中国环境规制效率空间格局动态演变及其驱动机制
作者简介:程钰(1984- ),男,山东潍坊人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为区域可持续发展。E-mail: chengyuwyp@sina.com
收稿日期: 2015-06-15
要求修回日期: 2015-11-13
网络出版日期: 2016-01-23
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41271553, 41371170, 41501124)
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2015DQ008)
山东师范大学青年教师科研资助项目(10445024)
Spatial evolution and driving mechanism of China's environmental regulation efficiency
Received date: 2015-06-15
Request revised date: 2015-11-13
Online published: 2016-01-23
Copyright
环境规制效率评价是评估政府环境治理绩效的重要方式和途径。运用数据包络分析方法(DEA模型)测度中国环境规制效率,结合变异系数、基尼系数、空间自相关以及Tobit模型,探讨中国环境规制效率空间演变特征,并探究环境规制效率影响因素及驱动机制,研究表明:① 2000-2012年中国各地区环境规制效率呈现波动上升趋势,变异系数、基尼系数呈现“综合效率>规模效率>纯技术效率”态势;② 环境规制综合效率、纯技术效率和规模效率随着经济发展水平的提高逐渐递增,且呈现东部地区>东北地区>中部地区>西部地区的空间分异特征,环境规制效率空间集聚态势明显;③ 经济发展、城镇化、技术投入、市场化、全球化等与环境规制效率呈显著性正相关,而产业结构(工业产值占GDP比例)与环境规制效率呈显著性负相关。研究结果可为实现区域可持续发展提供一定的指导和借鉴。
程钰 , 任建兰 , 陈延斌 , 徐成龙 . 中国环境规制效率空间格局动态演变及其驱动机制[J]. 地理研究, 2016 , 35(1) : 123 -136 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201601011
Environmental issue is the focus that influences the sustainable development of China's economy and society. The negative externality of environmental pollution to production and living has become more and more serious, and the environmental awareness of the government and general public are enhancing and their environmental concepts are converting. Thus, the environmental regulation has been critical to the coordinated development of regional economy and environment, and to improve the living quality of residents and to build a harmonious society. Mid-term evaluation of the 12th Five-Year Plan, published by National Development and Reform Commission, shows that the development of 4 indexes (the proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption, unit GDP energy consumption, CO2 emission intensity, and NOx) has lagged behind. Also, hazy weather and human settlements have continuously deteriorated. The evaluation illustrates that the effects of the environmental management are unsatisfactory. Accordingly, it is necessary to reexamine the performance and driving mechanism of government's environmental investment and management. Environmental regulation efficiency evaluation is a critical method of assessing environmental governance performance. In this paper, data envelopment analysis is used to measure China's environmental regulation efficiency, and the spatial evolution are analyzed based on variable coefficient, Gini coefficient, spatial autocorrelation and Tobit model. In addition, the influencing factors and comprehensive driving mechanisms are discriminated. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The environmental regulation efficiency had an fluctuated upward trend during 2000-2012, and the variable coefficient and Gini coefficient presented a tendency of "combined efficiency > scale efficiency > pure technical efficiency"; (2) The environmental regulation combined efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency have a characteristic of spatial heterogeneity, which presents a trend of "eastern region > northeastern region > central region > western region", and the spatial agglomeration of environmental regulation efficiency is emerging; (3) The economic development, urbanization, technology input, marketization, globalization have positive correlations with environmental regulation efficiency. The industrial structure (the proportion of industrial output in GDP), however, has negative correlation with environmental regulation efficiency. In general, this paper has explored the spatial evolution and comprehensive driving mechanism of China's environmental regulation efficiency. And, it has resolved the predicament in environmental regulation that the local eco-environment is improving whereas the overall situation is declining. Furthermore, it has provided a research framework of spatial evolution's geographical processes and multi-driving mechanisms, and the key scientific topics of "process + pattern" and "element + mechanism" in geography have been strengthened. Therefore, this paper can provide reference for regional sustainable development.
Tab. 1 Assessment indicator system of China's environmental regulation efficiency表1 中国环境规制效率评价指标体系 |
| 一级指标 | 二级指标 | 三级指标 | 四级指标 | 指标方向 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中国环境规制效率评价指标体系 | 成本指标 | 人力投入指标 | 单位产值环境部门专职人员数(人) | (+) |
| 物力投入指标 | 单位产值环境污染治理设施数(台) | (+) | ||
| 财力投入指标 | 单位产值环境污染治理投资总额(万元) | (+) | ||
| 环境污染治理投资率(%) | (+) | |||
| 收益指标 | 污染控制指标 | 工业烟尘去除率(%) | (+) | |
| 工业粉尘去除率(%) | (+) | |||
| 工业SO2去除率(%) | (+) | |||
| 工业固体废物综合利用率(%) | (+) | |||
| 工业废水排放达标率(%) | (+) | |||
| 环境质量指标 | 森林覆盖率(%) | (+) | ||
| 人均公园绿地(m2) | (+) | |||
| 单位产值COD排放量(t/万元) | (-) | |||
| 单位产值SO2排放量(t/万元) | (-) | |||
| 单位产值固体废弃物排放量(t/万元) | (-) |
Fig. 1 The trend of China's environmental regulation efficiency during 2000-2012图1 2000-2012年中国环境规制效率变动趋势 |
Fig. 2 Variable coefficient and Gini coefficient of China's environmental regulation efficiency during 2000-2012图2 2000-2012年中国环境规制效率变异系数与基尼系数 |
Fig. 3 Breaking point's classification of China's environmental regulation efficiency图3 中国环境规制效率断裂点分级 |
Tab. 2 Global autocorrelation of China's environmental regulation efficiency during 2000-2012表2 2000-2012年中国环境规制效率全局自相关情况 |
| 综合效率 | 2000年 | 2004年 | 2008年 | 2012年 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moran's I | 0.307 | 0.363 | 0.375 | 0.382 |
| Z(I) | 3.151 | 3.648 | 3.707 | 3.804 |
| P(I) | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| 纯技术效率 | 2000年 | 2004年 | 2008年 | 2012年 |
| Moran's I | 0.492 | 0.378 | 0.458 | 0.417 |
| Z(I) | 4.506 | 3.947 | 4.356 | 3.928 |
| P(I) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| 规模效率 | 2000年 | 2004年 | 2008年 | 2012年 |
| Moran's I | 0.203 | 0.221 | 0.359 | 0.401 |
| Z(I) | 2.164 | 2.243 | 3.234 | 3.710 |
| P(I) | 0.029 | 0.021 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Fig. 4 Hotspots and coldspots evolution trend of China's environmental regulation efficiency图4 中国环境规制效率冷热点演变趋势 |
Tab. 3 Panel data's stationary test表3 面板数据的平稳性检验 |
| 变量 | IPS | LLC | 结论 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 检验形式(C,T,L) | IPS-W统计量 | P值 | 检验形式(C,T,L) | LLC-T统计量 | P值 | |||
| ERC | (1,1,0) | -3.36 | 0.00 | (1,0,0) | -3.47 | 0.00 | 平稳 | |
| TC | (1,0,0) | -9.33 | 0.00 | (1,0,0) | -13.05 | 0.00 | 平稳 | |
| SC | (1,0,0) | -6.51 | 0.00 | (1,0,0) | -9.82 | 0.00 | 平稳 | |
| EDL | (1,0,0) | -5.18 | 0.00 | (1,0,0) | -9.69 | 0.00 | 平稳 | |
| ES | (1,0,0) | -8.47 | 0.00 | (1,0,0) | -4.04 | 0.00 | 平稳 | |
| UI | (1,0,0) | -5.15 | 0.00 | (1,0,0) | -9.16 | 0.00 | 平稳 | |
| MI | (1,0,0) | -3.35 | 0.00 | (1,0,0) | -3.82 | 0.00 | 平稳 | |
| TDL | (1,0,0) | -6.08 | 0.00 | (1,0,0) | -9.11 | 0.00 | 平稳 | |
| OPEN | (1,0,0) | -6.34 | 0.00 | (1,0,0) | -5.77 | 0.00 | 平稳 | |
Tab. 4 Influencing factors of China's environmental regulation efficiency表4 中国环境规制效率影响因素 |
| 估计结果 Ⅰ | 估计结果 Ⅱ | 估计结果 Ⅲ | 估计结果 Ⅳ | 估计结果 Ⅴ | 估计结果 Ⅵ | 估计结果 Ⅶ | 估计结果 Ⅷ | 估计结果 Ⅸ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 被解释变量 | ERC | ERC | ERC | TC | TC | TC | SC | SC | SC |
| 估计方法 | 固定效应 | 随机效应 | 面板Tobit | 固定效应 | 随机效应 | 面板Tobit | 固定效应 | 随机效应 | 面板Tobit |
| EDL | 0.0490** | 0.0856*** | 0.0849*** | 0.1030*** | 0.0914*** | 0.0910*** | 0.1500*** | 0.1626*** | 0.1640*** |
| 0.0253 | 0.0162 | 0.0168 | 0.0198 | 0.0164 | 0.0163 | 0.0278 | 0.0162 | 0.0164 | |
| ES | -0.0123*** | -0.0094*** | -0.0101*** | -0.0069*** | -0.0067*** | -0.0067*** | -0.0075*** | -0.0049*** | -0.0052*** |
| 0.0016 | 0.0013 | 0.0014 | 0.0012 | 0.0012 | 0.0012 | 0.0017 | 0.0012 | 0.0013 | |
| UI | 0.0018* | 0.0014* | 0.0015** | 0.0024** | 0.0025** | 0.0025** | 0.0015 | 0.0007 | 0.0008 |
| 0.0010 | 0.0009 | 0.0009 | 0.0008 | 0.0008 | 0.0008 | 0.0011 | 0.0009 | 0.0009 | |
| MI | 0.0035** | 0.0040** | 0.0039*** | 0.0043*** | 0.0043*** | 0.0043*** | 0.0008 | 0.0015 | 0.0014 |
| 0.0011 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 | 0.0008 | 0.0008 | 0.0008 | 0.0012 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 | |
| TDL | 0.0952*** | 0.0445*** | 0.0493*** | 0.0238 | 0.0266* | 0.0266* | 0.0619* | 0.0272* | 0.0291** |
| 0.0226 | 0.0119 | 0.0137 | 0.0177 | 0.0141 | 0.0138 | 0.0249 | 0.0105 | 0.0115 | |
| OPEN | 0.0360* | 0.0196* | 0.0200** | 0.0179 | 0.0290* | 0.0295* | 0.0163 | 0.0148 | 0.0140 |
| 0.0183 | 0.0123 | 0.0130 | 0.0143 | 0.0127 | 0.0128 | 0.0201 | 0.0113 | 0.0119 | |
| Constant | -1.1767*** | -1.0280*** | -1.0467*** | -0.9583*** | -0.9419*** | -0.9408*** | -1.6816*** | -1.5188*** | -1.5358*** |
| 0.1329 | 0.1136 | 0.1156 | 0.1043 | 0.1008 | 0.0997 | 0.1462 | 0.1169 | 0.1192 | |
| R2 | 0.4973 | 0.4836 | 0.6148 | 0.6140 | 0.5711 | 0.5639 | |||
| F | 9.28*** | 44.48*** | 5.68*** | ||||||
| 个体效应标准差 | 0.1289 | 0.0710 | 0.0851 | 0.1433 | 0.1402 | 0.1351 | 0.0904 | 0.0548 | 0.0623 |
| 干扰项标准差 | 0.0870 | 0.0870 | 0.0873 | 0.0683 | 0.0683 | 0.0677 | 0.0957 | 0.0957 | 0.0956 |
| PHO | 0.6868 | 0.3996 | 0.4872 | 0.8151 | 0.8083 | 0.7992 | 0.4716 | 0.2467 | 0.2982 |
| 似然比检验 | 329.2084 | 400.1768 | 307.2672 |
注:*、**和***分别表示10%、5%和1%水平上的显著。 |
Fig. 5 Comprehensive driving mechanism of the spatial evolution of China's environmental regulation efficiency图5 中国环境规制效率空间格局演变综合驱动机制 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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