临港石化集聚对城镇人居环境影响的居民感知——宁波镇海案例
作者简介:马仁锋(1979- ),男,博士,讲师,主要从事经济地理与城市规划研究。E-mail: marfxf@126.com
收稿日期: 2014-10-14
要求修回日期: 2015-01-27
网络出版日期: 2015-04-10
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41230632,41301110,41201169,71203108,41361027)
中国博士后科学基金项目(2013M541027)
浙江省社科规划项目(13JDHY01Z,11JCGL13YB)
宁波市社会科学学科带头人培育项目(G15-XK05)
Residents' perceptions of the impact on urban human settlements from petrochemical industry cluster in port area: Case study of Zhenhai district
Received date: 2014-10-14
Request revised date: 2015-01-27
Online published: 2015-04-10
Copyright
沿海港口地区大量地集聚化工企业,导致生态环境型邻避冲突在滨海港口城市不断涌现。利用问卷调查、半结构访谈对镇海居民入户抽样,调查石化企业集聚对人居环境影响的居民感知。结果表明:① 石化企业集聚的潜在危险与环境排放构成的居住安全、环境污染是集聚区环境外部性的首要负外部性,是影响城市人居环境的重要方面;② 本地居民认知的石化集聚区环境外部性对人居环境影响的空间特征符合地理学第一定律,且青年、中青年、老年群体的感知差异初现文化集团性;③ 初步证实人居环境是有效刻画城市产业空间组织及其环境外部性的综合媒介,将成为政府破解“环境抗争事件”和城市产业升级的着力点。研究成果为深入理解城市产业功能区升级与城镇人居环境建设需求及阶层偏好提供了案例,同时对指导城市产业空间优化与宜居城市建设具有重要的现实意义。
马仁锋 , 王美 , 张文忠 , 余建辉 , 王益澄 , 任丽燕 . 临港石化集聚对城镇人居环境影响的居民感知——宁波镇海案例[J]. 地理研究, 2015 , 34(4) : 729 -739 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201504011
Conflicts as NIMBY (not in my Backyard) from chemical plants clusters have become a major concern for some port cities. There is an urgent need to diagnose the externality stem from petrochemical industry and the influence on human settlements in neighboring areas, so as to optimize urban spatial planning and thus mitigate man-nature contradiction. Aiming to evaluate the residents' perception to the impact of petrochemical industry cluster on human settlements in Zhenhai district, with the methods of questionnaire survey and semi-structure interview, this research discussed residents’ perception and its spatial differentiation about relationship between environmental effect caused by petrochemical industry cluster in port area and human settlements in detail. The result revealed that: (1)Statistics from questionnaire survey of residents' perception indicated that the residents' satisfaction about physical health, industrial emissions, air pollution, sewage discharge and disposal hold extremely low level; the security of community and environmental pollution relating to the potential harm and environmental emissions from the cluster of chemical industry were the most responsible factor for the negative environment externality and a predominant factor impact on urban human settlements as well. (2) The research was not only consistent with Tobler's First Law of Geography, which reflected how the residents perceive the environment externality with various chemical industry impact on human settlements in spatial differentiation, but also disclosed that the spatial optimization of urban industry shall take both industrial development foundation and nature suitability into account. On the other hand, there was a perceptive difference among the old, middle-aged and young people, which was manifested by education groups. With long-term residence near petrochemical industry cluster area, the environmental perception of people was characterized by changing of time series, hence the perception of old folk was more objective; On the contrary, due to shorter livelihood time and influenced extensively by various moderately disseminated environment issues, the environmental perception of middle-aged and youth was subjective and ambivalent. (3) This research preliminarily verified that the residents' perception of human settlements mirrored the pros and cons of urban industry spatial organization to a certain extent and inspire some ideas to problems. In other words, "human settlement" could act as a comprehensive medium to vividly portray the urban industry spatial organization and environmental externality that as a key point to crack the issue of environment contention and update urban industry. This paper provides a good case to deeply understand the upgrade of urban industry functional zone, the requirement of urban human settlement development, and the preference of different hierarchies. Meanwhile, it also offers a practical significance to guide the optimizing urban industry spatial distribution and developing livable city.
Fig. 1 The location of NPETDZ and its surrounding villages and towns图1 宁波石化经济技术开发区与周边村庄、城镇的相对关系 |
Tab. 1 Index for residents perception of NPETDZ towards human settlement表1 居民感知石化区对城镇人居环境影响的变量 |
| 潜变量 | 观测变量 | 代码 | 潜变量 | 观测变量 | 代码 | 潜变量 | 观测变量 | 代码 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 环境怡人 | 工业排放等空气污染及治理情况 | V1 | 城市经济活力 | 带动经济发展 | V10 | 石化等突发事件应急 | V19 | |
| 污水排放和水污染及治理情况 | V2 | 增加就业机会 | V11 | 居民身体健康 | V20 | |||
| 工厂噪音 | V3 | 加快本地城镇建设 | V12 | 生活设施便利 | 城市交通的方便性 | V21 | ||
| 固体垃圾污染及处理情况 | V4 | 提高个人收入 | V13 | 教育设施 | V22 | |||
| 土壤、沿海滩涂污染及处理情况 | V5 | 改善居住条件 | V14 | 医疗设施 | V23 | |||
| 自然景观 | V6 | 吸引更多的投资 | V15 | 文化娱乐设施 | V24 | |||
| 人文景观 | V7 | 居住安全感 | 社会治安状况 | V16 | 电话通讯 | V25 | ||
| 街道景观 | V8 | 危化车等交通安全 | V17 | 用电状况 | V26 | |||
| 城市清洁度 | V9 | 食品安全性 | V18 | 商业服务设施及质量 | V27 |
Tab. 2 Sample profile in Zhenhai表2 调查样本统计特征 |
| 样本数 | 比例(%) | 样本数 | 比例(%) | 样本数 | 比例(%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 性别 | 男 | 127 | 48.85 | 初中及以下 | 40 | 15.39 | 缺失 | 5 | 1.92 | ||
| 女 | 127 | 48.85 | 缺失 | 3 | 1.15 | 个人月 收入 | 3000元以下 | 123 | 47.31 | ||
| 缺失 | 6 | 2.30 | 居住 | 自有房 | 137 | 52.69 | 3000~5000元 | 40 | 15.39 | ||
| 年龄 | 30岁以下 | 29 | 11.15 | 工厂集体宿舍 | 84 | 32.31 | 5000元以上 | 97 | 37.31 | ||
| 30~40岁 | 38 | 14.62 | 租赁 | 33 | 12.69 | 就业企业性质 | 国有企业 | 66 | 25.39 | ||
| 41~50岁 | 131 | 50.39 | 缺失 | 6 | 2.31 | 外资企业 | 74 | 28.46 | |||
| 51~60岁 | 52 | 20.00 | 户口地 | 镇海区 | 168 | 64.62 | 本土私营企业 | 116 | 44.62 | ||
| 60岁以上 | 8 | 3.08 | 宁波非镇海 | 12 | 4.62 | 缺失 | 4 | 1.54 | |||
| 缺失 | 2 | 0.77 | 浙江非宁波 | 31 | 11.92 | 就业 行业 | 石化工业 | 126 | 48.46 | ||
| 学历 | 研究生 | 8 | 3.08 | 省外 | 45 | 17.31 | 废旧金属拆解业 | 104 | 40.00 | ||
| 本科 | 130 | 50.00 | 缺失 | 4 | 1.54 | 服务业 | 29 | 11.15 | |||
| 专科 | 28 | 10.77 | 就业 地点 | 石化区内 | 116 | 44.62 | 缺失 | 1 | 0.39 | ||
| 高中 | 51 | 19.63 | 非石化区内 | 139 | 53.46 |
Tab. 3 Index weight for residents perception of NPETDZ towards human settlement表3 镇海区居民感知石化区影响人居环境的指标权重 |
| 系统层 | 子系统层 | 指标层 | 指标权重 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 居 民 感 知 度 | 环境怡人满意度/0.31 | 工业排放等空气污染及治理情况 污水排放和水污染及治理情况 工厂噪音 固体垃圾污染及处理情况 土壤、沿海滩涂污染及处理情况 自然景观 人文景观 街道景观 城市清洁度 | 0.22 0.25 0.11 0.09 0.21 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 |
| 城市经济活力满意度/0.29 | 带动经济发展 增加就业机会 加快本地城镇建设 提高个人收入 改善居住条件 吸引更多的投资 | 0.19 0.31 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.05 | |
| 居住安全满意度/0.32 | 社会治安状况 危化车等交通安全状况 食品安全性 石化等突发事件应对能力 居民身体健康 | 0.13 0.22 0.17 0.28 0.20 | |
| 生活设施便利满意度/0.08 | 城市交通的方便快捷性 教育设施 医疗设施 文化娱乐设施 电话通讯 用电状况 商业服务设施及质量 | 0.15 0.12 0.18 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.16 |
Tab. 4 Score & scoring distribution of index表4 观测变量频数分布与得分 |
| 指标 | 得分频数(%) | 平均值 | 得分 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 工业排放等空气污染及治理情况 | 0 | 2.7 | 10 | 30.8 | 56.6 | 1.59 | 31.8 |
| 污水排放和水污染及治理情况 | 0.8 | 3.8 | 13.1 | 32.7 | 49.6 | 1.735 | 34.7 |
| 工厂噪音 | 1.9 | 8.5 | 38.5 | 31.2 | 20.0 | 2.414 | 48.28 |
| 固体垃圾污染及处理情况 | 1.2 | 6.2 | 32.3 | 27.3 | 33.1 | 2.154 | 43.08 |
| 土壤、沿海滩涂污染及处理情况 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 33.8 | 29.2 | 33.1 | 2.093 | 41.86 |
| 自然景观 | 0.8 | 18.5 | 56.9 | 16.2 | 7.7 | 2.888 | 57.76 |
| 人文景观 | 1.5 | 18.8 | 60.8 | 13.1 | 5.8 | 2.971 | 59.42 |
| 城市景观 | 2.3 | 18.8 | 53.8 | 17.7 | 7.3 | 2.908 | 58.16 |
| 城市清洁度 | 2.3 | 17.3 | 35.4 | 24.2 | 20.8 | 2.561 | 51.22 |
| 带动经济发展 | 1.9 | 30.4 | 52.7 | 8.1 | 6.9 | 3.123 | 62.46 |
| 增加就业机会 | 1.5 | 25.8 | 57.3 | 8.8 | 6.5 | 3.067 | 61.34 |
| 加快本地城镇建设 | 2.3 | 23.1 | 53.5 | 14.2 | 6.9 | 2.997 | 59.94 |
| 提高个人收入 | 1.2 | 13.5 | 49.6 | 21.9 | 13.8 | 2.664 | 53.28 |
| 改善居住条件 | 1.5 | 7.7 | 39.2 | 31.9 | 19.6 | 2.393 | 47.86 |
| 吸引更多的投资 | 1.5 | 15.4 | 62.7 | 11.9 | 8.5 | 2.895 | 57.9 |
| 社会治安状况 | 1.5 | 23.5 | 29.6 | 28.5 | 16.9 | 2.642 | 52.84 |
| 危化车等交通安全状况 | 0.8 | 10.4 | 41.9 | 24.6 | 22.3 | 2.428 | 48.56 |
| 食品安全性 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 30.0 | 28.5 | 31.5 | 2.185 | 43.7 |
| 石化等突发事件应对能力 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 33.1 | 25.8 | 35.0 | 2.115 | 42.3 |
| 居民身体健康 | 0.4 | 4.6 | 24.6 | 18.5 | 52.9 | 1.841 | 36.82 |
| 城市交通的方便快捷性 | 2.7 | 25.0 | 46.2 | 16.5 | 9.6 | 2.947 | 58.94 |
| 教育设施 | 4.2 | 33.5 | 45.4 | 9.2 | 7.7 | 3.173 | 63.46 |
| 医疗设施 | 3.5 | 20.0 | 45.8 | 21.9 | 8.8 | 2.875 | 57.5 |
| 文化娱乐设施 | 2.3 | 21.9 | 55.0 | 13.1 | 7.7 | 2.98 | 59.6 |
| 电话通讯 | 5.4 | 46.9 | 38.1 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 3.439 | 68.78 |
| 用电状况 | 5.8 | 46.5 | 37.7 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 3.435 | 68.7 |
| 商业服务设施及质量 | 1.2 | 23.1 | 58.1 | 11.5 | 6.2 | 3.019 | 60.38 |
Tab. 5 Classification of residents perception of NPETDZ towards human settlement表5 居民感知石化区影响镇海人居环境的程度分级 |
| 等级 | 一级 | 二级 | 三级 | 四级 | 五级 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 满意度得分 | 90≤C≤100 | 80≤C<90 | 60≤C<80 | 40≤C<60 | C<40 |
| 满意程度 | 满意度很高 | 满意度较高 | 满意度一般 | 满意度较低 | 满意度很低 |
Fig. 2 Comparison of residents perception of NPETDZ towards human settlement by ages-level图2 居民感知石化区影响镇海人居环境的年龄分异 |
Fig. 3 Comparison of residents perception of NPETDZ towards human settlement of index terms by subdistrict-level图3 镇海居民感知石化区影响人居环境的单要素满意度 |
Fig. 4 Spatial disparity of residents perception of NPETDZ towards human settlement by subdistrict-level图4 镇海居民感知石化区影响人居环境的满意度空间分异 |
Tab. 6 Residents’ recommendations about NPETDZ towards human settlement in Zhenhai表6 镇海居民对石化区影响人居环境的解决建议 |
| 名次 | 建议 | 频率 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 减少污染排放 | 22 |
| 2 | 重视居民健康 | 12 |
| 4 | 公布宁波石化经济技术开发区排污指标 | 10 |
| 3 | 搬迁宁波石化经济技术开发区 | 9 |
| 5 | 政府加强监管职能 | 6 |
| 6 | 加强居民心理层面引导 | 5 |
| 7 | 加强教育、医疗建设 | 3 |
| 8 | 提供就业机会 | 2 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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