多适应目标下的山地城市社会—生态系统脆弱性评价
作者简介:温晓金(1987- ),女,山东莱芜人,博士研究生,研究方向土地利用与社会—生态系统等研究。E-mail: wenxiaojin2008@163.com
收稿日期: 2015-08-06
要求修回日期: 2015-12-22
网络出版日期: 2016-02-20
基金资助
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2014JM5209)
陕西高校人文社会科学青年英才支持计划(HSSTP)
Assessment on the vulnerability of social-ecological systems in a mountainous city depending on multi-targets adaption
Received date: 2015-08-06
Request revised date: 2015-12-22
Online published: 2016-02-20
Copyright
面对全球环境变化,识别社会—生态系统脆弱性是可持续性研究的核心议题。山地城市发展条件受地形、建设用地和生态环境等因素的制约,其人地关系更为脆弱,国土空间开发与保护需要权衡。针对人类—环境耦合系统的脆弱性评价存在时空精度较粗、目标过于含糊的问题,以秦岭山地的商洛市为例,基于主体功能区划方案设置不同适应目标,构建包括32个指标42项数据的山地城市社会—生态系统脆弱性评价体系。结果表明:在空间差异上,柞水县的脆弱性程度较低,洛南县脆弱性程度最高;在1997-2013年间,脆弱性低值样本随时间变化有所升高,高值样本于2003-2008年间达到峰值;全市域脆弱性空间差异存在先增加后减少的趋势,并在2013年差异达到最小,区域差距有所缓和。在多适应目标下,商州区在重点开发导向下脆弱性最低,而柞水县、镇安县和商南县等更适于限制开发导向,不同适应目标导向会对脆弱性评价结果产生影响。在较高时空精度上探讨山地城市社会—生态系统的脆弱性,可为区域可持续发展提供定量指引,采用的多适应目标情景设置可以作为区域社会发展评价研究的一种新思路。
关键词: 社会—生态系统脆弱性; 可持续发展; 逼近理想解的排序方法(TOPSIS); 主体功能区
温晓金 , 杨新军 , 王子侨 . 多适应目标下的山地城市社会—生态系统脆弱性评价[J]. 地理研究, 2016 , 35(2) : 299 -312 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201602008
In face of environmental changes at the global level, understanding vulnerability of social-ecological system has become a hotspot in sustainability research. The development of mountainous city is restricted by many key factors including terrain, construction land, and ecological risk. Since the relationship between human and natural systems is complex, analysis of urban development and environmental conservation is important and needs to be addressed. However, spatiotemporal scales in previous research are usually coarse and thus cannot provide fine information. In order to overcome this issue, we take Shangluo city, a mountainous city in Shaanxi province as an example and study an array of spatiotemporal metrics. Specifically, we first analyzed the major function oriented zone and then used 32 indices and 42 datasets to build a vulnerability evaluation system. The results show Zhashui county has a relatively low degree of vulnerability, while Luonan county has the highest vulnerability. The value of low vulnerability samples increases from 1997 to 2013, while the value of high vulnerability samples reaches the peak in 2003-2008. For entire Shangluo city, the spatial differences of vulnerability experienced an inverse U-shaped dynamic change, i.e., increasing first and then decreasing. Finally, the difference reached its minimum in 2013, which leads to an alleviation of regional differences. Under the multiple adaptive targets, Shangzhou district has the lowest vulnerability in the major development orientation, while Zhashui county, Zhen'an county, and Shangnan county are more suitable to limited development orientation. This indicates that different adaptive target orientation may have different influences on the evaluation results. In this study, the vulnerability of social-ecological system has been identified at a fine spatiotemporal scale, which could provide fine information to regional sustainable development. Moreover, the procedure of setting multiple adaptive targets can be referenced by other regions which have similar problems.
Fig. 1 The location of the study area图1 研究区概况 |
Tab. 1 Indicators in evaluating the SES vulnerability of mountainous cities表1 山地城市脆弱性评价指标体系 |
| 准则层 | 指标 | 权重 | 要素内容 | 考核方向 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 暴露 | 地质灾害 | 0.0463 | 地质灾害易发等级乘人口 | + + + |
| 降水侵蚀 | 0.0231 | 多年平均降雨侵蚀力比农业总产值 | + + + | |
| 高温频次 | 0.0112 | 近30年高温日数乘人口 | + + + | |
| 涵养水源 | 0.0328 | 潜在蒸散发乘人口 | + + + | |
| 植被退化 | 0.0601 | NDVI下降斜率平均值比GDP增长量 | + + + | |
| 城市扩展 | 0.0488 | 灯光亮度增加总量比人口增长量 | - + + | |
| 工业废气 | 0.0370 | 单位GDP工业SO2排放量 | + + + | |
| 工业废水 | 0.0370 | 单位GDP工业废水排放量 | + + + | |
| 面源污染 | 0.0370 | 单位耕地化肥、农药使用量 | + + + | |
| 敏感性 | 地形起伏 | 0.0197 | 高程、坡度 | + - + |
| 植被覆盖 | 0.0299 | 平均NDVI | - - - | |
| 土壤质量 | 0.0123 | 土壤有机碳 | - - - | |
| 经济实力 | 0.0212 | GDP | - - - | |
| 经济效率 | 0.0213 | 人均GDP | - - - | |
| 人口结构 | 0.0427 | 性别比失衡程度 | + + + | |
| 人口密集 | 0.0427 | 人口密度、人口自然增长率 | - + - | |
| 农业人口 | 0.0154 | 农业人口比重 | + + + | |
| 粮食安全 | 0.0474 | 人均耕地面积、有效灌溉面积比例 | - + - | |
| 农业发展 | 0.0208 | 农业产值比重、农业总产值 | + + - | |
| 工业发展 | 0.0306 | 第二产业比重 | - + + | |
| 三产转型 | 0.0294 | 第三产业比重 | - - - | |
| 适应能力 | 人口迁移 | 0.0274 | 人口迁移比(迁入/迁出) | - + + |
| 消费支出 | 0.0206 | 社会消费品零售总额、财政支出 | - - - | |
| 植树造林 | 0.0540 | 造林面积 | - - - | |
| 粮食生产 | 0.0306 | 人均粮食产量 | - + - | |
| 公路交通 | 0.0433 | 公路总里程 | - - - | |
| 邮电通讯 | 0.0162 | 固定电话户数、邮电业务总量 | - - - | |
| 旅游产业 | 0.0720 | 旅游人数、旅游总收入 | - - - | |
| 教育水平 | 0.0174 | 中小学生在校数 | - - - | |
| 医疗保障 | 0.0174 | 每千人卫生床位数,卫生机构数 | - - - | |
| 市民生计 | 0.0177 | 城镇居民可支配收入、职工年平均工资 | - - - | |
| 农户生计 | 0.0167 | 农村居民人均纯收入 | - - - |
注:考核方向中,+表示正向指标强化区域SES脆弱性,-表示负向指标遏制区域SES脆弱性,顺序依次为重点开发区、重点生态功能区、农产品主产区。 |
Fig. 2 The distribution of SES vulnerability level on county scale图2 商洛市县域SES脆弱性等级分布 |
Fig. 3 Time alteration of SES vulnerability on county scale图3 商洛市县域SES脆弱性时间变化 |
Fig. 4 The scenario of SES vulnerability in different adaption targets图4 商洛市不同适应目标下的SES脆弱性情景 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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