基于DEM的月球雨海地区粗糙度研究
作者简介:严艳梓(1991- ),女,福建莆田人,硕士,主要从事DEM数字地形分析研究。E-mail:yanyanzi519@gmail.com
收稿日期: 2013-11-15
要求修回日期: 2014-03-15
网络出版日期: 2014-08-10
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41171320)
江苏省高校自然科学研究项目(13KJA170001)
Lunar surface roughness of Mare Imbrium based on DEMs
Received date: 2013-11-15
Request revised date: 2014-03-15
Online published: 2014-08-10
Copyright
月球表面粗糙度是揭示月表地貌形态空间分异特征的重要指标,并在一定程度上映射月表地貌的形成与演化机理。运用基于中国“嫦娥一号”卫星获取的DEM数据,提取月球雨海地区的月表粗糙度,并在月球正面地质图数据辅助下,分析月表粗糙度分布特征及其与地质单元岩性以及地质年龄的关系。结果显示:月球雨海地区的粗糙度与地质单元岩性存在较强相关关系,且随着地质年龄的增长,玄武岩单元的粗糙度呈现增大的趋势。此外,在小于7 km的尺度范围内,雨海地区受持续撞击作用的影响,Hurst指数分布在0.7~0.9之间,地形较为粗糙;在更大尺度上,由于受到火山熔岩流充填机制的控制,Hurst指数不断减小,地形不断趋于平缓。
严艳梓 , 汤国安 , 熊礼阳 , 方炫 . 基于DEM的月球雨海地区粗糙度研究[J]. 地理研究, 2014 , 33(8) : 1442 -1456 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201408005
Surface roughness, as discussed in this paper, is defined as the topographic expression of surface on a kilometer scale. The lunar terrain reflects its geologic histories. Quantitative measurements of lunar surface roughness can be a powerful tool for interpreting spatial variations of lunar morphology, and contribute significantly to understanding surface formation and evolution process of the Moon. Previous work shows that surface roughness variations of the Moon often correspond to tectonic and volcanic process, while ignoring the possible effects of lithological conditions of geologic units and geologic ages of identical geologic unit on a moderate scale. Mare Imbrium has preserved important clues for lunar geologic histories from the Imbrian Period, a period of the Late Heavy Bombardment of the Moon, to the present day. Thus, analysis of lunar surface roughness of Mare Imbrium could be crucial to learn the Imbirum events and the profound effects on the subsequent and the present appearance of the Moon. Therefore, in this paper, Mare Imbrium is taken as the test area to analyse the possible influences of lithological conditions and geologic ages on distributions of lunar surface roughness respectively. DEMs, produced by three-line digital photogrammetric technology based on the imagery acquired by Chang'E-1 CCD camera, are applied to extract lunar surface roughness. A number of roughness parameters have been employed to quantify surface roughness. Here, three common and simple indicators, i.e. root-mean-square height (RMS height), root-mean-square deviation (RMS deviation) and Hurst exponent are used in investigating the signatures of surface roughness. Root-mean-square height is the standard deviation of heights about the mean, a description of vertical change of heights of sample points. RMS deviation is related to the structure function, measuring horizontal variation of heights. However, both of these two parameters exhibit dependence of scale. Hurst exponent not only describes the behavior of scale dependence, but also is a roughness parameter. Firstly, we use 30-km windows for surface roughness calculation, spaced 30 km apart. Then the results are overlapped with 1:5,000,000 geologic map of the test area to analyse the distribution of surface roughness grouped by different lithological conditions. Finally, to find out the variation of surface roughness with geologic ages, surface roughness is computed from each 20 east-west profiles with a length of 340 km, sampled in a region at latitudes 30°-45°N and longitudes 30°-20°W. The experimental results show: (1) The higher surface roughness are found in the highlands within crater walls and the rims of large basin, caused by tectonic uplift, while the lower one in dark plains is dominated by flow emplacement mechanisms of volcanic process. (2) Surface roughness can be closely related to lithological conditions of geologic units. There are five geologic units considered. Surfaces of dark materials consisting of lava flows are rough. Surfaces of circumbasin materials and materials of main-sequence craters comprising of impact breccia and/or impact molten rocks are roughest. Consequently, surface of distinctive materials and nondistinctive materials are rougher because of its compound of impact breccia and/or impact molten rocks and lava flows. (3) Surface roughness is higher where lava flows is older. It is indicated that young flows in south are smooth while successively older flows in the north increase slightly in roughness. But, such a trend is not universal. Young lava flows would become rougher than old flows when modified by impact craters. (4) Mare Iridum is roughest at the smallest scale and smoother at large scale. Topography is rougher at small scale with Hurst exponent ranging from 0.7 to 0.9 and a median value of 0.78, while smoother at large scale relative to small scale with Hurst exponent decreasing (even decreasing to 0).
Fig. 1 The location of research area (Mare Imbrium)图1 研究区(雨海)位置示意图 |
Fig. 2 DEM based topographic map of Mare Imbrium图2 雨海地区地势图(DEM分层设色) |
Fig. 3 Map of geologic units in Mare Imbrium图3 雨海地区的地质单元分布[28] |
| 地质单元类型及面积比例 | 成因 | 单元组成 | 物质组成 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 撞击盆地(12.2%) | 雨海世大撞击 作用 | If(弗拉摩罗建造) | 多元角砾岩和撞击熔融岩 |
| Ial(阿尔卑斯建造) | 前雨海纪基岩、雨海溅射物 | ||
| Iap(亚平宁建造) | 与火山KREEP岩相关 | ||
| pIr(前雨海纪地形崎岖 不平的地质单元) | 可能与火山玻璃相关的火成碎屑 沉积 | ||
| 暗平原(65.73%) | 由火山作用喷发玄武质熔岩流所充填 | Im(雨海纪平原) | 雨海纪玄武质熔岩流、火成物质 |
| Em(爱拉托辛纪平原) | 爱拉托辛纪熔岩流、火成物质 | ||
| 直径大于10km的撞击坑单元(15.34%) | 规模较小的陨石撞击作用 | Ic(雨海纪撞击坑) | 多元角砾岩和撞击熔融岩 |
| Ec(爱拉托辛纪撞击坑) | 多元角砾岩和撞击熔融岩 | ||
| Cc(哥白尼纪撞击坑) | 多元角砾岩和撞击熔融岩 | ||
| 物质来源分明的亮平原(2.32%) | 高地火山作用 | Ip(雨海纪平原) | 主要为火山物质组成 |
| 物质来源复杂的亮平原(3.43%) | 冲击侵蚀作用和沉积作用 | It(雨海纪高地) | 可能由原生溅射物、当地物质、火山作用物混合组成 |
| 不规则形状的撞击坑单元(0.01%) | 斜撞击作用 | — | |
| 次级撞击单元(0.55%) | 溅射物撞击 作用 | — | |
| 无法辨别的撞击坑单元(0.41%) | 微陨石撞击或已严重退化 | — | |
为所有观测样本的平均高程。一般情况下,地表越粗糙,均方根高程越大。
密切相关,定义如下[4]:
维尼尔(Le Verrier)撞击坑、赫利康(Helicon)撞击坑和卡林尼(Carlini)撞击坑三个典型撞击坑。考虑玄武岩单元年龄的纬向特征,沿南北方向等25 km间隔选取20条等长剖面(340 km)进行均方根偏差计算[38],具体剖面位置如图4所示。Fig. 4 Location of sampling profiles图4 剖面位置 |
,则该剖面是分形的;否则剖面是不分形的,即Hurst指数在此无意义。Fig. 5 Deviogram shapes of p-q图5 p-q曲线图 注:a表示p-q曲线呈单一线性相关;b表示p-q曲线呈双线性特征;c表示p-q曲线呈复杂形态 |
Fig. 6 The result of RMS height computed for each 1°×1° cell图6 窗口分析统计出的均方根高程结果 |
Fig. 7 p-q shape of each sampling profile图7 各剖面的p-q曲线图 |
Tab. 2 Roughness parameters of horizontal sampling profiles表2 水平方向剖面的粗糙度参数值 |
| 剖面编号 | 纬度/° | 均方根偏差/km | Hurst1 | Hurst2 | 转折点1 | 转折点2 | p最大值/km | 类型 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5km | 15km | 25km | /km | /km | ||||||
| h1 | 44.48 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.82 | 0.38 | 7 | 28 | 28 | B |
| h2 | 43.65 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.81 | 0.31 | 5 | 15 | —— | C |
| h3 | 42.83 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 0.82 | 0.45 | 6 | 13 | —— | C |
| h4 | 42 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.79 | 0.19 | 7 | 17 | 17 | B |
| h5 | 41.18 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.82 | 0.25 | 7 | 25 | 25 | B |
| h6 | 40.36 | 0.35 | 0.72 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.46 | 9 | 23 | 23 | B |
| h7 | 39.53 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.77 | 0.22 | 5 | 19 | —— | C |
| h8 | 38.71 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.79 | 0.3 | 5 | 18 | 18 | B |
| h9 | 37.88 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.78 | 0.35 | 7 | 24 | 24 | B |
| h10 | 37.06 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.12 | 0.75 | 0.3 | 7 | 30 | 30 | B |
| h11 | 36.24 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.72 | 0.29 | 6 | 23 | 23 | B |
| h12 | 35.41 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.8 | —— | 5 | —— | —— | C |
| h13 | 34.58 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.12 | 0.72 | 0.33 | 7 | 24 | 24 | B |
| h14 | 33.76 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.87 | 0.03 | 6 | 10 | 10 | B |
| h15 | 32.94 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.7 | —— | 5 | —— | —— | C |
| h16 | 32.11 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.79 | 0.29 | 7 | 31 | 31 | B |
| h17 | 31.29 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.77 | 0.34 | 8 | —— | —— | B |
| h18 | 30.46 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.78 | —— | 4 | —— | —— | C |
| h19 | 29.6 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.77 | 0.25 | 11 | —— | —— | B |
| h20 | 28.8 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.78 | 0.24 | 7 | —— | —— | B |
维尼尔撞击坑,剖面h 14经过卡林尼撞击坑有关。可见,撞击坑可对地形表面粗糙度存在较大的影响。Tab. 3 Statistics of roughness of each geologic unit表3 不同地质单元的粗糙度信息统计 |
| 地质单元类型 | 最小值(m) | 最大值(m) | 中位数(m) | 平均值(m) | 标准差(m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 撞击盆地单元 | 56.17 | 1875.22 | 272.92 | 358.13 | 284.48 |
| 暗平原单元 | 32.94 | 1875.22 | 96.96 | 156.71 | 168.46 |
| 物质来源分明的亮平原单元 | 65.05 | 1548.70 | 218.11 | 291.01 | 240.82 |
| 直径大于10 km的撞击坑单元 | 47.05 | 1382.23 | 259.45 | 335.80 | 257.01 |
| 物质来源复杂的亮平原单元 | 62.12 | 1194.72 | 226.75 | 304.16 | 215.15 |
Fig. 8 The tendency of Hurst 1图8 Hurst 1的变化趋势 |
Fig. 9 The tendency of Hurst2图9 Hurst 2的变化趋势 |
Fig. 10 The tendency of mean Hurst exponent图10 Hurst平均值的变化趋势 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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