北京中心城区内涝成因
作者简介:孙喆(1988-),男,贵州毕节人,博士生,研究方向为城市规划与设计
网络出版日期: 2014-09-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(51078004)
Causal Factors of Local Floods in Beijing Central City
Online published: 2014-09-20
Copyright
孙喆 . 北京中心城区内涝成因[J]. 地理研究, 2014 , 33(9) : 1668 -1679 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201409008
Urbanization has changed the original natural hydrological systems, broken the natural balance of water flow and in some cases caused local floods in urban area. Having reviewed different storm water treatment modes, three key causal factors of local floods related to urban planning are identified: urban land use, storm water system and infrastructure. Taking the central city of Beijing as case study area, this article summarizes the underlying urban surface changes in recent years. Comparing Beijing city’s land use data from the year 1993 with data from 2007, the study reveals that 241 km2 of land has been constructed upon. In addition, 37.5 km2 of water body surface has been developed upon as well. The change of land use structure significantly increases the amount of impervious surface, which has produced much more storm water while decreasing the amount of spaces which could store water in the city. Since the relief of Beijing central city is relatively flat, traditional delineation method based on the digital elevation model (DEM) would face some constraints. In this study, considering the fact that the real storm water catchments are affiliated with the underground drainage system, we have developed a method to delineate 62 catchments of Beijing central city based on the underground drainage system layout. Besides that, we have spatially digitalized the local flood points of Beijing’s central city from 2004 to 2012 into a database. The database is developed based on data collected from newspapers as well as field surveys. Using the catchment delineations, we analyze urban local floods in relationship with: urban land use, water systems and storm water infrastructure characteristics. The main findings can be summarized as follows. First, through the Pearson correlation analysis, it is revealed that average slope, construction land ratio, impervious land ration and density of rivers are significantly positively correlated with local flood degrees, while arable land ratio, ratio of woodlands, and vacant land ratio are significantly negatively correlated with local floods. Further analysis shows that while using regression simulation, arable land ratio, woodland ratio, vacant land ratio and urban local floods have a negative linear correlation. Finally, there is an exponential relationship between impervious surface ratio, construction land ratio, and the degree of local floods as well.
Key words: urban local floods; land use; correlation analysis; Beijing
Fig. 1 Comparison between natural catchment and 100% impervious urban catchment图 1 天然流域和100%不透水城市流域比较[5] |
Tab. 1 Causal factors of local flood and related urban planning issues (From reference [20]-[37])表 1 内涝影响因素及城市规划相关内容(据参考文献[20]-[37]整理) |
| 类别 | 影响因素 | 城市规划相关内容 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 气象条件 | 宏观 | 降水趋向性变化 | 规划适应性 |
| 微观 | 短时强降雨时间空间集聚 | 城市空间集聚 | |
| 自然水系统 | 宏观 | 水土流失、围垦造田 | 土地空间格局 |
| 跨区域输水工程 | 区域水系 | ||
| 微观 | 坑塘湖泊减少 | 城市土地利用 | |
| 人工水系统 | 宏观 | 城市用水结构变化 | 规划水安全承载力 |
| 微观 | 建设不透水面增大 | 城市土地利用 | |
| 排水管网能力低 | 城市基础设施 | ||
| 河道和排水系统衔接不畅 | 城市水系统 | ||
| 城市管理 | 宏观 | 气象预测体系不完善 | 城市灾害预警 |
| 微观 | 排水设施受到侵占 | 规划管理实施 | |
Fig. 2 Land use atlas of Beijing central city in 1993 (a), 2007 (b); impervious cover (c) and DEM (d)图 2 北京中心城1993(a)、2007年(b)土地利用图;不透水地表分布(c)及DEM图(d) |
Fig. 3 Construction land converted from other land use types in Beijing central city (From 1993 to 2007)图 3 北京中心城1993-2007年其他用地转为建设用地图 |
Tab. 2 Land use conversion matrix of Beijing central city from 1993 to 2007表 2 北京中心城1993-2007 土地利用转置矩阵 |
| 单位-公顷 | 耕地 | 建设用地 | 林地 | 其他农用地 | 其他用地 | 园地 | 总计 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 耕地 | 19219.67 | 7478.12 | 923.90 | 574.02 | 1190.58 | 29386.29 | |
| 河流水面 | 130.31 | 1521.47 | 270.04 | 1170.07 | 646.57 | 10.98 | 3749.44 |
| 建设用地 | 434.43 | 3493.58 | 404.37 | 262.80 | 148.70 | 4743.88 | |
| 林地 | 70.59 | 1122.72 | 52.30 | 41.00 | 69.84 | 1356.46 | |
| 其他用地 | 34.04 | 526.45 | 139.81 | 29.32 | 8.49 | 738.11 | |
| 园地 | 178.66 | 1709.86 | 551.09 | 155.15 | 50.03 | 2644.79 | |
| 总计 | 848.04 | 24100.17 | 11932.63 | 2735.11 | 1574.43 | 1428.59 | 42618.97 |
Fig. 4 Stormwater system in Beijing central city图 4 北京中心城雨水排除系统 |
Fig. 5 Method of catchment delineation (left) and catchments distribution (right)图 5 汇水区划分方法(左)及划分结果分布(右) |
Fig. 6 Distribution of local flood point (left) and severity degree of local flood in catchments (right: frequency/area)图 6 北京中心城内涝点分布(左)及汇水区内涝程度(右:频次/面积) |
Tab. 3 Pearson correlation analysis between degree of local flood and 3 groups of factors表 3 内涝程度与3组影响因子的相关分析结果 |
| Pearson相关系数 | Sig. (2-tailed) | |
|---|---|---|
| 平均坡度 | 0.391* | 0.010 |
| 耕地比率 | -0.394** | 0.010 |
| 林地比率 | -0.518** | 0.000 |
| 建设用地比率 | 0.464** | 0.002 |
| 荒地比率 | -0.365* | 0.017 |
| 不透水地表比率 | 0.459** | 0.002 |
| 河网密度(km/ km2) | 0.826** | 0.000 |
| 雨水管网密度(km/ km2) | -0.024 | 0.881 |
| **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). | ||
| *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). | ||
Fig. 7 Regression simulation analysis between degree of local flood and its related factors图 7 内涝程度与其相关因素的回归模拟 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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