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地理研究 >

2015 , Vol. 34 >Issue 9: 1708 - 1720

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201509000

基于点状数据的上海都市型工业空间格局研究

  • 曹玉红 , 1, 2 ,
  • 宋艳卿 2 ,
  • 朱胜清 1 ,
  • 程先富 1
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  • 1. 安徽师范大学国土资源与旅游学院,芜湖 241003
  • 2. 安徽师范大学环境科学与工程学院,芜湖 241003

作者简介：曹玉红（1974- ）,女,安徽宿县人,博士研究生,主要从事区域城市发展与生态环境演变研究。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2015-03-09

  要求修回日期: 2015-05-24

  网络出版日期: 2015-09-15

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目（41171114）

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The spatial pattern of Shanghai urban industry based on point data

  • CAO Yuhong , 1, 2 ,
  • SONG Yanqing 2 ,
  • ZHU Shengqing 1 ,
  • CHENG Xianfu 1
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  • 1. College of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University,Wuhu 241003, Anhui,China
  • 2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, Anhui,China

Received date: 2015-03-09

  Request revised date: 2015-05-24

  Online published: 2015-09-15

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《地理研究》编辑部
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摘要

镶嵌于城市地域的都市型工业,有着其独特的区位特征和空间格局。基于2008年上海都市型工业微观企业数据,探讨工业郊区化背景下都市型工业空间分布、集聚特征以及行业间的空间邻近关系。研究表明：上海都市型工业企业区位选择具有中心城区与近郊区双重指向性,在距离城市中心10~20 km区间都市工业分布最密集,空间分布的非均质特征明显。空间集聚以城市内各类园区（商业楼宇、都市工业园、工业园区）为主要载体,集聚格局在行业间存在一定差异。在空间邻近关系方面,各行业间呈现出基于相同要素投入、生产关联、共同市场、政策导向的邻近布局以及基于异质排他性、环境要求的弱邻近布局特征。

关键词： 都市型工业; 空间分布; 集聚; 邻近性; 上海

本文引用格式

曹玉红 , 宋艳卿 , 朱胜清 , 程先富 . 基于点状数据的上海都市型工业空间格局研究[J]. 地理研究, 2015 , 34(9) : 1708 -1720 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201509000

Abstract

The urban industry is embedded in the city area which has its unique location characteristics and spatial pattern. Based on the micro-data of Shanghai urban industry enterprises in 2008, with the methods of location quotient, hot spot analysis and proximity index analysis, the paper explores the spatial distribution and the agglomeration characteristics of urban industries, as well as the spatial proximity relations among various industries during the process of industrial suburbanization. Results show that: First of all, the location choice of urban industry enterprises in Shanghai has a dual directivity to both central city and suburban areas, the range of 10~20 kilometers from city center is the densest area of urban industries, and the overall spatial distribution of urban industries has obvious heterogeneous characteristics. Food processing, packaging and printing, manufacture of tourism crafts and manufacture of small-scale electronic information constitute comparative advantage industries of central city, manufacture of interior adornment composes the comparative advantage industry of suburbs, and clothing accessories industry and manufacture of makeup and washing supplies constitute comparative advantage industries of suburban regions. Secondly, all kinds of industrial parks including commercial buildings, urban industrial zones and industrial estates in the city have become the major carrier of spatial agglomeration, which present "crater" gathering morphology. There are also some differences among the inter-industry according to the pattern of spatial agglomeration. Thirdly, when it comes to the spatial proximity relations, aside from being affected by some factors including the local government development policies, economic history basis and traffic location, the layout between all urban industries shows the following characteristics: the proximity layout is based on the same factor inputs, productive correlation, common market and policy orientation while the weak proximity layout is based on the heterogeneous exclusivity and environmental requirements.

Key words： urban industry; spatial distribution; agglomeration; proximity; Shanghai

1 引言

第二次世界大战后,西方发达国家城市的工业活动呈现分散化发展的空间态势[1],工业郊区化开始成为西方经济与工业地理学研究的一大热点[2-6]。中国的工业郊区化始于20世纪80年代的沿海发达省市。城区环境污染、土地使用制度变革、城市职能转换、企业自身追求规模经济等形成了工业郊区化的“推力”,而城市快速通道建设和现代网络通信技术的迅猛发展对时空的压缩效应,以及郊区优惠政策和科研院所集聚[7]等构成了工业郊区化的“拉力”。随着工业郊区化进程的加快,其弊端逐渐暴露。Charles Goldblum对雅加达的研究显示,工业的边缘迁移导致了城市管理的低效率[8];Vise的研究表明,工业郊区化带来了就业机会的分散化[9]。发达国家城市空心化现象已经显现,由于制度背景与发展阶段特征的差异,城市空心化在中国部分大城市初显端倪：① 工厂搬迁带来了“厂搬人不搬”的既有事实[1],导致城市居民职、住分离状况加剧,通勤距离加大给城市交通施加了更大压力;② 城市中心区的大规模更新改造,对保护城市传统历史风貌的努力形成严峻挑战[10];③ 郊区化过程给城市边缘区生态环境带来冲击与破坏[11];④ 大量工业企业外迁,造成城市内部制造业的萎缩,直接导致服务业的增长乏力和城市内部就业压力。
发展都市型工业被认为是缓解上述弊端的有效措施[12]。都市型工业的空间布局及分异对城市空间结构演变与城市功能发挥至关重要。国外关于工业布局研究早期主要集中在工业区位理论的研究上。后期转向城市地区工业布局现状及趋向的实证研究,且主要集中在世界著名的大中城市,如悉尼[13]、芝加哥[14]、纽约[15]、温哥华[16]、阿姆斯特丹[17]、香港[18],在实证研究基础上,建立了众多城市工业企业区位选择模型[19-22]。对于都市型工业各行业的空间区位研究也有较多涉及,如纺织服装行业[23-25],皮革与制鞋业[26,27],印刷出版业[28]等。现有研究集中在区位影响因素研究,如税收差异、能源价格、公共基础设施、土地价格[29-32]等。国内对于工业空间布局研究经历了从宏观到微观的尺度变换。李为运用传统工业区位理论探讨了中国轻纺、乳品工业区位选择的影响因素[33,34];胡兆量运用数量方法系统阐述了中国工业布局的变化[35];陈月英等以福建省销售额前300家企业为例,阐述了省域工业空间结构[36];曾刚对上海工业布局的研究显示从内环线、内外环线之间到外环线以外分别以劳动、技术和资本密集型工业为主,认为除传统影响因素外,级差地租、现代交通设施、劳动就业也是影响工业布局的重要因子[37];张文忠等在研究重庆市区企业空间扩散过程中发现市区企业向外扩散的产业主要集中在汽摩配件、食品饮料以及纺织服装类企业[38];国内一批学者[39-44]分别对南京制造业、上海外资制造业和北京制造业的空间分布演变展开了研究,发现了企业郊区化扩散与再集聚的事实。以上国内工业空间布局研究较少基于微观层面,将都市型工业及其各行业作为单独的研究对象,对都市型工业的研究主要停留在理论层面[23-25],缺乏空间分布格局的定量研究。
都市型工业,是一种与传统工业相联系的轻型的、微型的、环保的和低耗的新型工业,是指以大都市特有的信息流、物流、人才流、资金流和技术流等社会资源为依托,以产品设计、技术开发、加工制造、营销管理和技术服务为主体,以工业园区、工业小区、商用楼宇为活动载体,适宜在都市繁华地段和中心区域内生存和发展,增值快、就业广、适应强,有税收、有环保、有形象的现代工业体系[42]。有关都市工业的界定和类型划分尚无统一的标准,国内外各个城市根据自己的实际情况予以划定[43]。上海于1998年在国内首次提出发展都市型工业,至2008年十年间其发展已日臻成熟。有关上海的都市工业类型划分是基于上海市统计局的统计口径,涵盖了七大行业,分别为服装服饰业、食品加工制造业、包装印刷业、室内装饰用品制造业、化妆品及清洁洗涤业、工艺美术品、旅游用品制造业、小型电子信息产品。在已有相关研究基础之上,以上海都市型工业企业的点状数据分析都市型工业的空间分布格局及各部门的具体区位选择,剖析都市型工业各行业间的空间关系,为工业布局和企业选址提供一定的理论支撑,以期丰富工业、城市地理学研究内容。

2 数据来源与研究方法

2.1 研究区概况

上海位于长江与黄浦江入海汇合处,南临杭州湾,西接江苏、浙江两省。全市陆地面积约6218 km2,南北长约120 km,东西宽约100 km。上海是国际经济、金融、贸易与航运中心,中国五大中心城市之一。2008年工业总产值达25638亿元,其中都市型工业总产值达3101亿元,占比达12%,规模以上都市型工业企业数量达4565家,从业人员达776256人。
研究区为整个上海市域。为分析都市型工业企业的空间分布特征,根据发展现状,将上海2008年行政区划的19个区县划分为三个圈层区域。以人民广场为中心10 km半径圈层为中心城区（图1）,包括杨浦、虹口、闸北、普陀、长宁、徐汇、卢湾、黄浦、静安和浦东西部;10~20 km半径圈层为近郊区,主要包括宝山中南部、嘉定东南部、闵行中北部、南汇西北部、浦东大部;20 km半径圈层以外区域为远郊区,包括崇明、嘉定中西部、青浦、松江、金山、奉贤、南汇。
Fig. 1 Spatial structure of Shanghai

图1 上海圈层分布图

2.2 数据来源

上海市都市型工业企业数据主要来自2008年上海经济普查的企业数据库,分别是服装服饰业（2680家）、食品加工业（617家）、包装印刷业（987家）、室内装饰用品制造业（963家）、化妆品及清洁洗涤用品制造业(① 为便于阐述,化妆品及清洁洗涤用品制造业、工艺美术品和旅游用品制造业、小型电子信息产品制造业分别简称为化妆洗涤用品制造业、工艺旅游用品制造业、小型电子信息制造业。)（230家）、工艺美术品和旅游用品制造业（717家）、小型电子信息产品制造业（459家）,共计6653条完整企业记录,主要包括企业名称、地址、邮编等信息。以企业名称和地址为依据,运用上海市工商行政管理局企业基本信息查询系统对上述企业记录信息、特别是地址信息进行校正（部分企业存在分支机构）,建立基于街道和门牌号信息的空间数据库。借助上海交通智能地图系统确定企业具体空间位置,再利用ArcGIS 9.3软件对2008年上海市地图（中国地图出版社出版）进行矢量化并标注企业点状数据,建立矢量化空间数据库,并将两个数据库进行链接,得到2008年上海都市型工业企业空间数据库。

2.3 研究方法

2.3.1 区位熵 区位熵（location quotient,LQ）是衡量产业发展专业化水平的最常用指标[45],其可用来测度特定区域内产业的相对集中程度和专业化水平。在研究产业空间分布过程中,区位熵可衡量地区产业分布的比较优势。其公式为：
L Q ij = E ij E j E ir E r （1）
式中： L Q ij 为 j 区域内 i 部门的区位熵; E ij 代表所研究 j 区域 i 部门的企业数量; E j 代表研究区域 j 的所有部门的企业数量之和; E ir 为 j 区域所在大区域 r 内 i 部门的企业数量; E r 为大区域 r 内所有研究部门的企业数量总和。 L Q ij 值大于1,表示该部门企业在该区域的分布相对比较集中,专业化水平高于平均水平; L Q ij 值越大,表示该部门在该区域专业化程度越高; L Q ij 值小于1,则相反; L Q ij 值等于1,表示该部门企业在该区域的分布状况接近总体水平。
2.3.2热点分析 利用ArcGIS 9.3软件,根据研究区域面积大小和企业实际占地面积状况,建立基于1 km×1 km格网的企业空间属性数据库,应用空间统计模块做热点分析（Hot Spot Analysis）,通过图视的方法直观展示都市型工业企业在地理空间上的集聚分布情况。
2.3.3 邻近性指数 邻近性指数主要用于刻画产业部门之间的邻近关系[46],采用邻近性指数揭示都市型工业各行业间空间分布的邻近性。其公式为：
P I x , y = L x , y E x ÷ E y ∑ E - E x - 1 （2）
式中： P I x , y 为邻近性指数; L x , y 表示 y 部门的企业与 x 部门的企业最邻近的次数; E x 为 x 部门的企业总数; E y 为 y 部门企业总数; ∑ E 代表所有都市型工业门类企业数量总和。当 PI 值大于0,表示 y 部门企业与 x 部门企业相邻的数量占 x 部门企业数量的比重大于 y 部门占区域整体（不包括 x 部门企业）企业个数的比重,即可认为 y 部门与 x 部门有较强的邻近性;当 PI 值为负值时,代表 y 部门与 x 部门有较弱的邻近性;当 PI 为-1时,表示 y 部门没有与 x 部门最邻近的企业,两者没有邻近性。在任意两个部门之间,邻近性指数有可能是不对称的。

3 上海都市型工业空间格局分析

3.1 圈层空间分布特征

为探讨都市型工业各行业分布特征,选择人民广场为中心,分别以10 km、20 km、30 km、40 km和50 km为缓冲区半径,将研究区划分为6个圈层（图2）,借此分析企业圈层空间分布特征。结果表明,2008年上海都市型工业企业空间分布表现出明显的非均质分异特征,具体来看,其空间分布呈现以下特点：
Fig. 2 Number of the industry enterprises in different buffer areas

图2 各圈层行业企业数量

（1）总体分布不均衡,中心城区与近郊区指向性明显。都市型工业企业以劳动密集型企业为主,服装服饰、食品加工、包装印刷、室内装饰用品制造和工艺旅游用品制造均属劳动密集型,化妆洗涤用品制造和小型电子信息制造属资本技术密集型,劳动密集型企业占总量的89.64%,其中服装服饰占劳动密集型企业总量的44.94%。从各圈层企业总体数量规模来看,中心城区和近郊区都市型工业企业数量达2967家,占总量的45%,其中近郊区达30%（图3）,可见,中心城区尤其是近郊区是都市型工业企业的主要分布区域。城市中心区“退二进三”的产业置换政策,带来了服务业在中心城区的聚集,致使都市型工业企业分布的峰值区域向外围推移,在10~20 km范围内形成了分布的峰值区域,此后随着距离的增大,企业数量递减,到50 km范围之外,数量达到最低,值得注意的是在最外圈层服装服饰企业数量占绝对优势。通过各行业圈层的横向比较发现：服装服饰和室内装饰用品制造从中心城区到近郊区,企业分布数量的递增率最高;20~30 km范围内,服装服饰和食品加工企业递减速率最低,包装印刷和室内装饰用品制造递减率最高;20~40 km范围内,化妆洗涤、工艺旅游用品制造企业数量保持了较为稳定的水平,其中20~30 km处成为化妆洗涤用品制造业的峰值区。企业在不同圈层间的变化率反映了其对不同圈层的区位选择能力,递增率低和递减率低则表明其区位适应能力较强,对区位选择的敏感性较弱,反之适应能力较弱、敏感性较强。
Fig. 3 The spatial distribution of urban industry in Shanghai

图3 上海市都市型工业空间分布格局

（2）各行业空间分布形态各异。图3反映了都市型工业各行业企业在上海市域范围内的空间分布状况,其呈现的主要类型有：① 核心—边缘型：从中心城区和近郊区向远郊边缘区企业密度逐渐趋于下降,如服装服饰、食品加工、包装印刷和工艺旅游用品制造（图3b~图3d、图3g）。② 外围—边缘型：从近郊区向远郊边缘区企业密度趋于下降,高密度区域并不出现在中心城区,如室内装饰用品制造（图3e）。③ 分散型：企业数量较少,空间分布较为分散,如化妆洗涤用品制造业,主要分布在城市盛行风向的下风向或垂直风向带区域,在盛行风向上风向、黄浦江上游和崇明生态功能区较少布局（图3f）。④ 核心—外围轴向辐射型：由中心城区向外围沿某些方向辐射分布,在远郊区分布较少,属于扩张型形态,如小型电子信息制造（图3h）。
（3）各圈层相对优势产业各异。构建以人民广场为核心、由内向外10 km为递增半径的企业分布圈层,并进行区位熵分析,计算结果如表1。
Tab. 1 Circle location quotient of urban industry in Shanghai

表1 上海市都市型工业圈层区位熵

服装服饰 食品加工 包装印刷 室内装饰用品制造 化妆洗涤用品制造 工艺旅游用品制造 小型电子信息制造
中心城区 0~10 km
10~20 km
20~30 km
30~40 km
40~50 km
>50 km		 0.81
0.87
0.99
1.05
1.35
1.62		 1.07
1.04
1.07
0.90
0.90
0.76		 1.50
1.08
0.91
0.87
0.59
0.61		 0.64
1.22
1.05
1.14
0.81
0.36		 0.90
0.85
1.12
1.00
1.04
1.53		 1.21
0.99
0.96
1.08
0.91
0.52		 1.45
1.15
1.04
0.71
0.49
0.42
近郊区

远郊区
就各产业而言：① 随着距城市中心区距离的增大,服装服饰业的圈层区位熵逐渐增大,且趋势明显,从0.81上升到1.62,表明其在郊区特别是远郊区具有较强的规模优势和比较优势,与研究预期相符,原因在于服装服饰业多属劳动密集型产业,企业利润率较低,为获取廉价劳动力,降低成本,企业趋向于郊区布局,只有少数劳动力指向性弱、市场指向性较强的服装简单整理加工和时装产业集中在城市中心区布局。② 食品加工业的市场指向性明显,同时迫于中心城区的高昂地租,其分布范围不得不向城区外围拓展,表现为其在0~30 km内均具有分布优势,相对其他产业,其在远郊区也具有相对优势,突出了部分食品加工业的原料指向性特点。③ 包装印刷业的圈层区位熵遵循距离衰减效应,从1.50快速降低到0.59,市场指向性显著。多数企业总部和营销策划部门在城市中心区集聚,为便于与客户的及时面对面沟通交流,包装印刷业也选择在城市中心区和近郊区布局。④ 室内装饰用品制造业圈层区位熵呈现倒U型,究其原因在于企业的产品特性决定了企业占地面积较大,土地产出效率低,10~40 km是其可接受的区位范围,同时该圈层也是人口郊区化的迁入地,房地产业快速发展的地区。⑤ 化妆洗涤用品制造业的突出特点在于其在远郊区特别是最外圈层的空间分布具有比较优势,究其原因在于产品原料多为危险品,出于安全考虑,不宜在城市中心区和近郊区大量布局。⑥ 工艺旅游用品制造业具有与包装印刷业同样的市场指向性特点,产品特点是“小而多”,决定了其适宜在中心城区布局,成为中心城区的第三大优势产业。⑦ 小型电子信息制造业在中心城区的比较优势仅次于包装印刷业,区位熵达1.45,小型电子信息制造业属技术密集型、环境友好型产业,倾向于在人才、信息和技术汇集的中心城区布局,同时研究过程中发现,小型电子信息产业多由外资企业投资,由于制度背景、文化差异以及信息不对称,使得外资企业为规避风险、减少摸索成本倾向于中心城区[47],从而使得该产业在中心城区的集中趋势更加明显。
就各圈层而言：中心城区的比较优势产业为包装印刷、小型电子信息制造、工艺旅游用品制造和食品加工;室内装饰用品制造是近郊区的比较优势产业;服装服饰和化妆洗涤用品制造多倾向在远郊区30~60 km范围内布局。

3.2 集聚空间分布格局

3.2.1 总体空间集聚特征 从都市型工业总体空间集聚来看,热点分析表明,中心城区及近郊区仍是集聚的热点区域：从黄浦、静安、杨浦南、虹口、闸北、宝山南、普陀北、闵行中北部到长宁东、徐汇北形成了一个巨大的环状集聚区域,类似于“火山口”型的集聚形态（图4a）,这与发展都市型工业的出发点是一致的。在中心城区东部（浦东西部）以及西部（普陀南、长宁西）未形成空间集聚区,这与城市职能空间分化息息相关：浦东西部是国际金融贸易区和各类企业总部所在地,以发展金融和总部经济为主;长宁西部为虹桥国际机场,现已形成以机场为依托的空港经济区;普陀南部以建设高端商品住宅区为主,部分地区处于待开发状态,从而形成了都市型工业企业在中心城区及近郊区集聚的两个空洞区。同时,在各远郊区县也形成了点状集聚区域。
从都市型工业空间集聚的载体来看,都市型工业园区、商业楼宇和各级开发区成为集聚的主要载体：中心城区以都市型工业园区为主;近郊区以国家级开发区最为典型,如虹桥、漕河泾、张江、金桥和外高桥五个开发区是企业在近郊区的重要集聚地,同时兼有市级开发区;远郊区则以市级和区县级开发区为主[48]。
3.2.2 各行业空间集聚特征 上海都市型工业各行业企业空间集聚态势各异：① 服装服饰业呈现“小集聚,大分散”的集聚模式,热点集聚区域出现在杨浦区南部,在浦东中东部、城区核心区和闵行北有次级集聚区的出现（图4b）。② 食品加工业则形成环状集聚态势：主要围绕中心城区西侧,从闸北北、普陀北到闵行北、徐汇南再到黄浦与杨浦南形成环状集聚区,同时在环状集聚区外围,形成多点状集聚区（图4c）。③ 包装印刷业呈现中心集聚态势：在闸北区及其周边地区形成位于中心城区北部的核心集聚区,在闵行南部一带有少量集聚（图4d）。④ 室内装饰用品制造业形成“一大片两小片”三个集聚区：一大片是指由宝山南部、嘉定东南部和闵行西北部构成的大片集聚区;两小片分别指浦东西南部到闵行中部与奉贤区奉城工业园及以北地区。三片集聚区构成了室内装饰用品制造业的西北—东南方向集聚态势（图4e）。⑤ 化妆洗涤用品制造业形成市域西侧多点分散集聚态势：主要集聚区域出现在青浦与闵行交界处以西郊经济开发区为核心的地区,其次是宝山、青浦、松江和金山工业园区（图4f）。⑥ 工艺旅游用品制造业呈现“两带一片”集聚区：两带是从闸北南经黄浦、静安到徐汇北构成的中心城区集聚带和普陀北经闵行北到青浦东的边缘集聚带,一片是在奉城工业园区的集聚区（图4g）。⑦ 小型电子信息制造业相比其他行业集聚特征明显,形成了4个规模不等的集聚区：首先,在闵行虹桥镇与徐汇交界处的漕河泾新兴技术开发区形成小型电子信息制造的最大规模集聚区;其次,以张江、金桥两个开发区为核心和以外高桥保税区为核心形成小型电子信息制造在浦东的两大集聚区;第三,在嘉定中部形成了规模中等的集聚区（图4h）。
Fig. 4 Hot spots of the urban industry spatial distribution in Shanghai

图4 上海市都市型工业企业空间分布热点

不同级别开发区的定位和对企业入区门槛要求各异,从而形成对不同类型企业的空间分流：高科技企业多在国家级开发区形成高度集聚,市级及区县级开发园区企业类型多样。城市中心地区及近郊区设立的专业型都市型工业园区带来了各行业企业的高度集聚,如上海印刷媒体产业园（闸北）和上海国际包装印刷城（普陀）带来的包装印刷业集聚;上海国际家用纺织品工业园（杨浦）、虹桥服装精品园（长宁）带来的服装服饰业集聚等。总的来看,上海都市型工业企业的空间集聚格局在行业间存在一定差异。

3.3 各行业空间分布的邻近性

对于上海都市型工业的空间布局研究是基于对各行业的个案研究,各行业企业之间的空间布局关系是怎样的?利用邻近性指数方法,从上海中心城区、郊区和市域三个不同尺度范围分析上海都市型工业各行业之间的空间关系（图5）,结果显示其邻近关系呈现以下特点：
Fig. 5 Proximity between departments of urban industry in Shanghai

图5 上海都市型工业各行业之间邻近性分析

3.3.1 邻近布局 （1）基于相同要素投入的邻近布局：工艺旅游用品制造中包含编织刺绣、地毯类和玩具制造,其与服装服饰在原料需求上具有相似性,同时二者在工艺流程、技术以及劳动力需求上具有共性。在中心城区,服装服饰与工艺旅游用品制造处于相互邻近关系,在郊区和市域范围内,工艺旅游用品制造与服装服饰也有较高的邻近性。化妆洗涤用品制造与小型电子信息制造都属资本和技术密集型且以大中型企业为主,多在工业园区内布局,对资金、技术、人才和政策等有着共同需求,在中心城区,两者间邻近性较强,在郊区和市域尺度下,两者互为最邻近产业。
（2）基于生产关联的邻近布局：化妆洗涤用品制造和小型电子信息制造对包装印刷有较大配套需求,特别是在接近市场的中心城区,包装印刷是与化妆洗涤用品制造和小型电子信息制造最邻近的行业,且邻近性是对称的。在郊区范围内,包装印刷与化妆洗涤用品制造间的相互邻近性表现稍弱,主要原因在于化妆洗涤用品制造的分散化布局与包装印刷服务对象的多元化。在整个市域范围内,包装印刷与化妆洗涤用品制造和小型电子信息制造相互间的邻近性大于平均水平。
化妆洗涤用品制造包含专项化学品制造,其中的纤维制品、皮革化学品和防水剂与香精香料都是服装服饰业的重要原料,其在三个不同尺度范围内与服装服饰业的邻近性数值均大于0。同时,香精香料也广泛应用于食品加工,在三个尺度范围内,化妆洗涤用品制造与食品加工的邻近性逐渐增强,食品加工在郊区和市域尺度下与化妆洗涤用品制造最为邻近。
（3）基于共同市场的邻近布局：工艺旅游用品制造与室内装饰用品制造的部分产品均可用于室内装饰,二者的用途相同,即两者会面对相同的市场和消费群体。由于室内装饰用品制造多在近郊区布局,两者在中心城区的邻近性表现不甚明显,在郊区和市域范围内,室内装饰用品制造分别是工艺旅游用品制造的第二和第三邻近行业。
（4）基于政策导向的邻近布局：作为国家级开发区的金桥出口加工区、闵行经济技术开发区和市级开发区（如上海西郊经济技术开发区）等均把电子信息制造和食品加工定位为主导产业,在这样的定位决策引导下,联系较弱的小型电子信息制造和食品加工相互间表现出较高的邻近性,在中心城区尤为凸显。
3.3.2 弱邻近布局 （1）基于异质排他性的弱邻近布局：在测度的不同尺度范围内,小型电子信息制造均是服装服饰的最弱邻近产业,同样,服装服饰业在中心城区和市域范围内也是小型电子信息制造业的最弱邻近产业。由于二者生产全过程的联系较弱,在劳动力需求等方面存在对立性,导致在布局过程中往往被引导至不同类型的工业园区内,小型电子信息制造与工艺旅游用品制造的弱邻近性也验证了二者的布局特性。化妆洗涤用品制造业与工艺旅游用品制造业相互间在多尺度下的弱邻近布局也是异质性导致弱邻近性的体现。
（2）基于环境要求的弱邻近布局：室内装饰用品制造业包含了家具和门窗制造业,此类行业多为噪声污染较大的行业,致使对环境质量要求较高的高新技术产业多不会与此邻近布局,在郊区和市域范围内表现较为突出,化妆洗涤用品制造和小型电子信息制造与室内装饰用品制造互为弱邻近性产业。食品加工对环境质量特别是水和空气质量有较高要求,致使其与潜在污染源来源的包装印刷的邻近性较弱,在郊区和市域范围内,两者互为最弱邻近产业。

4 结论与讨论

通过建立上海都市型工业企业空间数据库,运用区位熵、热点分析和邻近性指数分析方法,围绕工业企业的圈层空间分布、集聚空间特征以及各行业企业间的邻近关系开展了初步探讨：
（1）都市型工业的区位选择具有明显的中心和近郊指向特征。以人民广场为中心,分布以10 km、20 km、30 km、40 km和50 km为半径的缓冲区统计分析表明,都市型工业企业在城市内非均质分布,区位选择具有明显的中心城区与近郊区指向性,空间分布的圈层特征明显,10~20 km范围内成为企业分布的峰值区域。空间分布呈现核心—边缘型、外围—边缘型、分散型和核心—外围轴向辐射型四种形态。食品加工、包装印刷、工艺旅游用品制造和小型电子信息制造与室内装饰用品制造以及服装服饰、化妆洗涤用品制造依次构成中心城区、近郊和远郊区的比较优势产业。与一般工业企业的区位差别主要是都市型工业在城市中心区以及近郊区分布为主,而一般的工业企业多以临港、临路的远郊型工业园区为主要空间载体,二者在区位选择上的最大差别就是都市工业可以存在于城市中心区,而一般工业只能分布在郊区的工业园区内[42,48]。这对正在进行的转型升级、“退二进三”等城市功能优化举措具有一定的启发意义,尤其是在制定发展政策中,要考虑针对不同功能类型的企业实施差别对待,不能“一刀切”式地迁出,而应鼓励更多地采取“优二进三”的发展策略。
（2）热点分析显示,都市型工业企业在中心城区与近郊区形成“火山口”型集聚形态,从中心城区到远郊区,都市型工业园区、国家级开发区和市级、区县级开发区依次成为集聚的主要空间载体,同时,空间集聚格局在行业间存在一定差异。都市型工业在城市中心与近郊区呈现出典型的点状（工业楼宇为代表）和面状（都市工业园区[44]以及其他工业园区）分布,这与其兼顾城市产业功能转换与城市就业缓解压力有密切的关联。今后的都市型工业发展要尽可能与城市社区在空间上形成呼应,以便更好地提供就业岗位,促进社会和谐。
（3）都市型工业各行业间的邻近性分析结果表明,服装服饰与工艺旅游用品制造、化妆洗涤用品制造与小型电子信息制造存在基于相同要素投入的邻近布局;包装印刷与化妆洗涤用品制造、小型电子信息制造,以及化妆洗涤用品制造与服装服饰、食品加工存在基于生产关联的邻近布局;室内装饰用品制造与工艺旅游用品制造存在基于共同市场的邻近布局;食品加工与小型电子信息制造则为基于政策导向的邻近布局。小型电子信息制造与服装服饰、化妆洗涤用品制造与工艺旅游用品制造存在基于异质排他性的弱邻近布局;化妆洗涤用品制造、小型电子信息制造与室内装饰用品制造以及食品加工与包装印刷存在基于环境要求的弱邻近布局。当然,都市工业本质上是城市化、工业化进程的中间过渡性产业形态,是城市退二进三调整中出现的新业态,各行业间的邻近性除了受要素投入、生产管理以及共同市场等影响外,还受到当地政府发展政策、经济历史基础和交通区位的影响。例如当地政府倡导盘活城区存量用地发展都市工业园区或商业楼宇,实现都市工业集中发展,会导致邻近性的改变;而当地原来的产业基础、配套条件也会影响不同行业间的邻近性;交通与区位则通过影响要素流的成本与便捷性来影响不同行业的空间组织[48]。
在转型期市场与政府共同作用于产业空间布局的制度背景下,影响企业区位选择的因素复杂多样,对都市型工业企业区位选择的影响因素及作用机制还有待深入研究。限于数据内容的全面性,本研究只是基于企业的点位数据测度空间分布格局,忽略了企业规模带来的影响,当在后续研究中臻于完善。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Rogerson C M, Rogerson J M.Intra-metropolitan industrial change in the Witwatersrand, 1980-1994. Urban Forum, 1997, 8(2): 195-223.

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Walker R, Lewis R D.Beyond the crabgrass frontier: industry and the spread of North American cities, 1850-1950. Journal of Historical Geography, 2001, 27(1): 3-19.

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吕拉昌. 新经济时代中国大都市的郊区化机制探讨: 兼与美国郊区化的比较.地域研究与开发, 2006, 25(4): 6-10.

[Lv Lachang.On the mechanism of suburbanization of China metropolitans: Also comparison with American suburbanization in the Era of New Economy. Areal Research and Development, 2006, 25(4): 6-10.]

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Charles Goldblum, Tai-Chee Wong.Growth, crisis and spatial change: A study of haphazard urbanization in Jakarta, Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 2000, 17(1): 29-37.

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De Vise P.The suburbanization of jobs and minority employment. Economic Geography, 1976, 52(4): 348-362.

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周一星, 孟延春. 中国大城市的郊区化趋势. 城市规划汇刊, 1998, (3): 22-27.进入90年代，我国开始城市郊区化的研究．本文以北京、上海、沈阳、大连为例，初步概括了当前我国大城市郊区化的一些特征，包括郊区化开始的时间、强度、机制、中西方的异同和利弊．作者对郊区化的概念、研究中的地域划分和今后的研究方向提出了看法．

[Zhou Yixing, Meng Yanchun.The tendency of suburbanization of big cities in China. Urban Planning Forum, 1998, (3): 22-27.]

[11]
杨芸, 祝龙彪. 郊区化对城市边缘区生态系统的影响及发展对策. 城市发展研究, 2000, (2): 52-54.郊区化过程给城市边缘区生态系统带来了许多冲击和负面影响.本文运用生态思维方式,从土地利用效率、城市生态支持系统、房地产组团开 发、生态环境质量等多方面寻求缓解对策.

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[Yang Yun, Zhu Longbiao.Suburbanization's impact on ecosystem of urban fringe and development countermeasures. Urban Studies, 2000, (2): 52-54.]

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郁文凯. 大城市发展都市型工业的国际经验及其对南京的启示. 现代城市研究, 2008, (6): 68-71.从工业空间布局等方面归纳了发达国家大城市发展都市型工业的成熟经验,结合南京都市型工业的发展现状和特征,针对性地提出了加快南京都市型工业的发展思路.

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[Yu Wenkai.Foreign metropolis developing urban industry and its revelation for Nanjing. Modern Urban Research, 2008, (6): 68-71.]Some international experiences are induced which have been proved feasible and effective including industrial layout etc. Combining Nanjing's urban industry situation, some suggestions are given which can promote Nanjing's urban industry's development.

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Logan M I.Manufacturing decentralization in the Sydney Metropolitan Area. Economic Geography, 1964, 40(2): 151-162.

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Reinemann M W.The pattern and distribution of manufacturing in the Chicago area. Economic Geography, 1960, 36(2): 139-144.

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Leone R A.The location of manufacturing activity in the New York Metropolitan Area. New Haven: Doctoral Dissertation of Yale University, 1971.

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Steed G P F. Intra-metropolitan manufacturing: Spatial distribution and locational dynamics in Greater Vancouver. Canadian Geographer, 1973, 17: 235-258.

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Molle W T M. Industrial mobility: A review of empirical studies and an analysis of the migration of industry from the city of Amsterdam. Regional Studies, 1977, 11(5): 323-335.

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Leung H L.Location of manufacturing industries in Hong Kong. Urban Studies, 1979, 16(2): 205-211.No abstract is available for this item.

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Goldberg M A.An industrial location model for the San Francisco Bay area. Annals of Regional Science, 1967, 1(1): 60-73.an industrial location model for the san francisco bay area

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Goldberg M A.An economic model of intra metropolitan industrial location. Journal of Regional Science, 1970, 10(1): 75-79.

[21]
Struyk R J.Empirical foundations for modeling urban industrial location. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1976, 42(4): 165-173.Despite the importance of the intraurban location of industrial employment for overall urban spatial structure, there is little understanding of the location process of firms in this sector. The recent completion of several descriptive studies of the shift of manufacturing jobs within a number of metropolitan areas makes this a propitious time for a review of current knowledge. In addition to summarizing the salient patterns uncovered in this body of research, the article indicates the implications for the development of models of the process of intrametropolitan industrial location.

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[22]
Schmenner R W.Urban industrial location: An evolutionary model. Journal of Regional Science, 1977, 17(2): 179-194.

[23]
Turner W H K. The evolution of the pattern of the textile industry within Dundee. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1952, 18: 107-119.

[24]
Hall P G.The location of the clothing trades in London, 1861-1951. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1960, 28: 155-178.The kinetics of the slow combustion of the three xylene isomers have been studied manometrically in a quartz vessel, under static conditions at subatmospheric pressures over the temperature range from 410 to 550 degrees, employing 1:1 to 1:20 hydrocarbon: oxygen mixtures. It was shown that W-max = k.P-n. where P is the total initial pressure, W-max the maximum rate developed and n is 2.8, 1.9 and 1.5 for m-, o- and p-xylene, respectively. Although W-max is affected by changes in mixture composition and temperature, the value of n is independent of these parameters. Arrhenius plots were linear between 410 and 550 degrees and the activation energies for the over-all oxidation process were calculated to be 38, 39 and 40 kcal./mole for o-, m- and p-xylene, respectively. The greater ease of oxidation of o-xylene was ascribed to the greater reactivity of the chain branching intermediate. The lifetime of this intermediate was calculated to be 2 min, for o-xylene as contrasted to 20 and 17 min, for m- and p-xylene, respectively. Addition of inert gases (He, A, N-2 and SF6) increased W-max thus suggesting that this rate is governed by a diffusion controlled process at the walla of the reaction vessel. Studies of the competitive oxidation of binary mixtures of the xylenes indicated that the chain propagation reactions proceed at essentially equal rates in all three oxidations and have nearly equal activation energies.

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[25]
Riley R C.Locational and structural change in the Huddersfield wool textile industry. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 1970, 61: 77-84.

[26]
Rimmer P J.The boot and shoe industry in Melbourne. The Australian Geographer, 1968, 10(5): 370-381.

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Hoover E M.Location Theory and the Shoe and Leather Industries. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973.

[28]
Steed G P F. Centrality and locational change: Printing, publishing and clothing in Montreal and Toronto. Economic Geography, 1976, 52(3): 193-205.

[29]
Newman R J, Sullivan D H.Econometric analysis of business tax impacts on industrial location: What do we know, and how do we know it. Journal of Urban Economics, 1988, 23(2): 215-234.No abstract is available for this item.

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[30]
Hong Hwang, Cheng Maichao.Industrial location and rising energy prices: A case of bilateral monopoly. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1987, 17(2): 255-264.

[31]
Martin P, Rogers C A.Industrial location and public infrastructure. Journal of International Economics, 1995, 39(3): 335-351.

[32]
Joseph G K, Christos C P.The impact of location on urban industrial land prices. Journal of Urban Economics, 1990, 27(1): 16-24.No abstract is available for this item.

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[33]
李为. 关于我国轻纺工业区位选择因素的探讨. 地理学报, 1983, 38(3): 273-283. 工业布局中的区位选择问题是工业地理学研究的核心问题之一。因为,选择合理的或者最佳的区位,将会给工业生产和布局带来良好的经济效果。鉴于当前我国正处于国民经济调整时期,轻纺工业的发展速度很快,显著超过其他产业部门;可以预计,今后一个

[Li Wei.A study on the factors influencing the location selection for light industry in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1983, 38(3): 273-283.] The locational selection for industries i s one of the core problem in the study of indu-strial geography, because to select a rational or optimum location will bring forth good economic effectiveness for industrial production and distribution. The present paper discusses the facts that influence the selection of location for light industry, 1. The paper analysis a number of factors, such as: raw material, energy resources, consumption, transportation, water supply and water quality, labour force etc. that influencing the Location selection for Light industries. Among these, the raw material is the lea-ding factor because of their weightlessness, effectiveness for a given period of time and difficult to transport. Then according to the extent of their influence, the author based on certain economic technological index classified them into groups. 2. The author inquired into the restrictive factors for location option, especially the leading factors. From the point of raw materials and consumption factors, discussed the reasonable locational orientation. Depending on the previous discussion, the light industry orientation are divided into 1. the industry orientation determined by raw material; 2. the industry orientation determined by consumption; 3. the industry of mixed orientation. 3. Some macro scope factors that conditioned the locational selection of light industry, such as the rational development and utilization of resources, pollution control and environmental protection, economic coordination between regions etc. are discussed too.

[34]
李为. 我国乳品工业区位分析. 地理学报, 1986, 41(3): 224-232. 正工业区位问题是工业地理学研究的核心问题之一。近年来我国乳品工业发展迅速,布局面貌变化很大,探讨适合我国国情的乳品工业区位问题,对于合理地开发利用乳品工

[Li Wei.An analyses on location of dairy industry in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1986, 41(3): 224-232.]

[35]
胡兆量. 我国工业布局的变化趋势. 地理学报, 1986, 41(3): 193-201. 正解放以来,我国工业布局发生了重大的变化,积累了丰富的资料和经验。系统地分析、评价我国工业布局变化的规律和趋势是经济建设中的重大实践问题,也是经济地理学

[Hu Zhaoliang.The change tendency of the industrial distribution in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1986, 41(3): 193-201.] According to the information from 1952 to 1984 there are five characteristics of the industrial distributions in China. 1. The distribution tends toward balance. Obviously from 1952 to 1984 its coefficient of geographic association ascended and the index of concentration decended. 2. The industries in each region had obtained a general development. The average annual growth rate of total industrial output in Shanghai and Liaoning was only over 9%. which is the lowest rate. 3. Apparently the change of the industrial distribution may be divided into different stages. From 1957 to 1965 due to the errors in work, the changing was negligible. 4. According to the various proportions of the industries in national economy five types can be grouped in general. (1) The type of steadly rising, including Hubei, Hunan. Anhui and Guizhou; (2) The type of increasing recently: Fluctuations appeared before 1975 since then it has a steep increase, this including Shanxi, Henan, Nei Monggol, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong and Fujian; (3) The type of increasing before 1975, then it appeared a tendency of decline, this including Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangxi, Hebei and Beijing; (4) The stable type, including Jiangxi; (5) The declining type, including Shanghai, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. Compared with that of the coastal areas the industries of the interior areas developed more rapidly. The proportion of the interior industries in the whole country raised from 20.3% in 1952 to 30.7% in 1984. The situations in coastal regions are complicated. The industries of Guangxi and Fujian are rather backward and the industry level of Guangdong, Shandong and Hebei is lower than the average of the country. The development at a high speed in these regions will be conducive to the balance in distribution. Jiangsu and Zhejiang have advantages in culture, technology, management and administration. They have developed very fast in the resent years, potential power being turned into real superiority. From now on the basic trend will be continued toward the balance in indtistrial distribution but the developing velocity will be slowed down. Owing to the great difference in natural and social conditions between the regions, the bull balanced distribution is unlikely to be realized in China. When programmes and planning are made, different regions have to develop at their own speeds according to the specific conditions.

[36]
陈月英, 徐效坡, 范士陈, 等. 福建省域工业空间结构研究: 以福建省销售额前300家工业企业为例. 地理科学, 2006, 26(4): 414-419.

[Chen Yueying, Xu Xiaopo, Fan Shichen, et al.On Spatial Structure of Industry of Fujian province: Takeing top 300 enterprises with the most annual sales of Fujian province as samples. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 414-419.]

[37]
曾刚. 上海市工业布局调整初探. 地理研究, 2001, 20(3): 330-337.上海市是中国重要工业基地之一.改革开放以来,随着市场经济体制的逐步建立,上海市工业空间结构呈现出内环线以内以劳动密集型的轻工业为主、内外环线之间 以技术密集型高新技术产业为主、外环线以外远郊地区以资本密集型的重化工业为主的空间格局.从总体上看,从城市中心向外,单位土地面积工业生产产出效率逐 渐降低、劳动密集程度逐渐减少、资本密集程度逐渐增加、对上海市总体经济规模贡献率逐渐加大、对周围环境影响逐渐增强的圈层结构特征十分明显.另外,上海 市工业布局的实践表明,除了原燃料、市场、劳动力的价格及其运费以及集聚外,级差地租、现代交通设施、劳动就业也是影响工业布局的重要因子.从优化工业布 局出发,上海市今后一段时期,应大幅度提高工业用地效益、建设科学合理的工业生产基地、制定相应的工业空间结构调整配套政策,以保证区域工业的健康发展.

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[Zeng Gang.Research on the modification of industrial spatial distribution in Shanghai. Geographical Research, 2001, 20(3): 330-337.]s: Shanghai is one of the most important industrial centers in China Since the implementation of reform and open policies, with the market economic system gradually being built up, the industrial spatial structure in Shanghai has turned out the following pattern The labor intensive urban industry will be located primarily within the inner ring road, technology intensive industry between the inner ring and outer ring roads, and capital intensive "pillar" industries, which include heavy industries and chemical industries, primarily in the exurbs beyond the outer ring road Accordingly, as one moves outward from the city center, the degree of labor intensity and the efficiency of industrial production per unit of land will gradually decline, while capital intensive production, the contribution to the city's overall economy and the influence to the environment gradually increases It thus performs an obvious circularity structure Conventionally, Weber's industrial location theory mainly analyzed the effect of raw material and fuel, market, transportation cost and agglomeration to the location of industries from the static view However the layout of industry in Shanghai has shown that it is not sufficient to analyze the location of industry only from static view It's very important to discuss it in a dynamic way In addition, with the development of new industries, there are still some other important factors besides the above-mentioned four, such as rent at different ranks and modern transportation implement will also deeply effect the industrial location in Shanghai Furthermore, as one of the relatively developed metropolises in developing country, employment has taken a more and more important role in the economic and social development in Shanghai, and thus the influence of employment in the layout of industry is more obvious For the improvement of industrial allocation, Shanghai should greatly enhance the efficiency of industrial land, emphatically establish the industrial parks affiliated to the central government or the municipal government, and sharply decrease the quantity and area of parks affiliated to the villages or towns government Shanghai should also rationally construct some manufacture basements Hi industries should be mainly developed in Jinqiao, Zhangjiang, Waigaoqiao (in Pudong) and Caohejin (in Puxi) In the region out of outer ring road, the pillar industries such as motor vehicles manufacturing, steel industry, petrochemical, power generating electricity equipment and fittings manufacturing will be developed mainly in Baoshan, Jinshan, Minhang, Songjiang, Jiading, Kangqiao and Pudong New Area In addition, Shanghai government should formulate some relevant policies to stimulate the modification of industrial allocation First of all, the government should try to change the development mode of township enterprises and to accelerate their shift to the industrial parks affiliated to the central government or the municipal government through multiple means and thus realize the target of each town (village) possessing one industrial spot Secondly, there should be some policies to strengthen the relationship among universities, research institutes and enterprises, and thus accelerate the industrialization of research results Finally, enterprises should positively take part in the plan of infrastructure in the exurb and thus strengthen the coordination between infrastructure plan and industry layout plan All the above policy advices are very important for sustainable development of industry in Shanghai

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[38]
张文忠, 樊杰, 杨晓光. 重庆市区企业的扩散及与库区企业空间整合模式. 地理研究, 2002, 21(1): 107-114.This paper makes an in-depth analysis on the type, process and effect of enterprises' spatial transfer in Chongqing municipality after a comprehensive investigation. At present, the enterprises transfer from urban region to the outside mainly focuses on such sectors as auto and motorcycle accessory, food and beverage, textile and garment industries.From now to the near future, its transfer area mainly involves outskirts, then ambient cities and medium-sized cities, finally up to farther cities and counties in the Three Gorges Area. On the basis of the analysis of enterprises' spatial transfer,the paper makes a key study on the spatial amalgamation and cooperation pattern between the urban enterprises and the enterprises in the Three Gorges Area. Meanwhile, the analysis and discussion are made to the different patterns. Now, the spatial transfer of the enterprises in Chongqing is at the fledgling stage and only involves outskirts of the urban area. The amalgamation and cooperation of the enterprises between urban area and Three Gorge Area is mostly exogenous with a characteristic of vertical cooperation in the link between enterprises. Endogenous network for the spatial link between enterprises has yet to be established. The amalgamation and cooperation between urban enterprises and the enterprises in the Three Gorges Area has boosted the development of the enterprises in the Three Gorges Area as well as the improvement of their production technology and played an active role in the development of the socioeconomy in the Three Gorges Area.

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[Zhang Wenzhong, Fan Jie, Yang Xiaoguang.Studies on spatial transfer and cooperation of enterprises between urban region of Chongqing and Three Gorges Area. Geographical Research, 2002, 21(1): 107-114.]This paper makes an in-depth analysis on the type, process and effect of enterprises' spatial transfer in Chongqing municipality after a comprehensive investigation. At present, the enterprises transfer from urban region to the outside mainly focuses on such sectors as auto and motorcycle accessory, food and beverage, textile and garment industries.From now to the near future, its transfer area mainly involves outskirts, then ambient cities and medium-sized cities, finally up to farther cities and counties in the Three Gorges Area. On the basis of the analysis of enterprises' spatial transfer,the paper makes a key study on the spatial amalgamation and cooperation pattern between the urban enterprises and the enterprises in the Three Gorges Area. Meanwhile, the analysis and discussion are made to the different patterns. Now, the spatial transfer of the enterprises in Chongqing is at the fledgling stage and only involves outskirts of the urban area. The amalgamation and cooperation of the enterprises between urban area and Three Gorge Area is mostly exogenous with a characteristic of vertical cooperation in the link between enterprises. Endogenous network for the spatial link between enterprises has yet to be established. The amalgamation and cooperation between urban enterprises and the enterprises in the Three Gorges Area has boosted the development of the enterprises in the Three Gorges Area as well as the improvement of their production technology and played an active role in the development of the socioeconomy in the Three Gorges Area.

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[39]
吕卫国, 陈雯. 制造业企业区位选择与南京城市空间重构. 地理学报, 2009, 64(2): 142-152.企业区位选择研究是从微观角度 理解城市结构变动的重要视角,本文构造了一个制造业区位选择作用于城市空间重构的理论框架,并以南京为例进行了实证研究。在理论框架的基础上,首先采用计 量模型检验了制造业企业郊区化扩散和重新集聚一系列影响要素,其次从要素空间分布及集聚经济的角度分析制造业的扩散和集聚的微观行为对城市空间重构的作用 机制。研究发现,由于土地有偿使用、城市外围交通改善、政府"退二进三"的规划管理、城市开发区建设等因素的作用,南京制造业明显的郊区化扩散和集聚,对 南京城市的郊区化和空间重构具有显著影响。研究还发现,污染密集型制造业较其他制造业具有更加强烈的郊区化趋势,这对提升城市功能和改善城市环境具有重要 意义。

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[Lv Weiguo, Chen Wen.Manufacturing industry enterprises location choice and the urban spatial restructuring in Nanjing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(2): 142-152.]The intra-urban location behavior of mamufacturing industry is one of the key driving forces for urban restructuring. Most of the studies have focused on the factors affecting the enterprises location choice. Unlike the existing literature, this study highlights the spatial effect of enterprises location choice on the urban restructuring. Based on the establishment of an analytic framework, this paper discusses the relationship between manufacturing industry enterprises location choice and the urban spatial restructuring in Nanjing. Firstly, this paper analyses a kind of factors impacting on manufacturing industry spatial diffusion and re-agglomeration in Nanjing with the Poisson and negative binomial models. Then, from the perspective of elements spatial distribution and agglomeration economies, the mechanism that the mamufacturing industry enterprises location choice impacts on the urban restructuring is investigated. It is found that factors such as compensation for the use of land, improvement of traffic outside the city, government planning and management aiming at optimizing urban spatial structure, and development zones are the key ones for manufacturing industry spatial diffusing and re-agglomeration, which may make the Nanjing city suburbanization and polycentricity. This paper also finds the pollution intensive manufacturing industry enterprises exhibit more intensive suburbanization, which is significant to the improvement of environment and function of the city.

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[40]
赵新正, 宁越敏, 魏也华. 上海外资生产空间演变及影响因素. 地理学报, 2011, 66(10): 1390-1402. 利用2004年经济普查数据对上海制造业外资企业的空间分布、区位选择及其空间效应进行了研究。空间分布结果表明,20世纪90年代以来,上海外资企业在分布上表现出明显的郊区化和向近郊区局部地区（尤其是园区和新城）集聚的特征,并形成了沪西南、浦东和沪西北3大集聚区;制造业外资企业的分散和集聚推动了上海外资生产空间的郊区化重组。对制造业外资企业区位选择影响因素的分析显示：上海制造业外资企业区位选择是经济全球化与地方政府互动的过程;具体来说,传统区位因素作用在逐渐减弱,制度因素和集聚因素的作用在不断增强;制度因素内部产业优惠政策对外资的吸引力强于空间优惠政策,而国家级园区优惠政策对制造业外资企业（尤其是高技术外资企业）的吸引力则强于市级园区,上述研究对上海未来的产业及外资引进政策都具有重要的参考意义。

[Zhao Xinzheng, Ning Yuemin, Wei Yehua.Evolution and determinants of foreign production space in Shanghai. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(10): 1390-1402.]This paper studies the spatial distribution and location factors of foreign manufacture enterprises(FMES) in Shanghai based on the 2004 Economic Census data.The research shows that the location of FMES has been undergone a progress of suburbanization science since 1990,and FMES are clustering at the same time.As a result,three manufacturing clusters have formed in the suburban areas and these clusters are the main component of the new production space in Shanghai.The regression analysis shows that the influence of traditional location factors has declined,and the influence of agglomeration factors is rising,and the influence of policies is the most important.In short,this study shows that globalization is an important force that makes Shanghai a global city.

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[41]
张晓平, 孙磊. 北京市制造业空间格局演化及影响因子分析. 地理学报, 2012, 67(10): 1308-1316.制造业的空间扩散是推动城市空间结构呈现多极化、多中心地域系统的主要驱动力,对制造业区位变迁及影响因素的研究是认识城市空间重构机制的微观基础.本研 究基于北京市1996、2001、2010年制造业企业数据,以邮政编码区为空间单元,刻画了北京市制造业空间集聚格局及演化特征.采用计量模型,检验了 导致北京制造业空间重构的主要区位因子,对比了这些影响因子作用强度随时间的变化以及在制造业行业间的差异.结果表明,北京市的制造业在中心城区的集聚度 明显减弱,呈显著的郊区化集聚；主要集聚区位于距市中心半径为15～35 km的空间范围内,总体空间格局呈现出大都市区尺度上的扩散以及产业同区尺度的再集聚特征.计量模型计算结果显示,区位通达度、集聚经济、科技园区规划与 政策引导是北京制造业总体空间格局演化的主要驱动因素,但不同区位因子的作用强度存在行业间差异.本研究揭示了北京市的制造业空间重组机制是政府规划引导 下的市场经济作用机制.认识到城市经济活动空间重组中市场与政府的交互作用机理,有助于决策者对转型期大都市区制造业空间集聚和扩散格局进行更加有效地引 导,以优化大都市区的空间结构与功能体系.

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[Zhang Xiaoping, Sun Lei.Manufacture restructuring and main determinants in Beijing Metropolitan Area. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(10): 1308-1316.]At the transformation stage to post-industrialization process, the spatial distribution of economic activities in metropolitan areas tends to change greatly. As one of the key driving forces for urban restructuring, the agglomeration of manufacturing industry has important influence on urban functional optimization. Based on the manufacturing enterprises databases, this paper discussed the relationship between spatial shift of manufacturing agglomeration and the urban function restructuring in Beijing. By contrasting spatial shift of manufacturing density in Beijing metropolitan area in 1996, 2001 and 2010 respectively, the coupling relationship between the manufacturing diffusion and urban function optimization is explored. With the negative binomial models, factors affecting the location of manufacturing enterprises as well as its influence variation among sectors in Beijing are examined. The results indicated that factors such as locational accessibility, agglomeration economy, and development zones are the key determinants for manufacturing enterprises diffusing and re-agglomeration in Beijing metropolitan area. It was also explored that during the process of suburbanization, firms in different sectors can lead to different locational decisions. The high-tech manufacturing enterprises are more likely to agglomerate in central urban area compared to the resource-intensive manufacturing firms. It was concluded that both the market-oriented factors and the government planning factors have great significance on the spatial restructuring and urban function improvement of Beijing.

DOI

[42]
姜爱林. 都市型工业的涵义、现状与对策. 江苏工业学院学报, 2005, 6(2): 25-27.都市型工业是一种与传统工业相联系的轻型的、微型的、环保的和低耗的新型工业。考察我国都市型工业的现实状况、特征、行业范围和功能,可以从四个方面推进我国都市型工业的发展(1)加强规划引导,适时确定本地区的发展战略和发展重点;(2)加大政策扶持力度,及时搭建都市型工业发展的“平台”;(3)加快园区建设步伐,完善社会服务体系;(4)加快技术改造与升级,重视、培养和引进各类优秀人才。

DOI

[Jiang Ailin.Urban industry: Meaning, present situation and countermeasures. Journal of Jiangsu Polytechnic University, 2005, 6(2): 25-27.]Urban industry is a kind of light, mini, environmental protection and low consumption new industry which connected with traditional industry. Through investigating present condition of urban industry in China, and analyzing function, profession scope and feature of urban industry, four suggestions to advance urban industry were put forward: (1) to strengthen program guide, determines at the right moment the development stratagem and focal point of self region; (2) to increase supporting intensity of policy, put up in time the development " platform "of urban industry; (3) to accelerate the step of industry garden construction, perfect the social service system; (4) to accelerate technical reformation and upgrading, attach importance to, train and introduce each kind of excellent person with ability.

[43]
邵晖. 北京都市型工业发展研究. 北京社会科学, 2011, (5): 29-35.都市型工业是现代大都市经济体 系中的重要组成部分。北京市都市工业在解决城市人口就业方面发挥着明显的作用,但是因为发展滞后以及各种新兴产业的兴起,其角色正在被弱化。本文利用 2004年、2008年北京市经济普查数据进行分析,发现企业产品附加值低、缺乏规模经济效应、布局分散难以形成聚集经济效应等是北京都市型工业目前面临 的问题。对此,本文提出政府应从加强规划引导、加大政策扶持力度、加快园区建设步伐来促进北京市都市工业发展的建议。

DOI

[Shao Hui.Urban industrial development and layout in Beijing. Social Science of Beijing, 2011, (5): 29-35.]

[44]
王兴平, 方澜. 上海都市型工业发展与都市工业园区建设. 现代城市研究, 2004, (1): 42-45.以上海市为例,分析了都市型工 业和都市工业园区的概念、特点及作用;指出都市工业园区的做法为我国都市区的空间重组提供了一种新的理念和途径,并介绍了上海市在发展都市型工业和建设都 市工业园区方面的一些业绩和规划设想,通过上海市典型都市工业园区和楼宇的引介,为我国其他都市区发展都市型工业和建设都市工业园区提供借鉴。

DOI

[Wang Xingpin, Fang Lan.Development of urban industry and the constructing of urban industrial park in Shanghai. Modern Urban Research, 2004, (1): 42-45.]

[45]
Lanaspa L F, Sanz F.The evolution of the U.S. industrial landscape, 1969-1995. The Annals of Regional Science, 2003, 37(2): 239-258.

[46]
Leslie T F, Hullachain B Ó.Polycentric phoenix. Economic Geography, 2006, 82(2): 167-192.

[47]
Caves R E.International corporations: The industrial economics of foreign investment. Economica, 1971, 38: 1-27.No abstract is available for this item.

DOI

[48]
郗厚雪, 蔡寅寅. 上海市都市型工业空间组织及形成机理探讨. 中国城市研究: 电子期刊, 2013, 8(2): 108-119.都市型工业作为一种轻微型,环保和低消耗的新型工业,在我国上海最先发展,且经历了有十多年 历程.本文阐述了上海都市型工业近十年的发展概况及空间组织特点,并对其空间组织形成机制进行了初 步探索.通过研究发现,上海都市型工业发展整体情况良好;在发展速度和发展规模上,外围城区优于中 心城区,在空间布局上呈现出一种外围包围中心城区的布局特点;但就发展质量而言,中心城区要远远高 于外围城区.最后,针对上海市都市型工业表现出来的特点和问题,我们提出了一些改善的建议,希望能 够对上海都市型工业的进一步发展升级提供理论支撑.

[Xi Houxue, Cai Yinyin.Discussion on urban industrial space organizations and the formation mechanism of Shanghai. E-Journal of China Urban Studies, 2013, 8(2): 108-119.]

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