中国城市非正规就业的发展特征与城市化效应
作者简介:黄耿志(1986- ),男,广东汕尾人,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为城市化,非正规经济与全球城市.E-mail: hhhgz@126.com
收稿日期: 2015-09-21
要求修回日期: 2015-12-17
网络出版日期: 2016-03-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41401169)
广东省自然科学基金项目(2015A030313842)
国际地区交流与合作项目(41320104001)
The development of urban informal employment and its effect on urbanization in China
Received date: 2015-09-21
Request revised date: 2015-12-17
Online published: 2016-03-20
Copyright
在城市化过程中,大部分农村剩余劳动力并未进入城市正规部门,而进入非正规部门,但关于非正规就业对城市化的作用却不清楚.基于国际劳工组织提出的中国城市非正规就业估算方案,采用协整和误差修正模型测度与解释非正规就业对城市化的作用.自1990年以来,非正规就业已发展成为中国城市就业的主要方式和就业增长的主要来源,其空间分布总体上呈现自东部,中部到西部依次减少的特征,其在城市就业的比重与城市化水平的关系符合倒U形的规律.模型显示:尽管短期内非正规就业,正规就业和城市化之间存在波动关系,但长期看非正规就业对城市化具有显著的推动作用,非正规就业每增长1%,推动城市化水平提高0.1%.这种作用主要体现在非正规就业推动农村人口向城市地区的转移过程与劳动力在正规就业与非正规就业之间的流动过程.结论强调,中国城市化面临的挑战不仅是失业问题,而更多是如何应对处于社会保障系统以外的非正规就业问题.
黄耿志 , 薛德升 , 张虹鸥 . 中国城市非正规就业的发展特征与城市化效应[J]. 地理研究, 2016 , 35(3) : 442 -454 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201603004
In the process of urbanization, a large number of rural labor forces do not enter urban formal sectors, but get employed in informal sectors. This fact leads to a neglect of the effect of urban informal employment on urbanization when we examine the relationship between urban employment and urbanization on the basis of normal statistical data. By using the co-integration test and error correction model, this paper explores the effects of urban informal employment on the urbanization measured by the proportion of urban population in total population. It develops an estimation method to measure urban informal employment in China based on the International Labor Organization's definition of informal employment. It is found that from 1990 to 2010 urban informal employment in China has grown to be a primary source of the growth of urban employment. In 2010, urban informal employment accounted for 50.7% of total urban employment. In particular, the unregistered employment as part of informal employment accounted for 32.8% of urban employment. Moreover, most of urban informal employment is geographically concentrated in provinces of eastern China. The models show that the relationship between informal employment, formal employment and urbanization is characterized with a stable equilibrium in the long term due to the existence of a regulatory mechanism within the urbanization system although this relationship is fluctuant in the short term. It is testified that the growth of urban informal employment contributes to the development of urbanization. That urban informal employment grows by 1% will contribute to an increase of urbanization rate by 0.1%. Informal employment should be considered as a condition of China's rapid urbanization in the post-reform era. It has been widely noted that a basic conflict of China's urbanization is the gap between the unlimited supply of rural labor forces and the limited ability of cities to absorb them. This paper suggests that informal employment should serve as a solution to this conflict. It is argued that the challenge to China's urbanization is not only from the problem of unemployment, but also from how to tackle urban informal employment outside the social welfare system. Dealing with the problem of the latter is also an important task of the global program called "decent work" which has been promoted by the International Labor Organization in the past decades.
Key words: informal economy; informal employment; development; urbanization
Tab. 1 The definition of urban informal employment in China based on the ILO standard表1 基于ILO方案的中国城市非正规就业判别 |
| ILO标准 | 标准内容 | 移植到中国的解释 | 对应企业----就业类型 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 法人性质 | 非正规企业不具有法人身份 | 非正规企业由自然人组成① | 个体工商户----个体就业 |
| 企业规模 | 非正规企业雇佣人数不超过5人 | 非正规企业雇佣人数不超过7人② | 个体工商户----个体就业 |
| 会计核算 | 非正规企业不具有会计核算账户 | 非正规企业可不进行会计建账③ | 个体工商户----个体就业 |
| 是否登记注册,签订合同 | 非正规企业没有登记,不与雇员签订劳动合同 | 非正规企业无证照经营,不与员工签订劳动合同 | 个体工商户----个体就业 私营企业----未签订劳动合同的就业 未登记企业----未被统计的就业 |
注:① 根据《民法通则》第二章第二十九条,个体工商户为自然人.② 中国个体工商户是雇工规模最小的经济单位,虽然新版《个体工商户条例》对雇工人数不再做规定,但旧版条例规定不超过7人,且根据《中国私营经济年鉴》(2010-2011)全国个体工商户户均雇工人数只有2.1人;而根据《私营企业暂行条例》,雇工超过8人以上的经济组织则属于私营企业.③ 根据《个体工商户建账管理暂行办法》,达不到建账标准的个体户,经县以上税务机关批准,可不建账. |
Fig. 1 The composition of urban formal and informal employment in China图1 中国城市正规就业和非正规就业的组成 |
Tab. 2 The estimation of the scale of urban informal employment in China (1990-2010)表2 1990-2010年中国城市非正规就业的估算结果 |
| 年份 | 城市化率 (%) | 城市就业总数(万人) | 城市正规就业数(万人) | 城市非正规就业数(万人) | 城市个体就业数 (万人) | 城市私营非正规就业数 (万人) | 未登记注册城市就业数 (万人) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 26.41 | 17041 | 14072 | 2969 | 614 | 42 | 2313 |
| 1991 | 26.94 | 17465 | 14525 | 2940 | 692 | 49 | 2199 |
| 1992 | 27.46 | 17861 | 14816 | 3045 | 740 | 69 | 2236 |
| 1993 | 27.99 | 18262 | 14890 | 3372 | 930 | 127 | 2315 |
| 1994 | 28.51 | 18653 | 15361 | 3292 | 1225 | 220 | 1847 |
| 1995 | 29.04 | 19040 | 15467 | 3573 | 1560 | 309 | 1704 |
| 1996 | 30.48 | 19922 | 15454 | 4468 | 1709 | 378 | 2381 |
| 1997 | 31.91 | 20781 | 15333 | 5448 | 1919 | 436 | 3093 |
| 1998 | 33.35 | 21616 | 13123 | 8493 | 2259 | 536 | 5698 |
| 1999 | 34.78 | 22412 | 12616 | 9796 | 2414 | 545 | 6837 |
| 2000 | 36.22 | 23151 | 12241 | 10910 | 2136 | 612 | 8162 |
| 2001 | 37.66 | 24123 | 11971 | 12152 | 2131 | 679 | 9342 |
| 2002 | 39.09 | 25159 | 12061 | 13098 | 2269 | 807 | 10022 |
| 2003 | 40.53 | 26230 | 12438 | 13792 | 2377 | 916 | 10499 |
| 2004 | 41.76 | 27293 | 12924 | 14369 | 2521 | 1007 | 10841 |
| 2005 | 42.99 | 28389 | 13606 | 14783 | 2778 | 1078 | 10928 |
| 2006 | 44.34 | 29630 | 14309 | 15321 | 3012 | 1131 | 11178 |
| 2007 | 45.89 | 30953 | 15076 | 15877 | 3310 | 1306 | 11261 |
| 2008 | 46.99 | 32103 | 15636 | 16467 | 3609 | 1460 | 11398 |
| 2009 | 48.34 | 33322 | 16288 | 17034 | 4245 | 1580 | 11209 |
| 2010 | 49.95 | 34687 | 17107 | 17580 | 4467 | 1730 | 11382 |
Tab. 3 The scale and types of urban informal employment in cities of China in 1990 and 2010表3 1990年和2010年中国城市非正规就业规模和类型 |
| 就业类型 | 1990年 | 2010年 | 1990-2010年期间 年均增速(%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 规模(百万) | 比重(%) | 规模(百万) | 比重(%) | |||
| 总就业 | 170.4 | 100.0 | 346.9 | 100.0 | 3.6 | |
| 正规就业 | 140.7 | 82.6 | 171.1 | 49.3 | 1.0 | |
| 非正规就业 | 29.7 | 17.4 | 175.8 | 50.7 | 9.3 | |
| 登记注册部分 私营就业 个体就业 | 6.5 0.4 6.1 | 3.8 0.2 3.6 | 62.0 17.3 44.7 | 17.9 5.0 12.9 | 11.9 20.4 10.4 | |
| 未登记注册部分 | 23.1 | 13.6 | 113.8 | 32.8 | 8.3 | |
Tab. 4 The percentage of provincial urban informal employment in the national total in 2010 (%)表4 2010年各省城市非正规就业占全国总量的比重(%) |
| 东部 | 中部 | 西部 | 东北 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 北京(0.80) | 山东(8.17) | 山西(1.75) | 内蒙古(1.87) | 陕西(2.14) | 辽宁(3.45) |
| 天津(1.20) | 广东(14.10) | 安徽(4.56) | 广西(3.36) | 甘肃(1.06) | 吉林(1.85) |
| 河北(5.59) | 海南(0.52) | 江西(3.26) | 重庆(1.98) | 青海(0.30) | 黑龙江(2.26) |
| 上海(2.91) | 合计(48.2) | 河南(4.86) | 四川(4.83) | 宁夏(0.44) | 合计(7.56) |
| 江苏(7.29) | 湖北(4.46) | 贵州(1.51) | 新疆(0.85) | ||
| 浙江(4.55) | 湖南(4.41) | 云南(2.48) | 合计(20.94) | ||
| 福建(3.07) | 合计(23.30) | 西藏(0.12) | |||
Fig. 2 The relationship between urbanization and urban informal employment in China (1990-2010)图2 1990-2010年中国城市化与城市非正规就业发展的关系 |
Tab. 5 The result of ADF test of variables表5 变量的ADF单位根检验结果 |
| 变量 | 检验 形式 | ADF 统计值 | 大小 比较 | 临界值 | 是否 平稳 | 变量一阶差分 | 检验 形式 | ADF 统计值 | 大小 比较 | 临界值 | 是否 平稳 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| URt | 0,0,1 | -0.1174 | > | -1.6* | 不平稳 | ΔURt | 0,0,1 | -3.1429 | < | -2.66*** | 平稳 |
| C,0,1 | -2.094 | > | -2.63* | C,0,1 | -3.0768 | < | -3.00** | ||||
| C,T,1 | -1.8999 | > | -3.24* | C,T,1 | -3.2511 | < | -3.24* | ||||
| FEt | 0,0,1 | -1.449 | > | -1.6* | 不平稳 | ΔFEt | 0,0,1 | -3.7126 | < | -2.66*** | 平稳 |
| C,0,1 | -1.4502 | > | -2.63* | C,0,1 | -3.6023 | < | -3.00** | ||||
| C,T,1 | -1.9139 | > | -3.24* | C,T,1 | -3.5716 | < | -3.24* | ||||
| IEt | 0,0,1 | -1.149 | > | -1.6* | 不平稳 | ΔIEt | 0,0,1 | -3.5507 | < | -2.66*** | 平稳 |
| C,0,1 | -1.7551 | > | -2.63* | C,0,1 | -3.4291 | < | -3.00** | ||||
| C,T,1 | -2.0788 | > | -3.24* | C,T,1 | -3.3556 | < | -3.24* |
注:检验形式(C,T,N)分别表示含常数项,含常数项和趋势项,滞后阶数;*表示在10%显著水平,**表示在5%显著水平,***表示在1%显著水平. |
Fig. 3 The variables sequence after the first order difference图3 变量一阶差分序列图 |
Tab. 6 The ADF test of the residual of the co-integration equation表6 协整方程残差序列的ADF检验结果 |
| 变量 | 检验形式 | ADF统计值 | 大小比较 | 临界值 | 是否平稳 | 是否协整 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 残差序列ut | 0,0,1 | -1.9619 | < | -1.95** | 平稳 | 是 |
注:**表示在5%显著水平. |
Tab. 7 The Box-Ljung test of the residual of ECM表7 ECM残差序列的Box-Ljung检验结果 |
| 变量 | 检验统计量 | P值 | 大小比较 | 置信度 | 是否为白噪声 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECM残差序列 | 0.0546 | 0.8152 | > | 0.1 | 是 |
Fig. 4 The roles of urban informal employment in the urbanization图4 城市非正规就业对城市化的作用 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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