气候模式同站点插值外推气象数据的比较
作者简介:殷刚(1971- ),男,博士研究生,研究方向为气象学。E-mail: chinabluewater@sina.com
收稿日期: 2014-09-21
要求修回日期: 2015-01-05
网络出版日期: 2015-04-10
基金资助
国家重大科学研究计划课题(2014CB954204)
国家自然科学基金项目(41361140361,11401569)
A comparison study between site-extrapolation-based and regional climate model-simulated climate datasets
Received date: 2014-09-21
Request revised date: 2015-01-05
Online published: 2015-04-10
Copyright
在气象站稀疏的中亚荒漠地区采用基于大气物理机制的区域气候模式,可获得高分辨率格点气象资料进行气候变化研究。针对中亚地区1958-2001年的气候变化,采用RegCM区域气候模式对ERA40和NCEP/NCAR两套气象再分析数据进行动力降尺度至40 km,并将结果同三套基于气象站点插值外推的格点数据(CRU、WM和APHRO)进行比较。所有数据一致表明,1960年代以来新疆地区的气温显著增加,南疆地区降水增加、天山山区降水减少。除APHRO外,数据都表明北疆地区降水呈增加趋势。RegCM模拟的气温和降水数据与站点外推数据空间分布格局基本一致;但RegCM数据年平均气温低于站点外推数据,RegCM数据在新疆山区的年降水量是站点外推数据年降水量的1.3倍。由于研究区内73%的气象站点分布在中山带以下的干热气候区,站点外推数据可能低估山区降水并高估该区域气温。与站点插值外推的格点数据相比,区域气候模式具有能细致描述区域内中小尺度的地形/下垫面特征、更精确反映气象要素空间变异格局的能力。但因为缺乏足够的地面观测以及高精度遥感反演气象数据,当前尚无法全面评估区域气候模式在中亚地区尤其是山区的模拟精度。
殷刚 , 陈曦 , 塔西甫拉提∙特依拜 , 邵华 , 白磊 , 胡增运 , 张弛 , 徐婷 . 气候模式同站点插值外推气象数据的比较[J]. 地理研究, 2015 , 34(4) : 631 -643 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201504003
Regional Climate Model (RegCM) simulations, which is based on the fundamental physical and metrological mechanisms, could produce high-resolution climate dataset, without being limited by the availability of meteorological stations in Central Asia. In order to analyze the climate change in Xinjiang from 1958 to 2001, this study used the RegCM model to downscale the ERA40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets to a 40-km resolution, and compared the simulation results with three widely used extrapolation datasets (CRU, WM and APHRO). All datasets indicated increased temperature in Xinjiang, increased precipitation in southern Xinjiang, and decreased precipitation in the Tianshan mountainous areas. All datasets except for the APHRO interpolated data indicated increased precipitation in northern Xinjiang. Our analysis showed similar spatial patterns in temperature and precipitation between the RegCM simulated and the extrapolation datasets. However, the simulated regional mean temperature was -3℃ lower than that of the extrapolated datasets. The simulated precipitation in the Tianshan mountainous areas was about twice the value of the extrapolated datasets. Because 73% of the meteorological stations in the study located at the low-mountain areas or the desert plains were in relatively hot and dry climate regimes, extrapolation datasets based on observations at these stations tended to overestimate temperature and underestimate precipitation. Compared with the extropolation method, regional climate modelling considers the detailed topography/landsurface characteristics in the study region at meso-/micro-scales, and is capable to reflect the spatial variation of major climatological elements with higher precision. However, due to limited sparse field observations and a lack of high-resolution remote-sensing-based climate datasets, we are currently unable to fully evaluate the accuracy of the model simulated climate datasets in central Asia, especially in the mountainous areas.
Fig. 1 Location of the study area图1 研究区位置示意图 |
Tab. 1 Main parameters of datasets表1 数据集主要参数 |
| 数据集名称 | 变量 | 时间覆盖 | 时间分辨率 | 区域 | 空间分辨率 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCEP | 气温、降水 | 1979-2011 | 日 | 全球 | 2.5° |
| ERA40 | 气温、降水 | 1957-2002 | 日 | 全球 | 2.5° |
| NCEP-RegCM | 气温、降水 | 1948-2010 | 日 | 中亚 | 40 km |
| ERA40-RegCM | 气温、降水 | 1979-2010 | 日 | 中亚 | 40 km |
| CRU | 气温、降水 | 1901-2009 | 月 | 全球 | 0.5° |
| WM | 气温、降水 | 1900-2008 | 月 | 全球 | 0.5° |
| APHRO | 降水 | 1951-2007 | 日 | 全球 | 0.25° |
Fig. 2 The mean annual temperature over the period 1958-2001 from NECP-RegCM, ERA40-RegCM, CRU and WM图2 1958-2001年NECP-RegCM、ERA40-RegCM、CRU 和 WM 的多年平均气温 |
Tab. 2 The correlation coefficients of mean annual temperature between RegCM and extrapolation datasets in different sub-regions表2 不同子区内RegCM气温与站点外推数据的相关系数 |
| 子研究区 | 驱动数据源 | 模拟数据与站点外推数据的相关系数 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | WM | ||
| 北疆准格尔 | ERA40 | 0.73 | 0.72 |
| NCEP/NCAR | 0.77 | 0.77 | |
| 南疆塔里木 | ERA40 | 0.58 | 0.69 |
| NCEP/NCAR | 0.61 | 0.69 | |
| 天山山区 | ERA40 | 0.66 | 0.72 |
| NCEP/NCAR | 0.70 | 0.75 | |
Tab. 3 The correlation coefficients and average annual precipitations between RegCM and extrapolation datasets in different sub-regions表3 不同子区内RegCM降水数据与站点外推数据的相关系数及多年平均降水 |
| 子研究区 | 驱动数据源 | 模拟数据与站点外推数据的相关系数 | 模拟数据与站点外推数据的年降水量(mm) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | WM | APHRO | RegCM | CRU | WM | APHRO | ||
| 北疆 准格尔 | ERA40 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 192 | 150 | 173 | 149 |
| NCEP | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 178 | ||||
| 南疆 塔里木 | ERA40 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 90 | 90 | 83 | 61 |
| NCEP | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 71 | ||||
| 天山山区 | ERA40 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 400 | 282 | 291 | 300 |
| NCEP | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 356 | ||||
Fig. 3 The average annual precipitation comparison between RegCM and extrapolation datasets over the period 1958-2001图3 1958-2001年RegCM平均降水数据与站点外推数据对比 |
Fig. 4 The comparison of temperature and precipitation anomaly in different sub-regions图4 不同子区内RegCM数据与站点外推数据气温和降水距平时间序列图 |
Tab. 4 The mean annual temperature trends and MK results over the period 1958-2001 from RegCM and extrapolation datasets in different sub-regions表4 1958-2001年RegCM数据与站点外推数据在不同研究区内气温变化趋势和MK检验结果 |
| 研究区 | 数据集 | 多年平均气温 | K(℃/10a) | 突变年份 | 突变前平均气温(℃) | 突变后平均气温(℃) | 突变后/突变前 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 北疆 准格尔 | NCEP-RegCM | 2.95 | 0.28* | 1977 | 2.37 | 3.39 | 1.43 |
| ERA40-RegCM | 3.26 | 0.08 | |||||
| CRU | 5.75 | 0.43* | 1987 | 5.39 | 6.51 | 1.21 | |
| WM | 4.56 | 0.30* | 1977 | 4.15 | 4.88 | 1.18 | |
| 南疆 塔里木 | NCEP-RegCM | 6.51 | 0.13 | ||||
| ERA40-RegCM | 6.68 | -0.02 | |||||
| CRU | 10.26 | 0.22* | 1994 | 10.12 | 10.89 | 1.08 | |
| WM | 10.01 | 0.12* | 1996 | 9.94 | 10.60 | 1.07 | |
| 天山山区 | NCEP-RegCM | 0.58 | 0.12 | ||||
| ERA40-RegCM | 0.91 | -0.01 | |||||
| CRU | 4.34 | 0.30* | 1989 | 4.13 | 4.88 | 1.18 | |
| WM | 3.33 | 0.23* | 1989 | 3.12 | 3.77 | 1.21 |
注:*表示在95%水平上显著。 |
Tab. 5 Average annual precipitation trends and MK results over the period 1958-2001 from RegCM and extrapolation datasets in different sub-regions表5 RegCM数据与站点外推数据在不同研究区内1958-2001年的多年平均降水趋势和MK检验结果 |
| 研究区域 | 数据集 | 多年平均降水(mm) | K(mm/a) | 突变年份 | 突变前平均降水(mm) | 突变后平均降水(mm) | 突变后/突变前 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 北疆 准格尔 | NCEP-RegCM | 177.51 | 0.21 | ||||
| ERA40-RegCM | 191.72 | 0.27 | |||||
| CRU | 149.61 | 0.63 | |||||
| WM | 173.37 | 1.24* | 1989 | 162.03 | 200.41 | 1.24 | |
| APHRO | 148.40 | -0.23 | |||||
| 南疆 塔里木 | NCEP-RegCM | 71.36 | 0.08 | ||||
| ERA40-RegCM | 90.07 | 0.49* | 1973 | 82.42 | 94.02 | 1.14 | |
| CRU | 83.80 | 0.11 | |||||
| WM | 60.66 | 0.78* | 1988 | 53.75 | 75.48 | 1.40 | |
| APHRO | 62.76 | 0.46* | |||||
| 天山山区 | NCEP-RegCM | 355.69 | -0.86 | ||||
| ERA40-RegCM | 399.88 | 0.30 | |||||
| CRU | 281.54 | -0.31 | |||||
| WM | 291.10 | -0.11 | |||||
| APHRO | 300.39 | -0.33 |
注:*表示在95%水平上显著。 |
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of the meteorological stations in different geographical zones ( the alpline, the subalpline and the plain), Xinjiang图5 新疆地区高山带、中山带和低山丘陵带的气象站点空间分布 |
Tab.6 The comparison of temperature and precipitation between mountain stations and low-lying plain stations表6 山区和低山平原气象站的气温和降水比较 |
| 组号 | 配对气象站 | 编号 | 经度(°) | 纬度(°) | 海拔(m) | 垂直划分 | 温度(℃) | 降水(mm) | M降水L降水 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 昭苏 | 51437 | 81.08 | 43.09 | 1721 | M | 3.5 | 511.3 | 1.8 |
| 伊宁 | 51431 | 81.20 | 43.57 | 1266 | L | 9.2 | 278.6 | ||
| 2 | 巴音布鲁克 | 51542 | 84.09 | 43.02 | 2517 | M | 4.3 | 277.2 | 1.3 |
| 巴伦台 | 51467 | 84.40 | 44.26 | 886 | L | 6.9 | 206.9 | ||
| 3 | 乌鲁木齐 | 51463 | 87.37 | 43.47 | 1781 | M | 7.4 | 265.8 | 1.9 |
| 昌吉 | 51365 | 87.32 | 44.12 | 493 | L | 6.5 | 142.8 | ||
| 4 | 托里 | 51241 | 83.36 | 45.56 | 1993 | M | 5.5 | 245.5 | 2.2 |
| 克拉玛依 | 51243 | 84.51 | 45.36 | 654 | L | 8.7 | 111.0 | ||
| 5 | 巴里坤 | 52101 | 93.00 | 43.36 | 2440 | M | 2.9 | 219.8 | 5.7 |
| 哈密 | 52203 | 93.31 | 42.49 | 562 | L | 10.1 | 38.7 | ||
| 6 | 阿合奇 | 51711 | 78.27 | 40.56 | 2113 | M | 6.8 | 219.0 | 2.2 |
| 柯坪 | 51720 | 79.03 | 40.30 | 1279 | L | 11.7 | 98.2 |
注:M:山区气象站,L:低山丘陵平原气象站,编号为国际气象组织WMO规划的气象站编号。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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