明后期延绥镇长城沿线屯垦的时空分布特征
作者简介:舒时光(1980- ),男,湖北武汉人,博士,主要从事区域与城市历史地理、环境变迁研究。E-mail: shushiguang@163.com
收稿日期: 2015-12-08
要求修回日期: 2016-03-04
网络出版日期: 2016-04-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41230634,41330748)
The temporal and spatial distribution of settlements in the area along the Great Wall in Yansui Town during the late Ming Dynasty
Received date: 2015-12-08
Request revised date: 2016-03-04
Online published: 2016-04-20
Copyright
毛乌素沙地及周边地区的环境问题,一直受到学术界的关注。明代延绥镇土地利用方式及规模对毛乌素沙地南缘的影响及其程度,也成为重要研究内容。从军地类型、分布及数量,可以看出万历时期延绥镇屯垦有巨大发展。运用历史地理学的历史文献研究等方法,揭示了延绥镇近边垦地的利用格局,探明了明万历末年延绥镇36城堡草场地与军垦地分布及数量。万历年间延绥镇近边地区景观的时空特征主要是军事和地理环境共同决定的。万历末至崇祯年间,由于连年战乱及自然灾害,延绥近边垦地的农业生产遭受了毁灭性的破坏,抛荒率基本在90%以上。明军垦的发展对此阶段毛乌素沙地南移的影响不大,自然原因可能是毛乌素沙漠变迁的根本原因。
舒时光 , 邓辉 , 吴承忠 . 明后期延绥镇长城沿线屯垦的时空分布特征[J]. 地理研究, 2016 , 35(4) : 790 -802 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201604016
Environmental issues in the Mu Us Sandy Land and the surrounding area have been arouse academic attention. Effects of land use and scale on the southern edge of the Mu Us Sandy Land, have become an important research content. In terms of army land type, distribution and quantity, the settlements expanded greatly in Yansui Town during Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty. The article examines the pattern of the cultivated land use in the area near the town, as well as the distribution and quantity of 36 castle pastures and army land in late Wanli Period. Result show that during the Ming Dynasty, the spatial distribution of army reclamation experienced a process of moving northward, from those counties in Fuli Region-Boundary Stone-"Erbian"-"Dabian". More specifically, the reclamation took place in the counties in Fuli Region before Zhengtong Period and was restricted to the south of boundary stone during the ten-year Chenghua Period. Before the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was mainly found to the north of "Erbian". During the late Ming Dynasty, the army reclamation in Yansui Town developed significantly in Wanli Period, but declined from the end of Wanli Period to Chongzhen Period. During Wanli Period, spatial and temporal characteristics of landscape in the area near the edge of Yansui Town, are primarily military and geographical co-decision. Spatial characteristics show that cultivation, especially Xilu Yulin Wei cultivation, was the main part of army reclamation that is close to the boundary. Jiadao (the area between ''Erbian" and "Dabian") Migu Field and Xilu Castle Migu Field were the main part of inner Jiadao Migu Field and Pastures, especially Xilu Pasture was the major landscape around the boundary region. Quicksand was mainly located to the north of "Dabian" and also in the part of Jiadao. During the Wanli Period, the pattern of the land use, which was close to boundary, of Yansui Town can be seen like this: farmland was in the south of Pillar; To the north of the Donglu Boundary Stone was Castle Migu Field and to the north of Xilu Boundary Stone, there was cultivation. The Castle Migu Field was located further north. In the area between the Boundary Stone and Two Slides, there was new added grain field in the north of the Boundary Stone while out of the Migu Fileds of castles, pastures occupied that area. From late Wanli Period to Chongzhen Period, due to years of war and natural disasters, the agricultural production suffered a devastating damage, and the abandoned rate of the land was above 90%. During the Ming Dynasty, the development of army reclamation had little effect on the southward movement of Mu Us Sandy Land, but the natural conditions may be the root cause for the movement of the Mu Us Sandy Land.
Tab. 1 The type, distribution and area of army reclamation in Yansui Town during Wanli Period in Ming Dynasty表1 明朝万历年间延绥镇军垦地的种类、分布及其面积 |
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Fig. 1 The distribution of army reclamation and pasture alongside the Great Wall in Yansui Town during Wanli Period in Ming Dynasty图1 明代万历年间延绥镇长城沿线军垦地及草场分布 |
Tab. 2 The distribution and area of pasture and army reclamation of 36 castles area in late Wanli Period in Ming Dynasty (Qing)表2 明万历末年延绥镇36城堡草场地与军垦地分布及数量(顷) |
| 城堡 | 草场数 | 军地数 | 城堡 | 草场数 | 军地数 | 城堡 | 草场数 | 军地数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 皇甫堡 | 2916 | 158.27 | 清水营堡 | 3132 | 80.52 | 木瓜园堡 | 1814.4 | 93.71 |
| 孤山堡 | 5670 | 141.74 | 镇羌堡 | 1890 | 25 | 永兴堡 | 972 | 37.47 |
| 神木堡 | 3240 | 44.92 | 大柏油堡 | 2187 | 21.07 | 柏林堡 | 3024 | 27.10 |
| 高家堡 | 3294 | 97.89 | 建安堡 | 561.6 | 61.40 | 双山堡 | 3564 | 934.31 |
| 常乐堡 | 1490.4 | 429.54 | 榆林城 | 4752 | 3634.24 | 归德堡 | 1944 | 272.16 |
| 鱼河堡 | 82 | 1029.02 | 响水堡 | 2916 | 946.59 | 波罗堡 | 2916 | 378.97 |
| 怀远堡 | 2916 | 320.30 | 威武堡 | 5443.1 | 1226.95 | 清平堡 | 5832 | 1364.79 |
| 龙州城 | 756 | 1770.00 | 镇靖堡 | 1072 | 5894.38 | 镇罗堡 | 2368.55 | 551.15 |
| 靖边堡 | 2214 | 3416.60 | 宁塞营 | 3499.2 | 2983.48 | 把都河堡 | 6804 | 1013.67 |
| 永济堡 | 11680 | 3337.33 | 砖井堡 | 2368.55 | 986.52 | 新安边营 | 8505 | 8268.45 |
| 旧安边 | 8991 | 7452.12 | 新兴堡 | 12096 | 1717.43 | 石涝池堡 | 19440 | 112.80 |
| 三山堡 | 13051.5 | 1752.45 | 饶阳水堡 | 810 | 30.64 | 定边营 | 8019 | 6248.92 |
注:1. 镇罗堡、砖井堡取平均值;夹道糜谷地4563.22顷,因地理位置无法确定,未纳入表格;2. 表中军地数的数额近似到亩(小数点后二位)。 |
Tab. 3 The area of castle army reclamation and pasture in each county of Yansui Town during Wanli Period in Ming Dynasty (Qing)表3 明万历延绥镇城堡军垦地、草场地清初分县数量(顷) |
| 清属县 | 界石至“二边”军垦地 | 夹道军垦地 | 军垦地总额 | 草场 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 三卫屯地(万历除荒额) | 界北新增屯/ 民地/原额 | 余地/养廉地(榆林 卫南关夹道屯地) | 城堡糜地 | |||||
| 绥德近边 | 榆林 | 延安近边 | ||||||
| 府谷 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 499.22 | 499.22 | 15522.4 |
| 神木 | 高家 12.82 | 0 | 0 | 15.40/30.82/0 | 184.81 (含高家) | 243.84 | 12717 | |
| 榆林 | 2710.80 | 260 | 0 | 197.92/40.29/58.63 | 0/8.9/0 | 278.42 (含建安) | 3554.97 | 12394 |
| 横山 | 2205.6 | 清平1185 | 清平97.60 | 260.48/149.14/65.09 | 0 | 270.73 | 4233.64 | 20023.1 |
| 靖边 | 0 | 10867.11 | 1423.84 | 443.79/51.70/58.63 | 101.59/31.2/ 5.50 | 801.67 | 13785.03 | 9909.75 |
| 定边 | 0 | 23805.18 | 0 | 0/535.66/87.50 | 447.57/0/0 | 2193.39 | 27069.29 | 91764.05 |
| 总计 | 4929.22 | 36117.29 | 1521.44 | 917.59/807.61/269.45 | 549.15/40.1/5.50 | 4228.24 | 49385.60 | 162330.3 |
注:1.夹道糜谷地4563.22顷,因地理位置无法确定,未纳入表格;2. 表中数字近似到亩(小数点后二位);3.新增界北民地比原额少62.36顷,误差属于允许范围。 |
Fig. 2 The spatial distribution of land use in Yansui Town during Wanli Period in Ming Dynasty图2 明代万历年间延绥镇土地利用空间分布 |
Fig. 3 The area of Donglu pasture and army land in Yansui Town during Wanli Period in Ming Dynasty图3 明万历年间延绥镇东路草场面积与军地面积数量 |
Fig. 4 The area of castle pasture and army reclamation of Zhonglu and Xilu region during Wanli Period in Ming Dynasty图4 明万历年间延绥镇中、西两路各城堡草地与军地面积数量 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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