中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚、机理及其科学问题
作者简介:关兴良(1985- ),男,江西吉安人,博士,主要从事区域与城市发展规划研究。E-mail: guanxingliang@126.com
收稿日期: 2015-06-28
要求修回日期: 2015-11-13
网络出版日期: 2016-02-20
基金资助
国家社会科学基金重大项目(14ZDA026)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(71433008)
中国社会科学院创新工程项目
中国科技战略咨询研究院重大咨询项目(2015)
Patterns and driving mechanism of spatial agglomerationduring the urbanization process in China
Received date: 2015-06-28
Request revised date: 2015-11-13
Online published: 2016-02-20
Copyright
构建科学合理的城镇化空间格局,是推进新型城镇化的内在要求,对提升城镇化质量和推动城镇化健康发展具有重要意义。基于统计数据和地理信息技术,深刻揭示了中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚态势及其造成的突出矛盾,从理论视角综合考察了城镇化进程中的空间集聚形成机理,并简要探讨了优化城镇化空间格局的政策建议。研究表明,改革开放以来中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚态势十分明显,人口、资源、要素和产业大规模向东部沿海地区集聚,并在空间上形成了若干个城市和人口密集区。造成这种空间集聚态势的因素是多方面的,自然本底条件和资源禀赋的地带性差异起到基础性作用,国家发展战略的东部偏向及资源要素的空间集聚效应是外部条件,而更深层次的基本动力源于区域之间日益拉大的发展差距。应该看到,改革开放以来中国人口与产业向东部地区集聚具有一定的历史必然性,但二者的空间集聚未能协同一致,由此导致两个“不协调”,即人口分布与产业及就业岗位分布的不协调及人口、经济分布与资源环境承载能力的不协调。这两个“不协调”造成了数以亿计的“两栖”农民工跨区域迁移、能源与大宗商品的跨区域流动、局部地区资源环境面临巨大压力、不稳定因素和社会矛盾日益激化等突出问题。要构建高效、均衡、安全的城镇化空间格局,其本质就是要实现区域协调发展,即不单纯要强调人的繁荣,还要强调地域的繁荣。“产业西进”和“人口东移”是优化中国城镇化空间格局和形态的战略重点。
关兴良 , 魏后凯 , 鲁莎莎 , 邓羽 . 中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚、机理及其科学问题[J]. 地理研究, 2016 , 35(2) : 227 -241 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201602003
Establishing a scientific and reasonable spatial pattern of urbanization, which has a significant meaning in improving the quality of urbanization and promoting the healthy development of urbanization, is the inherent requirement to advance a new type of urbanization. Based on statistical data and geographic information technology, the paper profoundly reveals the situation on spatial agglomeration during the urbanization process in China as well as the corresponding prominent contradiction, comprehensively examines the mechanism of the spatial agglomeration from the theoretical aspect, and briefly discusses the policy and suggestion of optimizing the spatial layout of urbanization. This paper argues that the spatial agglomeration during the urbanization process in China has been significant since the economic reforms and opening up policy initiated in 1978. Population, resources, elements and industries agglomerated in the eastern coastal area in large scale, forming several city clusters and densely inhabited regions. The spatial agglomeration of various elements was found to be related to many factors. To be specific, the regional difference in the natural background conditions and resources endowment is the fundamental condition while the east-oriented national development strategy and the agglomeration effect of the resource elements are the external conditions. However, the underlying impetus is increasingly widening development gap between regions. It should be noted that there is a certain historical inevitability for the agglomeration of population and industry in the eastern region. However, the scale and speed of the spatial agglomeration in relation to population and industry failed to be consistent, which result in two unharmonious problems—the mismatch of the spatial distribution of population and industry as well as the mismatch of the spatial distribution of population, industry, resources and environment. These two inharmonious problems have caused several prominent problems such as the transfer of hundreds of millions of "amphibious migratory" type of migrant workers, the cross-regional flow of energy and bulk commodities, the tremendous pressure of resources and environment in the eastern region, and the increasingly intensified instability factors and social contradictions. The essence to establish an efficient, balanced and safe spatial pattern of urbanization is to realize a regional harmonious development, not only emphasizing people's prosperity, but also highlighting the regional prosperity. There are two core strategies—"industry shift to the west" and "population shift to the east"—launched to optimize the spatial layout of urbanization.
Key words: urbanization; spatial layout; spatial agglomeration; driving mechanism; China
Tab. 1 The urban scale of the four regions in China in 2012表1 2012年中国四大区域城市规模结构 |
| 项目 | 合计 | 200万以上 | 100万~200万 | 50万~100万 | 20万~50万 | 20万以下 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 2012 | 2000 | 2012 | 2000 | 2012 | 2000 | 2012 | 2000 | 2012 | 2000 | 2012 | ||
| 全国 | 城市个数 | 665 | 655 | 13 | 26 | 25 | 39 | 54 | 95 | 220 | 250 | 353 | 245 |
| 人口比例(%) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 22.5 | 33.1 | 14.6 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 18.8 | 28.9 | 22.8 | 18.5 | 9.5 | |
| 东部地区 | 城市个数 | 249 | 233 | 5 | 14 | 10 | 22 | 18 | 38 | 95 | 104 | 121 | 55 |
| 人口比例(%) | 42.3 | 48.8 | 12.2 | 20.2 | 5.9 | 8.9 | 5.4 | 7.7 | 12.4 | 9.9 | 6.5 | 2.1 | |
| 东北地区 | 城市个数 | 90 | 89 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 12 | 14 | 28 | 26 | 42 | 40 |
| 人口比例(%) | 16.6 | 12.4 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 1.7 | |
| 中部地区 | 城市个数 | 168 | 168 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 19 | 27 | 50 | 61 | 92 | 70 |
| 人口比例(%) | 21.9 | 19.3 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 6.6 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 2.7 | |
| 西部地区 | 城市个数 | 158 | 165 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 16 | 47 | 59 | 98 | 80 |
| 人口比例%) | 19.1 | 19.5 | 3.7 | 5.6 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 2.9 | |
注:城市人口规模按非农业人口分组,人口比例指非农业人口;资料来源:根据《中国人口和就业统计年鉴》(2013)计算。 |
Fig. 1 The density of urban population and cities among the provinces in China图1 中国各省城镇人口和城市数量的密度分布图 注:图中分界线为胡焕庸线;数据来源于《中国城市建设统计年鉴》(2011) |
Tab. 2 The urban scale of the southeast and northwest of Hu Huanyong Line in 2011表2 2011年胡焕庸线之东南地区和西北地区的城市规模结构 |
| 项目 | 合计 | 200万以上 | 100万~200万 | 50万~100万 | 20万~50万 | 20万以下 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全国 | 城市个数 | 657 | 35 | 38 | 99 | 267 | 218 |
| 人口比例(%) | 100.0 | 43.0 | 12.5 | 17.0 | 20.4 | 7.2 | |
| 胡焕庸线之 东南地区 | 城市个数 | 589 | 34 | 33 | 96 | 245 | 181 |
| 人口比例(%) | 94.3 | 42.2 | 10.6 | 16.5 | 18.7 | 6.2 | |
| 胡焕庸线之 西北地区 | 城市个数 | 68 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 22 | 37 |
| 人口比例(%) | 5.7 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 1.0 | |
注:人口为城市的城区人口,包括暂住人口;资料来源:根据《中国城市建设统计年鉴》(2011)计算。 |
Fig. 2 The distribution of Chinese cities along the main roads and rivers图2 中国沿交通干道和大江大河城市分布带 资料来源:根据《中国城市建设统计年鉴》(2011)绘制 |
Fig 3. The matching degree between population and industry among different regions in China图3 中国不同区域人口和产业不匹配指数 资料来源:根据《新中国55统计资料汇编》和《中国统计年鉴》(2006-2013年)数据计算 |
Fig. 4 The grid density of population in urban area of Chinese cities in 2011图4 2011年中国城市城区人口格网密度分布图 资料来源:根据《中国城市建设统计年鉴》(2011)绘制 |
Tab. 3 Energy consumption and its cross-regional transfer among different regions in China表3 中国不同地区能源消耗及跨省调入(出)量分布 |
| 地区 | 煤消费量 (亿 t) | 油品消费量 (亿 t) | 天然气消费量 (十亿 m3) | 电力(百亿 kw/h) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 外省 调入量 | 本省 调出量 | 外省 调入量 | 本省 调出量 | 外省 调入量 | 本省 调出量 | 外省 调入量 | 本省 调出量 | |||||
| 东部地区 | 17.23 | 13.34 | 1.85 | 3.15 | 2.97 | 2.37 | 68.40 | 52.23 | 2.04 | 260.05 | 49.10 | 4.28 |
| 中部地区 | 13.42 | 5.33 | 7.27 | 1.08 | 0.66 | 0.48 | 24.81 | 15.82 | 1.56 | 117.61 | 13.74 | 26.85 |
| 西部地区 | 13.00 | 2.58 | 12.16 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.69 | 52.06 | 12.07 | 76.69 | 128.20 | 7.68 | 37.43 |
| 全国 | 43.65 | 21.25 | 21.28 | 5.24 | 4.60 | 3.54 | 145.27 | 80.13 | 80.29 | 505.87 | 70.51 | 68.56 |
资料来源:根据《中国能源统计年鉴2013》整理计算。 |
Fig. 5 The share of manufacturing among the provinces in China in 1990, 2000 and 2011图5 1990-2011年中国省份制造业在全国所占份额 资料来源:根据《中国工业经济统计年鉴》(1991年、2001年和2012年)计算 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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