2570.1381.293*
取暖(连续)-0.0350.1320.966-0.1910.1440.826
社区自然环境
绿化条件(连续)0.4420.1561.556***
人行道(连续)0.2370.1471.268
医院距离(连续)0.0040.1451.004
购物距离(连续)0.0780.1511.081

注:*表示P<0.1;**表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01。

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模型1揭示了人口学属性和老年人迁移意愿之间的关系,个人特征中身体健康对老年人迁移意愿影响显著,结果表明身体健康状况好的老年人愿意迁移的可能性是身体健康条件差的老年人的1.532倍。模型2中家庭居住情况显著性表明,子女居住距离对老年人迁移影响大的老年人愿意迁移的可能性是子女居住距离影响小的老年人的1.238倍。说明与子女居住距离对迁移有影响的老年人更愿意迁移,这与本文中,老年人迁移原因相对应,29%的自主迁移的老年人为了与儿女居住更近而产生迁移。模型3中住房环境中电梯对老年人迁移影响显著,认为电梯对居住有影响的老年人迁移意愿是没有影响的老年人的1.419倍,说明对电梯的需求是老年人愿意迁移的原因之一。模型4中的社区居住情况的显著性表明,认为社区绿化条件对老年人影响大的愿意迁移的可能性是绿化条件影响小的1.556倍,说明注重社区内绿化条件的老年人更愿意迁移。此外,在第四个模型中,老年人与配偶的月收入对老年人迁移意愿有显著影响,收入高的老年人愿意迁移的可能性是收入低的老年人的2.047倍;与子女居住距离有影响的老年人愿意迁移的可能性相比没有影响的老年人是1.229倍;另外,电梯对老年人迁移意愿影响显著,电梯对迁移有影响的老年人迁移的可能性是没有影响的老年人的1.293倍。

4 讨论与结论

4.1 结论

北京市经历着快速的人口老龄化,随着城市化进程的不断深入,大量老年人发生居住迁移,居住环境变化剧烈。在此背景下,通过对调研数据的分析,本文得出以下结论:首先,在对发生迁移行为的老年人的调查中,多数迁移老年人愿意迁移。对于自主迁移的老年人来说,迁移的主要原因是为了居住在离子女近的地方以及抚养孙辈,家庭因素是影响其迁移行为的主要因素。其次,老年人生命历程变化对老年人迁移的影响分析也印证了这一结果,子女居住距离的变化以及抚养孙辈是影响老年人迁移意愿的主要原因,其次是退休、健康状况下降、子女结婚和丧偶。再次,从老年人个人特征、家庭特征和居住环境对迁移意愿的影响来看,老年人迁移原因非常复杂,个体差异很大,影响老年人迁移的因素多样。身体健康状况好、经济收入水平高和子女居住距离影响小、认为居住社区电梯以及绿化环境影响大的老年人更愿意迁移。宜居环境能够提升老年人的迁移意愿和生活质量。然而也应该意识到,老年人的需求并不是同质性的,对于社区建设者和管理者来说,应深入分析老年人需求,针对不同类型老年人的生活情况改善其居住环境,满足不同老年人的养老需求。

4.2 讨论

本文发现,健康的老年人以及收入较高的老年人更愿意迁移,这部分老年人移动性更强,能够获取的资源更多。这一研究结果与之前学者的研究结论类似,健康、经济稳定以及结婚的老年人在步入老年后更愿意迁移[28,55]。然而本文发现,在老年人个人特征中,退休作为重要的生命历程对老年人迁移的影响有限,在Walters等的研究中,将老年人的迁移行为依据生命历程理论分类,很多老年人在退休后,不被工作所束缚,寻找更自由的居住地和更好的居住环境而迁移[26,27],Wang等也认为退休后老年人更愿意居住在环境更好的地方[22]。对于老年人婚姻状况对老年人迁移意愿的影响与国外学者研究结果不同,Chevan的研究发现老年人丧偶之后的迁移率是丧偶之前迁移率的两倍,认为丧偶能够影响老年人的迁移[5]。而在国内的研究中,对老年人丧偶对迁移的影响研究很少,在本文中发现大部分老年人并未将迁移意愿归因为婚姻状况的变化。

从居住环境来看,绿化环境对老年人迁移意愿影响显著。老年人希望能够生活在绿化环境好的地方,拥有更好的环境质量,能够进行室外锻炼,开展更多社区文化娱乐活动,丰富老年生活。这与西方学者的研究结论类似,住房环境以及社区自然环境都是吸引老年人迁移的重要因素[12,13]。此外,研究结果还发现电梯对老年人迁移意愿影响显著。在实际调查也发现,很多老年人为了上下楼方便,迁移到了有电梯的新建小区。对于老年人来说,由于身体健康状况的下降,电梯成为老年人与外界联系必不可少的工具,老年人能够从家到社区中进行室外的锻炼,与其他老年人进行交流,促进身体和心理健康,便捷的居住环境能够提升老年人自主生活能力,减少对他人的依赖[9]

家庭因素仍是老年人迁移的重要影响因素。家庭影响因素包括老年人与子女居住距离和是否需要抚养孙辈。在家庭生命历程中,儿女长大成人后从家里搬出,老年人与儿女分开居住和孙辈的出生都是重要的生命历程变化“触发器”,影响了老年人的迁移意愿。在中国的传统观念中,“养儿防老”和儒家思想提倡的“孝文化”对于现代老年人来说仍然有着根深蒂固的影响,因此子女照顾老人、老人依靠子女的现象非常普遍。老年人为了能够离儿女更近,受到儿女的照顾以及精神支持而发生迁移。另外,由于当代年轻人工作与生活的压力大,夫妻双方外出工作非常普遍,没有充足的时间照顾未成年子女,而对于身体健康的老年人来说,迁移到离子女近的地方居住,能够帮助子女抚养孙辈,减轻儿女的负担,同时也能够享受“天伦之乐”。这与西方普遍的老年人迁移现象略有不同,在西方的研究中,老年人退休后空闲时间增多,为了享受晚年生活,选择迁移到环境更好的地区,之后在身体健康状况恶化和自理能力下降后,为获取更多的家庭支持资源而选择迁移到离儿女更近的地方[2,7,56]。本文以及很多其他国内研究发现,传统的家庭观念以及固有的“家庭责任感”,促使老年人在退休后会迁移到离儿女近的地方居住,或在身体健康状况下降后迁移到离儿女近的地方得到照顾[18-20,57],老年人退休后“享乐型”迁移现象很少。

从老年人养老模式差异上来看,在福利制度方面,老龄化背景下,西方国家拥有更为完善的养老金和医疗保险制度以及社区养老服务,老年人普遍实行社会养老。对于中国老年人来说,养老制度的不健全导致老年人从社会获取的资源有限,家庭养老仍然是主要的养老模式。其次,在西方的文化背景下,老年人养老过程中对子女的期望和依赖程度相对更低,中国子女有赡养老年人的义务,然而随着工业化和现代化发展,孝道文化在当代社会转型期受到挑战。随着老龄化及家庭模式的转变,政府出台养老制度的逐渐完善,依靠社区的家庭养老逐渐成为中国老年人的主要养老方式。在北京快速城市化的背景下,近十年来内城拆迁以及原地大规模拆迁导致老年人的居住环境发生巨大变化,对老年人就地养老带来了挑战,而社区的宜居环境建设能够帮助老年人适应新的居住环境,提升生活质量。北京市政府在2008年提出了“9064”养老服务模式,即到2020年,90%的老年人在社会化服务下通过家庭照顾养老,6%的老年人通过政府购买社区服务养老,4%的老年人入住养老服务机构集中养老,因此社区对老年人养老资源的获取起着至关重要的作用。另外,随着全国老龄办出台的《关于推进老年宜居环境建设的指导意见》,社区建设中逐渐关注老年宜居环境建设。随着第一代独生子女父母步入老年,传统家庭模式向核心家庭转变,老年人从家庭获取的养老支持减少,难以满足老年人的日常需求。此时,社区作为老年人日常生活的核心应提供养老支持服务。但是,宜居社区建设是长期过程,需要分阶段完成。正如Walters的研究以及本文的结果所示,老年人的需求并不是同质性的[26],对于不同类型老年人来说,他们经历着不同的生命周期阶段,对社区宜居环境的需求不同。因此,对于社区建设者来说,应该深入调查与研究老年人养老需求,改善不同类型老年人居住环境与生活质量。

此外,本文也存在一些不足。首先,在抽样的过程中,由于调查人员和时间的限制,所有调查均在公共空间如小区内部和公园中完成,因此被调查的老年人多数身体健康,能够外出活动,高龄老人和一些身体不健康的最弱势的老年人群体会被低估。而这些老年人往往对迁移后生活环境的适应能力更差,对社区宜居环境需求更高。第二,在调查中只包含了老年人主观态度,例如老年人的自评健康,对宜居环境的评价等变量,不同类型老年人感知结果不同,在本文中缺少对老年人健康和居住环境的客观评价。第三,对老年人生命历程和迁移之间的关系研究只验证了生命历程的一些变化对老年人迁移意愿产生了影响。因此,在进一步的研究中,可以通过质性的研究方法从微观层面对老年人迁移的生命历程理论进行探究。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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. 广州: 中山大学硕士学位论文, 2007.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

人口老龄化问题现在已经是一个全球性问题,老龄问题发展战略正在 纳入各国社会和经济发展战略之中。广州市作为改革开放、经济发达地区的省会城市,全市各区已于2004年全面步入老龄化社会,研究其人口老龄化问题十分迫 切。因此,充分认识人口老龄化的演变特征、空间结构,准确把握老年人口迁移特征及其原因,将对老龄化问题的解决有积极意义,并有助于城市社会经济的健康、 和谐、可持续发展。 本文利用地理信息系统(GIS)、计量地理学、城市社会学结合人文地理学的方法来研究广州市老龄化的演变特征与空间结构,并对老年人口迁移及其影响因素进 行探索解析。一...

[Zhang Xiaojuan.

The research of the special distribution of the aging of population and migration of the aged people in Guangzhou

. Guangzhou: Master Dissertation of Sun Yan-Sen University, 2007.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

人口老龄化问题现在已经是一个全球性问题,老龄问题发展战略正在 纳入各国社会和经济发展战略之中。广州市作为改革开放、经济发达地区的省会城市,全市各区已于2004年全面步入老龄化社会,研究其人口老龄化问题十分迫 切。因此,充分认识人口老龄化的演变特征、空间结构,准确把握老年人口迁移特征及其原因,将对老龄化问题的解决有积极意义,并有助于城市社会经济的健康、 和谐、可持续发展。 本文利用地理信息系统(GIS)、计量地理学、城市社会学结合人文地理学的方法来研究广州市老龄化的演变特征与空间结构,并对老年人口迁移及其影响因素进 行探索解析。一...
[18] 周皓.

省际人口迁移中的老年人口

. 中国人口科学, 2002, (2): 35-41.

[本文引用: 2]     

[Zhou Hao.

Elderly migration inter provinces

. Chinese Journal of Population Science 2002, (2): 35-41.]

[本文引用: 2]     

[19] 孟向京, 姜向群, 宋健, .

北京市流动老年人口特征及成因分析

. 人口研究, 2004, 28(6): 53-59.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6087.2004.06.010      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

根据对北京市流动老年人口的问卷调查和深入访谈结果,分析目前我国大城市流动老年人口的特征和流动原因,了解他们面临的困难和问题。研究表明,中国老年人口流动主要以家庭团聚为目的,老年人口流动是基于老年人与子女之间的理性决定。决定老年人口流动的主要因素是老年人口的自身因素、流入地子女的经济状况和与老年人的关系以及流入地的自然社会环境因素。
[1] 联合国国际人口学会. 人口学词典. 杨魁信译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1992.

[本文引用: 1]     

[United Nations International Population Institute. Multilingual Demographic Dictionary. Translated by Yang Kuixin. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1992.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[19] [Meng Xiangjing, Jiang Xiangqun, Song Jian, et al.

The floating elderly population in Beijing: Characteristics and determinants

. Population Research, 2004, 28(6): 53-59.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6087.2004.06.010      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

根据对北京市流动老年人口的问卷调查和深入访谈结果,分析目前我国大城市流动老年人口的特征和流动原因,了解他们面临的困难和问题。研究表明,中国老年人口流动主要以家庭团聚为目的,老年人口流动是基于老年人与子女之间的理性决定。决定老年人口流动的主要因素是老年人口的自身因素、流入地子女的经济状况和与老年人的关系以及流入地的自然社会环境因素。
[20] 李珊.

影响移居老年人社会适应因素的研究

. 中国老年学杂志, 2011, 31(12): 2301-2303.

[本文引用: 2]     

[Li Shan.

Study on influence factors for migrant elderly social adaptation

. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 2011, 31(12): 2301-2303.]

[本文引用: 2]     

[21] Li S.

Factors influencing elderly's residential satisfaction under the forced relocation of urban redevelopment

. Hong Kong: Master dissertation of The University of Hong Kong, 2013.

https://doi.org/10.5353%2Fth_b5118535      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Various studies from different universities indicated that Hong Kong is facing a serious housing problem especially for the singleton elderly. Lack of a viable retirement protection and the new trend of married children to live away their parents causes the elders become the major group of poor living alone in the sub-standard housing units in the old urban districts. The high demand for private flats has provided the impetus for private developers to launch the urban redevelopment projects. In the course of carrying out the redevelopment projects, the elders were forced to displace to a strange new community which makes them lost the social support and impairs their mental well-being. In addition, lack of offering local community relocation would discourage the elders to improve their living condition by opting for re-housing. By contrast, other scholar alleged that the physical characteristics of the housing environment are the major concern which affects the elder residential satisfactory the most and the social support from friends and neighbors played only a minor and insignificant role.In order to explore the factors affecting the relocation choice of the elders upon urban redevelopment, personal in-depth interviews were conducted for 42 elders selected from 3 newly launched urban redevelopment projects. The findings shows that the elders desire for a self-contained public housing unit for improving their living condition but they would give up the chance if the local community relocation is not guaranteed. It is concluded that the elders would sacrifice their living condition in exchange of the local community continuity. Furthermore, the financial ability is the most crucial factor affecting their decision of the living arrangement and their residential satisfactory. Recommendations were proposed to URA for offering the needed elderly local community relocation by building their own rehousing blocks in the targeted districts. Moreover, the URA should focus on promoting building rehabilitation as the alternative for solving the problem of urban decay while would not impair the life of the poverty elders living in the old urban areas.
[22] Wang M, Yang Y, Jin S, et al.

Social and cultural factors that influence residential location choice of urban senior citizens in China: The case of Chengdu city

. Habitat International, 2016, 53: 55-65.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.10.011      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

With the graying of Chinese society increasing, elderly people who do not live with their family's younger generations has become common. Social and cultural factors have powerful psychological implications for elders in residential location choice making, with the premise of affordability. This preliminary study, is one of the first to examine systematic social and cultural factors of residential location choice, and classifies senior citizens by pre-retirement occupation. Survey data were obtained via three in-depth interviews from 2013 to 2015, and a large-scale questionnaire survey from August 15 to September 16 in 2015. Structural equation modeling results show that perception of comfort, perception of presence, and perception of convenience have marked effects, and perception of affection is not conspicuous on decision-making. Moreover, there are differences in social and cultural factors of elders according to different age periods and pre-retirement occupations. These findings highlight social and cultural demands by elders in residential location choices, and provides a basis for subsequent study on elderly dwelling location choice.
[23] Rogers A.

Age patterns of elderly migration: An international comparison

. Demography, 1988, 25(3): 355-70.

https://doi.org/10.2307/2061537      URL      PMID: 3234573      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Age-specific rates of migration exhibit remarkably persistent regularities in age profile. These regularities seem to hold all over the world and across time. This article identifies some of the principal antecedents of such regularities, focusing especially on the age patterns of migration exhibited by the elderly. It examines the differentials introduced by gender, distance, and marital status.
[24] Warnes T.

Migration and the course of life

. Migration processes and Patterns, 1992: 174-187.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[25] Longino C F.

From sunbelt to sunspots

. American Demographics, 1994, 16(11): 22-31.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Recent trends in internal migration by older migrants in the United States are reviewed with the emphasis on the implications of such trends for business. Data are from Sample A of the Census Public Use Microdata files. (ANNOTATION)
[26] Walters W H.

Place characteristics and later-life migration

. Research on Aging, 2002, 24(2): 243-277.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027502242004      URL      [本文引用: 3]      摘要

This article examines the impact of origin and destination characteristics on the internal migration of retired migrant groups that have been defined on the basis of their life-course attributes. Separate regression analyses of in-migration out-migration and local mobility were conducted for each of three groups: amenity migrants assistance migrants and severely disabled migrants not living with a spouse. The results are generally consistent with the life-course model of migration. Amenity migrants are strongly attracted by pleasant climates and favorable economic conditions but tend to avoid large metropolitan areas. Assistance migrants notable for their tendency to live in low-cost housing do not choose the counties or metropolitan areas with the lowest average rents but appear to select low-cost housing within particular areas after choosing those areas on the basis of other criteria. Migrants with severe disabilities are especially likely to leave those places where nursing home facilities are inadequate. (authors)
[27] Somenahalli S, Shipton M.

Examining the distribution of the elderly and accessibility to essential services

. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013, 104(3): 942-951.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.189      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Elderly people are less likely to travel long distances or make complex trips and consequently their level of access to services is often less than that of younger people living in the same area. An appropriate residential location may therefore be more critical in old age than at any other time in life. This research uses Geographical Information System (GIS) software to quantify twenty variables that the literature suggests impact elderly residential location decisions. It then examines how well each of these variables explains the current elderly population distribution of Adelaide, South Australia. The results are used to build a conceptual framework of elderly migration that can assist decision makers and stakeholders endeavouring to strategically improve the quality of life of elderly people in urban areas. The research finds that the distribution of people aged 75 years and over is explained better by an area's access to services than by socio-economic, migration or housing related statistics and that the reverse is true for recent retirees. The results enable the importance of specific services to be ranked for four elderly age groups and demonstrate how suburbs with unexpectedly high or low numbers of elderly residents can be identified.
[28] Sander N, Bell M.

Migration and retirement in the life course: An event history approach

. Journal of Population Research, 2013, 31(1): 1-27.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-013-9121-1      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Migration at older ages is commonly explained by reference to the search for greater amenity, and subsequently by the onset of greater dependency, but the links between mobility and specific life course transitions have rarely been articulated. We aim to establish the timing of migration in relation to retirement from the labour force, and to determine how its intensity varies around the retirement event. We also seek to identify how household and individual characteristics shape the propensity and timing of migration, differentiating moves according to distance and with particular attention to the characteristics of the spouse. Data are drawn from the first six waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, a nationally representative panel study covering the period 2001-2006. Migration events are identified relative to retirement and event history methods are employed to establish the characteristics predisposing households to relocate around retirement. Results demonstrate that retirement acts as a trigger to migration but the propensity to move falls as retirement age rises and the hazard is increasingly concentrated in the year retirement occurs. Within this framework the presence, health, education and retirement status of a spouse exert a significant influence on the likelihood of migration, though with different effects for long and short distance moves. Results highlight the importance of variations in underlying life-course trajectories in shaping retirement migration and demonstrate that only a minority of moves at ages 55-69 are directly associated with retirement, underlining the need for caution when identifying retirement migration using age as a proxy measure.
[29] Chen F.

Residential patterns of parents and their married children in contemporary China: A life course approach

. Population Research & Policy Review, 2005, 24(2): 125-148.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-004-6371-9      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper examines the residential pattern of parents and their married children in contemporary China. Using the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991, 1993, 1997), the analysis shows that the residential pattern of parents and their married children is not a static phenomenon, but changes over the life span. The analysis provides evidence that parental residence often responds to changed circumstances over the life course, adjusting to the need of married children as well as that of their parents. It is found that childcare needs, death of one parent, and health status of parents all play important roles in transitions in parental residence.
[30] Li S. M.

Life course and residential mobility in Beijing, China

. Environment & Planning A, 2004, 36(1): 27-43.

https://doi.org/10.1068/a35243      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper analyzes the residential mobility rate in Beijing over the period 1980 - 2001 as revealed by retrospective residential histories collected by a questionnaire survey conducted in early 2001. The results show that there was a sharp increase in residential mobility in the early reform period; however, from the mid-1980s onwards the mobility rate has been oscillating, with a slightly downward trend. Adjusting the gross mobility rate observed by means of logit regression estimation shows that this downward trend is more than a statistical artefact. Structural forces are at work continually to restrain residential moves under the reform. The regression results also show that, although there are similarities between the effects of various life-course variables on residential mobility in Beijing and those in cities in market economies, substantial differences are also found. Age exhibits similar curvilinear effects but mobility peaks at a somewhat later age. Homeownership with partial property rights deters mobility by an even greater margin in Beijing than in cities in the West. Change in marital status is important, but does not automatically bring about a change in residence. Birth of a child, moreover, appears to carry minimal weight in residential change. In this sense, the thesis that residential mobility is a housing-adjustment process is less applicable to the case of Beijing than it is in cities in the West.
[31] 杨永春, 谭一洺, 黄幸, .

基于文化价值观的中国城市居民住房选择: 以成都市为例

. 地理学报, 2012, 67(6): 841-852.

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201206011      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

基于文化价值观视角,分析了中国城市居民的住区和住宅选择模式与机理,初步构建了计划经济体制和转型期中国城市居民住区、住宅选择的概念化理论模式,认为(中国)文化价值观一般会通过宏观和微观区位选择观、教育观、抚养和赡养观、养老观等四大途径单独或耦合影响城市居民住房的选择方式和结果,阐明了当代中国城市居民住房选择时文化价值观的作用,认为随着后辈的成长和长辈年龄的增长,代际居住模式呈现出一种中国特有的家庭周期性分异。随后,采用广泛的面对面的访谈式调查方法获取原始资料,以成都市为例进行了实证,并讨论了代际分居和合居的问题。结果表明,传统的抚养、赡养、教育、婚姻等方面的文化价值观在城市居民当前的住房选择中仍起到很大作用,但也同时受到了现代西方国家文化价值观的冲击,两者共同影响了城市居民的住宅选择。

[Yang Yongchun, Tan Yiming, Huangxing, et al.

Housing choice of urban residents in China based on the transformation of cultural values: A case study in Chengdu

. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(6): 841-852.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201206011      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

基于文化价值观视角,分析了中国城市居民的住区和住宅选择模式与机理,初步构建了计划经济体制和转型期中国城市居民住区、住宅选择的概念化理论模式,认为(中国)文化价值观一般会通过宏观和微观区位选择观、教育观、抚养和赡养观、养老观等四大途径单独或耦合影响城市居民住房的选择方式和结果,阐明了当代中国城市居民住房选择时文化价值观的作用,认为随着后辈的成长和长辈年龄的增长,代际居住模式呈现出一种中国特有的家庭周期性分异。随后,采用广泛的面对面的访谈式调查方法获取原始资料,以成都市为例进行了实证,并讨论了代际分居和合居的问题。结果表明,传统的抚养、赡养、教育、婚姻等方面的文化价值观在城市居民当前的住房选择中仍起到很大作用,但也同时受到了现代西方国家文化价值观的冲击,两者共同影响了城市居民的住宅选择。
[32] 古杰, 周素红, 闫小培.

生命历程视角下的广州市居民居住迁移的时空路径

. 地理研究, 2013, 32(1): 157-165.

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2013010016      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

转型与重构是现阶段中国城市发展的主旋律,在这一背景下,从个体生命历程的视角研究居住迁移的时空规律和影响因素有助于从深层次理解城市空间结构重构的内置机制,同时,对公共服务设施供给和提高居民生活质量等有一定的现实意义。以2007年进行的一次人户调查资料作为基础,研究了广州市居民居住迁移时空路径的生命历程特征。结果显示,广州市居民居住迁移的时空路径呈现出年龄偏好和空间偏好两个基本规律,这两个规律可以用“N”形曲线和“微笑曲线”来表达。“N”形曲线揭示了居住迁移率随年龄变化呈现出先上升后下降最后再上升的规律。微笑曲线则揭示了老人与孩子的居住迁移的方向较为集中而中年人的居住迁移方向较为离散的特点。文章据此从不同生命历程居民居住偏好的角度分析了产生上述居住迁移宏观规律的原因。从而证实了广州市居民居住迁移的时空路径具有若干生命历程的特征,对转型期广州市住房的供给与公共设施和服务的空间配置有着积极的意义。

[Gu Jie, Zhou Suhong, Yan Xiaopei.

The space-time paths of residential mobility in Guangzhou from a perspective of life course

. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(1): 157-165.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2013010016      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

转型与重构是现阶段中国城市发展的主旋律,在这一背景下,从个体生命历程的视角研究居住迁移的时空规律和影响因素有助于从深层次理解城市空间结构重构的内置机制,同时,对公共服务设施供给和提高居民生活质量等有一定的现实意义。以2007年进行的一次人户调查资料作为基础,研究了广州市居民居住迁移时空路径的生命历程特征。结果显示,广州市居民居住迁移的时空路径呈现出年龄偏好和空间偏好两个基本规律,这两个规律可以用“N”形曲线和“微笑曲线”来表达。“N”形曲线揭示了居住迁移率随年龄变化呈现出先上升后下降最后再上升的规律。微笑曲线则揭示了老人与孩子的居住迁移的方向较为集中而中年人的居住迁移方向较为离散的特点。文章据此从不同生命历程居民居住偏好的角度分析了产生上述居住迁移宏观规律的原因。从而证实了广州市居民居住迁移的时空路径具有若干生命历程的特征,对转型期广州市住房的供给与公共设施和服务的空间配置有着积极的意义。
[33] 桂晶晶, 柴彦威.

家庭生命周期视角下的大都市郊区居民日常休闲特征: 以北京市上地—清河地区为例

. 地域研究与开发, 2014, 33(2): 30-35.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2014.02.007      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在郊区化和休闲大众化的背景下,休闲成为衡量郊区生活方式、提升郊区居民生活质量的重要侧面。从家庭生命周期的视角出发,将居民划分为单身、新婚、满巢Ⅰ、满巢Ⅱ和空巢5个阶段,通过对2012年北京市上地—清河地区居民的问卷调查数据的方差分析,剖析家庭生命周期对日常休闲行为的影响。乘坐公共交通与朋友一起进行购物、KTV和看电影等娱乐活动是单身阶段的主流休闲方式;家庭成员成为婚后阶段休闲的主要同伴;孩子出生以后,私家车出行成为满巢Ⅰ阶段的主要交通方式,每次休闲的平均时间变长;满巢Ⅱ阶段,参与体育锻炼的郊区居民变多;空巢阶段的居民以自然型休闲活动为主,在社区内休闲的比例上升,与家庭成员一起休闲的比例降低。

[Gui Jingjing, Chai Yanwei.

Suburban Daily leisure activities from the perspective of family life cycle: Case of Shangdi-Qinghe area in Beijing

. Areal Research and Development, 2014, 33(2): 30-35.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2014.02.007      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

在郊区化和休闲大众化的背景下,休闲成为衡量郊区生活方式、提升郊区居民生活质量的重要侧面。从家庭生命周期的视角出发,将居民划分为单身、新婚、满巢Ⅰ、满巢Ⅱ和空巢5个阶段,通过对2012年北京市上地—清河地区居民的问卷调查数据的方差分析,剖析家庭生命周期对日常休闲行为的影响。乘坐公共交通与朋友一起进行购物、KTV和看电影等娱乐活动是单身阶段的主流休闲方式;家庭成员成为婚后阶段休闲的主要同伴;孩子出生以后,私家车出行成为满巢Ⅰ阶段的主要交通方式,每次休闲的平均时间变长;满巢Ⅱ阶段,参与体育锻炼的郊区居民变多;空巢阶段的居民以自然型休闲活动为主,在社区内休闲的比例上升,与家庭成员一起休闲的比例降低。
[34] 柴彦威, 陈零极.

中国城市单位居民的迁居: 生命历程方法的解读

. 国际城市规划, 2009, 24(5): 7-14.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Chai Yanwei, Chen Lingji.

The residential mobility of urban danwei residents: A life course approach

. Urban Planning International, 2009, 24(5): 7-14.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[35] 王宇凡, 冯健.

基于生命历程视角的郊区居民迁居行为重构: 以北京回龙观居住区为例

. 人文地理, 2013, 28(3): 34-41.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

城市居民迁居行为是城市地理学的重要课题,但以微观手法研究郊区居民迁居行为重构尚不多见。本文基于质性研究方法,以位于北京郊区的回龙观居住区为例,以微观的手法对城区拆迁居民、经历体制转型的中老年人、北京本地年轻人以及外地来京年轻人的迁居历程进行解读,寻找经济、社会和制度变革与个体生命历程的交集,进而洞察郊区居民迁居的一般性特征。在此基础上,从迁居机会供给、住房需求、住房获取能力、迁居决策4个方面归纳郊区居民迁居行为重构特征,并从宏观、中观、微观3个层面阐释重构机制。对郊区居民迁居行为重构的研究,有助于理解北京城市空间重构及郊区化进程。

[Wang Yufan, Feng Jian.

Restructuring of suburban residents' intra-urban migration behavior based on life course: A case study of Huilongguan community in Beijing

. Human Geography, 2013, 28(3): 34-41.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

城市居民迁居行为是城市地理学的重要课题,但以微观手法研究郊区居民迁居行为重构尚不多见。本文基于质性研究方法,以位于北京郊区的回龙观居住区为例,以微观的手法对城区拆迁居民、经历体制转型的中老年人、北京本地年轻人以及外地来京年轻人的迁居历程进行解读,寻找经济、社会和制度变革与个体生命历程的交集,进而洞察郊区居民迁居的一般性特征。在此基础上,从迁居机会供给、住房需求、住房获取能力、迁居决策4个方面归纳郊区居民迁居行为重构特征,并从宏观、中观、微观3个层面阐释重构机制。对郊区居民迁居行为重构的研究,有助于理解北京城市空间重构及郊区化进程。
[36] Plouffe L A, Garon S, Brownoff J, et al.

Advancing age-friendly communities in Canada

. Canadian Review of Social Policy, 2013, 68/69: 24-38.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The “age-friendly cities” concept proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) is a multi-sectoral policy approach to address demographic aging in urban settings. Canadian governments at all levels, seniors’ organizations and non-governmental organizations have embraced this model for creating environments to support healthy, active aging. This paper describes how Canadian governments and partners have advanced the Age-Friendly Communities (AFC) initiative starting with the original development by WHO in 2006-07 to its current status five years later, involving the federal government, eight provinces, and 850 municipalities. With evidence of actions taken at the three levels of government, it is argued here that the successful evolution of AFC in Canada is the fruit of the national, collaborative leadership role played the Public Health Agency of Canada, the commitment of provincial partners to implement AFC fully in their jurisdiction, and the engagement of municipalities in creative and comprehensive community development with and for seniors.. Le concept de 00 villes-amies des a06nés 03 proposé par l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) est une approche politique multisectorielle qui vise à répondre au vieillissement démographique en milieu urbain. Tous les ordres de gouvernement au Canada, les organismes s'occupant des a06nés et les organismes non gouvernementaux ont adopté ce modèle pour créer des milieux propices à un vieillissement actif et en bonne santé. Ce document décrit comment les gouvernements canadiens et leurs partenaires ont fait progresser l'initiative des communautés-amies des a06nés, depuis sa création par l'OMS en 2006-2007 jusqu'à la situation actuelle, cinq ans après, avec la participation du gouvernement fédéral, de huit provinces et de 850 municipalités. Compte tenu des mesures mises en place par les trois ordres de gouvernement, ce document explique que le développement réussi des communautés-amies des a06nés au Canada est le fruit de plusieurs facteurs : le r00le moteur national et collaboratif joué par l'Agence de la santé publique du Canada, l'engagement des partenaires provinciaux à mettre pleinement en place le concept de communautés-amies des a06nés sur leur territoire, et l'implication des municipalités en faveur d'un aménagement créatif et global de leur collectivité pour et avec les a06nés.
[37] Harrell R, Lynott J, Guzman S, et al.

What is livable? Community preferences of older adults. Communities, 2014

. What is livable? Community preferences of older adults. Communities, 2014. .

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[38] Berke E M, Gottlieb L M, Moudon A V, et al.

Protective association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older men

. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2007, 55(4): 526-33.

https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1532-5415      URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[39] Menec V H, Means R, Keating N, et al.

Conceptualizing age-friendly communities

. Canadian Journal on Aging, 2011, 30(3): 479-93.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980811000237      URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[40] Cachadinha C.

Characteristics of an age-friendly neighbourhood built environment: Comparison of age-friendly community models with empirical evidence

. The 38th IAHS World Congress on Housing Science: Visions for the Future of Housing: Mega Cities, Istanbul: Istanbul Technical University, International Association for Housing Science, 2012, 677-683.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

ABSTRACT In recent years international organizations and governments have developed age-friendly community models that incorporate aspects of the natural, built, and social environment and aim to optimize opportunities for well--being in old age. Alongside age-friendly community models, recent empirical studies have investigated neighbourhood effects for older adults and shown evidence that the physical features of the neighbourhood influence older adults鈥 mobility, social participation, security and health. This paper uses the complementary nature of quantitative and qualitative research to identify the physical characteristics of an age-friendly neighbourhood built environment. To achieve this goal, 10 models and assessment tools of age-friendly communities were identified through literature review and analysed to detect the most recurrently mentioned physical features. These attributes were then compared with empirical research that investigated neighbourhood effects for older adults. Based on the recurring issues, seven categories emerged as consensual physical characteristics of an age-friendly neighbourhood: (1) proximity of destinations; (2) access and transportation; (3) walkability; (4) security; (5) aesthetic quality; (6) mobility within buildings; and (7) housing options. The evidence provides empirical support for an association between living close to destinations and older adults walking levels and between neighbourhood walkability and multiple health outcomes. Limited evidence was found for neighbourhood security, transportation options and aesthetics. Mobility within buildings and housing options were not assessed in reviewed empirical studies. Results of qualitative and quantitative studies on the physical characteristics of the neighbourhood that support aging in place should be included in assessments and in urban design recommendations.
[41] Smith R J, Lehning A J, Dunkle R E.

Conceptualizing age-friendly community characteristics in a sample of urban elders: An exploratory factor analysis

. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2013, 56(56): 90-111.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2012.739267      URL      PMID: 23350565      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract Accurate conceptualization and measurement of age-friendly community characteristics would help to reduce barriers to documenting the effects on elders of interventions to create such communities. This article contributes to the measurement of age-friendly communities through an exploratory factor analysis of items reflecting an existing US Environmental Protection Agency policy framework. From a sample of urban elders (n = 1,376), we identified 6 factors associated with demographic and health characteristics: access to business and leisure, social interaction, access to health care, neighborhood problems, social support, and community engagement. Future research should explore the effects of these factors across contexts and populations.
[42] Kearns A, Mason P.

Regeneration, relocation and health behaviours in deprived communities

. Health & Place, 2015, 32: 43-58.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.012      URL      PMID: 25618564      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract In the UK, recent regeneration programmes have aimed to improve the health of those who remain in their neighbourhood (Remainers) and those who are relocated (Outmovers); thus, as part of the 10-year GoWell study (2006-2015) of the effects of demolition, rebuilding and housing improvements on residents and communities, we examined associations of health behaviours with residential conditions and location status in deprived neighbourhoods of Glasgow. Better internal dwelling conditions were associated with several better health behaviours; in relation to neighbourhood conditions, the results were more mixed. Outmovers often exhibited worse health behaviours than Remainers, perhaps because environmental and social conditions were little altered by relocation, and because personal support mechanisms were missing. Health behaviours were relatively good among Remainers, indicating that in situ changes might stimulate life-changing improvements, but relocation less so. Copyright 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
[43] Uchino B N.

Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships

. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2004, 10(2): 102-111.

https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300102185.001.0001      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Summary not Available
[44] Lum T Y, Lightfoot E.

The effects of volunteering on the physical and mental health of older people

. Research on Aging,2005, 27(1): 31-55.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504271349      URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[45] Fiori K L.

Social network typologies and mental health among older adults

. Journals of Gerontology, 2006, 61(61): 25-32.

https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.140.1.69-79      URL      PMID: 16399938      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract In this study, we test the robustness of previous social network research and extend this work to determine if support quality is one mechanism by which network types predict mental health. Participants included 1,669 adults aged 60 or older from the Americans' Changing Lives study. Using cluster analysis, we found diverse, family, and friends network types, which is consistent with the work by Litwin from 2001. However, we found two types of restricted networks, rather than just one: a nonfamily network and a nonfriends network. Depressive symptomatology was highest for individuals in the nonfriends network and lowest for individuals in the diverse network. Positive support quality partially mediated the association between network type and depressive symptomatology. Results suggest that the absence of family in the context of friends is less detrimental than the absence of friends in the context of family, and that support quality is one mechanism through which network types affect mental health.
[46] Everingham J A, Petriwskyj A, Warburton J, et al.

Information provision for an age-friendly community

. Ageing International, 2009, 34(1-2): 79-98.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-009-9036-5      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

A community designed to ensure people age well must provide appropriate information in order to ensure seniors stay healthy and secure and are able to participate fully in their community. The aim of this research is to understand issues impacting on older people capacity to access relevant information. This paper reports on early phases of action research designed to build ageing well initiatives at the local level in two cities in the south-east Queensland region of Australia. In both places, a range of stakeholders from seniors groups, service providers and different levels of government formed working action groups to explore criteria for improved systems of information dissemination to seniors. Many seniors report that they are not well-informed and, presumably as a result, not well connected with their community. Our research identifies both a range of barriers for seniors to accessing information and also their preferences regarding information provision. Local solutions proposed to address these barriers and preferences are outlined. It is proposed that applying the principles of information provision elaborated in this research would begin to address some perennial challenges for older people and enhance their social inclusion.
[47] Emlet C A, Moceri, J T.

The importance of social connectedness in building age-friendly communities

. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 2012(2090-2204): 137247.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/173247      URL      PMID: 22162807      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The purpose of this paper is to further elucidate the importance of social relationships and social connectedness with aging in place and in developing elder-friendly communities. The process used in this study was inclusive of younger adults (age 40???65) as well as older adults (65+) in order to further understand how they envision a community that could support their own aging in place. A community forum, using the World Caf?? format, was conducted in order to engage community members, 40 years and older, in conversation about the importance of social connectedness in elder-friendly communities. A second purpose of this forum was to obtain data on what would keep aging boomers in their community as they age. Three major themes emerged from qualitative analysis of the forum: social reciprocity, meaningful interactions, and structural needs/barriers. The results of this study reinforce the importance of social connectedness in creating and maintaining elder-friendly communities for older adults, as well as soon-to-be retired individuals, wishing to maintain life connectedness to their community. The study suggests the possibility of using more nontraditional research techniques (such as the World Caf?? process) for gathering community level data.
[48] 张文忠.

“宜居北京”评价的实证

. 北京规划建设, 2007, (1): 25-30.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-627X.2007.01.007      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

“宜居北京”的认识 究竟什么样的城市才是“宜居城市”“宜居城市”的内涵是什么?我认为宜居城市必须满足以下基本条件,首先,宜居城市应该是一个安全的城市,具备健全的法治社会秩序,完备的防灾与预警系统。

[Zhang Wenzhong.

Empirical research of "Livable Beijing"

. Beijing City Planning& Construction, 2007, (1): 25-30.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-627X.2007.01.007      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

“宜居北京”的认识 究竟什么样的城市才是“宜居城市”“宜居城市”的内涵是什么?我认为宜居城市必须满足以下基本条件,首先,宜居城市应该是一个安全的城市,具备健全的法治社会秩序,完备的防灾与预警系统。
[49] 李雪铭, 刘秀洋, 冀保程.

大连城市社区宜居性分异特征

. 地理科学进展, 2008, 27(4): 75-81.

https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2008.04.011      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>当前人居环境宜居性研究主要集中于城市层次,城市社区的宜居性研究较少,研究社区的宜居,是对城市 宜居性评价的深入,可为城市社区规划提供建议和指导。通过调查问卷的形式,对大连市的社区进行调查,充分考 虑评价因子的代表性和多层次性的特点,选取6 项二级指标和24 项单项指标建立评价指标体系;运用主成分分析 法获得社区宜居度偏好图,采用层次分析法与地理信息系统软件Surfer 8.0 相结合的方法, 对大连市社区的宜居度 进行初步评价,借用比奇的分异度指数的概念,参考其对社会阶层的分异研究,最后得到社区宜居性分异度指数为 27.6。研究结果表明:大连市社区的宜居度整体评价较好, 市内四区存在较大差异;宜居度的高值区主要分布于风景 优美的地区,以及商业活动的中心和行政中心所在地等地区。</p>

[Li Xueming, Liu Xiuyang, Ji Baocheng.

The principium research of community lodgeable polarization in Dalian

. Progress in Geography, 2008, 27(4): 75-81.]

https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2008.04.011      URL      Magsci      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<p>当前人居环境宜居性研究主要集中于城市层次,城市社区的宜居性研究较少,研究社区的宜居,是对城市 宜居性评价的深入,可为城市社区规划提供建议和指导。通过调查问卷的形式,对大连市的社区进行调查,充分考 虑评价因子的代表性和多层次性的特点,选取6 项二级指标和24 项单项指标建立评价指标体系;运用主成分分析 法获得社区宜居度偏好图,采用层次分析法与地理信息系统软件Surfer 8.0 相结合的方法, 对大连市社区的宜居度 进行初步评价,借用比奇的分异度指数的概念,参考其对社会阶层的分异研究,最后得到社区宜居性分异度指数为 27.6。研究结果表明:大连市社区的宜居度整体评价较好, 市内四区存在较大差异;宜居度的高值区主要分布于风景 优美的地区,以及商业活动的中心和行政中心所在地等地区。</p>
[50] 柴彦威, 李昌霞.

中国城市老年人日常购物行为的空间特征: 以北京、深圳和上海为例

. 地理学报, 2005, 60(3): 401-408.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Chai Yanwei, Li Changxia.

The spatial characteriscs of shopping behavior of the Chinese urban elderly: A case study of Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai

. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005, 60(3): 401-408.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[51] 孙菲, 汤哲, 刁丽军, .

老年人社区非医疗照料需求调查

. 中国老年学杂志, 2005, 25(2): 151-152.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2005.02.017      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

目的了解老年人对社区非医疗照料的需求,更好地开展社区卫生服务.方法采用分层抽样并进行入户调查的方 法,对北京市城区(宣武区)、城乡结合部(海淀温泉)及郊区农村(通州)的2 487名60岁及以上老年人进行了调查.结果老年人对社区服务需求率为城区51.4%、城乡结合部36.7%和郊区农村14.1%.照料内容需求排在前三 位的是提供娱乐场所、提供非医疗应急帮助及心理慰藉,城区老年人的需求率高于乡镇地区和农村老年人.老年人对社区服务总体满意度为41.5%.结论应尽快 建立并完善社区非医疗照料服务,尤其应针对目前老年人的需求和经济状况,开展一些老年人需要的且能接受的社区照料服务.

[Sun Fei, Tang Zhe, Diao Lijun, et al.

The research of the demand of non medical elder care

. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 2005, 25(2): 151-152.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2005.02.017      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

目的了解老年人对社区非医疗照料的需求,更好地开展社区卫生服务.方法采用分层抽样并进行入户调查的方 法,对北京市城区(宣武区)、城乡结合部(海淀温泉)及郊区农村(通州)的2 487名60岁及以上老年人进行了调查.结果老年人对社区服务需求率为城区51.4%、城乡结合部36.7%和郊区农村14.1%.照料内容需求排在前三 位的是提供娱乐场所、提供非医疗应急帮助及心理慰藉,城区老年人的需求率高于乡镇地区和农村老年人.老年人对社区服务总体满意度为41.5%.结论应尽快 建立并完善社区非医疗照料服务,尤其应针对目前老年人的需求和经济状况,开展一些老年人需要的且能接受的社区照料服务.
[52] 谷志莲, 柴彦威.

老龄化社会背景下单位社区的“宜老性”研究: 以北京大学燕东园社区为例

. 城市发展研究, 2012, 19(11): 89-95.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

许多中国城市已步入老龄化社会,社区养老成为广受提倡的主要养老模式。单位社区作为中国城市老年人的主要居住空间,也是城市改造的重点,其发展前景引起学术界的普遍关注。本文从"宜老性"的视角,通过典型单位社区的案例研究,从老年人的日常行为、老年人的社区认同、社区组织与建设中的社区参与等阐述了单位社区的"宜老性"特征,认为转型中的中国城市单位社区具有宜老社区的特点,其空间结构、社区认同、面向老年人的社区组织再造等是"宜老性"的重要体现。单位社区养老设施与为老服务的相对缺乏也成为应对社区养老的最大制约,宜老环境建设面临着市场化力量主导下的社区资源争夺。在单位社区改造中,应该充分肯定单位社区对单位老年人的生活意义。

[Gu Zhilian, Chai Yanwei.

Study on the elderly-livability of danwei community under the background of aging society: A case study of Yandongyuan in Peking University

. Urban Studies, 2012, 19(11): 89-95.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

许多中国城市已步入老龄化社会,社区养老成为广受提倡的主要养老模式。单位社区作为中国城市老年人的主要居住空间,也是城市改造的重点,其发展前景引起学术界的普遍关注。本文从"宜老性"的视角,通过典型单位社区的案例研究,从老年人的日常行为、老年人的社区认同、社区组织与建设中的社区参与等阐述了单位社区的"宜老性"特征,认为转型中的中国城市单位社区具有宜老社区的特点,其空间结构、社区认同、面向老年人的社区组织再造等是"宜老性"的重要体现。单位社区养老设施与为老服务的相对缺乏也成为应对社区养老的最大制约,宜老环境建设面临着市场化力量主导下的社区资源争夺。在单位社区改造中,应该充分肯定单位社区对单位老年人的生活意义。
[53] 何铨, 张实, 王萍.

“老年宜居社区”建设过程中社区管理对老年人幸福感的影响: 以杭州市的调查为例

. 西北人口, 2015, (4): 75-79.

[本文引用: 1]     

[He Quan, Zhang Shi, Wang Ping.

The relationship between community administration and the elderly' subjective well-being under the activity background of "elderly livable community"

. Northwest Population, 2015, (4): 75-79.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[54] 颜秉秋, 高晓路.

城市老年人居家养老满意度的影响因子与社区差异

. 地理研究, 2013, 32(7): 1269-1279.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

针对社区居家养老服务供给滞后、设施及服务功能单一、布局不合理等问题,基于北京市区内6类典型社区的问卷调查数据,运用结构方程模型,构建了包含老年人居住环境因子在内的城市老年人居家养老满意度模型;并引入社会学及心理学常用的结构方程模型多群组分析(SEM Multiple-Group Analysis)方法,以分析不同社区内各个老年特征群体的不同养老需求。分析结果表明:①老年人的社会支持度(指来自家庭、朋友、邻里和社会的各种支援)构成居家养老满意度的首要影响因子;②社区养老服务发展程度对居家养老满意度的影响广泛而显著;③按照不同社区的居家养老模型及其影响路径特征,可将城市居住社区划分为居住环境影响型社区、基本因子影响型社区、社会环境影响型社区、社会环境+居住环境影响型社区等4种类型,不同类型社区的老年人在居家养老需求方面具有显著差异。以上结果揭示了提升对老人的社会支持度的重要意义以及因地制宜完善社区居家养老服务的迫切性。

[Yang Bingqiu, Gao Xiaolu.

Home care satisfaction analysis of aging urban Chinese populations: Potential factors and community difference analysis

. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(7): 1269-1279.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

针对社区居家养老服务供给滞后、设施及服务功能单一、布局不合理等问题,基于北京市区内6类典型社区的问卷调查数据,运用结构方程模型,构建了包含老年人居住环境因子在内的城市老年人居家养老满意度模型;并引入社会学及心理学常用的结构方程模型多群组分析(SEM Multiple-Group Analysis)方法,以分析不同社区内各个老年特征群体的不同养老需求。分析结果表明:①老年人的社会支持度(指来自家庭、朋友、邻里和社会的各种支援)构成居家养老满意度的首要影响因子;②社区养老服务发展程度对居家养老满意度的影响广泛而显著;③按照不同社区的居家养老模型及其影响路径特征,可将城市居住社区划分为居住环境影响型社区、基本因子影响型社区、社会环境影响型社区、社会环境+居住环境影响型社区等4种类型,不同类型社区的老年人在居家养老需求方面具有显著差异。以上结果揭示了提升对老人的社会支持度的重要意义以及因地制宜完善社区居家养老服务的迫切性。
[55] 柴彦威, 田原裕子, 李昌霞.

老年人居住迁移的地理学研究进展

. 地域研究与开发, 2006, 25(3): 109-115.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2006.03.025      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

20世纪70年代以来,国内外 有关老年人居住迁移的地理学研究在理论化、研究方法和实证研究方面取得了较大的进展。文章按照时间顺序和研究内容的逻辑关系提出了老年人居住迁移的研究框 架,回顾了欧美、日本和中国地理学界对老年人居住迁移研究的成果和进程,以期为未来中国地理学的相关研究提供借鉴。

[Chai Yanwei, Tahara Yuko, Li Changxia.

A review of the geographical research on the elderly migration

. Areal Research and Development, 2006, 25(3): 109-115.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2006.03.025      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

20世纪70年代以来,国内外 有关老年人居住迁移的地理学研究在理论化、研究方法和实证研究方面取得了较大的进展。文章按照时间顺序和研究内容的逻辑关系提出了老年人居住迁移的研究框 架,回顾了欧美、日本和中国地理学界对老年人居住迁移研究的成果和进程,以期为未来中国地理学的相关研究提供借鉴。
[56] Litwak E, Longino C F.

Migration patterns among the elderly: A developmental perspective

. Gerontologist, 1987, 27(3): 266-272.

https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/27.3.266      URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[57] 张伊娜, 周双海.

中国老年人口迁移的选择性

. 南方人口, 2013, 28(3): 38-45.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-1613.2013.03.005      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

本文利用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,描述老年人口跨地市级迁移的结构特征。研究发现,我国老年人口依旧把经济发达地带、大城市作为主要迁入地,与青壮年人口迁移方向产生同构。城乡老年迁移人口在迁移动机上存在很大的差别,城市户籍老年迁移人口受家庭因素驱动更大,农村户籍老年人的迁移原因更多元。从对迁入地的影响来看,国内老年迁移人口的迁入地过于集中,将对迁入地的社会医疗服务设施等构成巨大的压力。

[Zhang Yi'na, Zhou Shuanghai.

An analysis of the migration selectivity of the elderly in China

. South China Population, 2013, 28(3): 38-45.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-1613.2013.03.005      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

本文利用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,描述老年人口跨地市级迁移的结构特征。研究发现,我国老年人口依旧把经济发达地带、大城市作为主要迁入地,与青壮年人口迁移方向产生同构。城乡老年迁移人口在迁移动机上存在很大的差别,城市户籍老年迁移人口受家庭因素驱动更大,农村户籍老年人的迁移原因更多元。从对迁入地的影响来看,国内老年迁移人口的迁入地过于集中,将对迁入地的社会医疗服务设施等构成巨大的压力。

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