中国耕地压力的空间分异及社会经济因素影响——基于342个地级行政区的面板数据
作者简介:张慧(1978- ),女,湖南岳阳人,博士研究生,副教授,研究方向为区域经济与粮食安全。E-mail:huizi_zhang@126.com
收稿日期: 2016-09-11
要求修回日期: 2017-01-09
网络出版日期: 2017-04-20
基金资助
国家社会科学基金重大项目(12&ZD052)
教育部规划基金项目(13YJA790118)
广东省哲学社会科学“十三五”规划项目(GD16CYJ10)
Spatial differentiation of cropland pressure and its socio-economic factors in China based on panel data of 342 prefectural-level units
Received date: 2016-09-11
Request revised date: 2017-01-09
Online published: 2017-04-20
Copyright
张慧 , 王洋 . 中国耕地压力的空间分异及社会经济因素影响——基于342个地级行政区的面板数据[J]. 地理研究, 2017 , 36(4) : 731 -742 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201704011
Cultivated land is the foundation for sustainable development in China. The growth in both population and trade in China has triggered the increasing demand for food in recent years. However, aggressive urbanization continues to appropriate cultivated land. As a result, the conflict between food supply and demand has become prominent, and academics have become increasingly concerned with several challenges regarding cropland pressure. Existing research shows that it is particularly necessary to examine cropland pressure patterns in China at a smaller scale and analyze impact factors from more perspectives. Therefore, this article uses the pressure index of cultivated land to evaluate cropland pressure levels with 342 prefectural-level units. On this basis, we have analyzed the spatial-temporal differentiation and evolution of China's cropland pressure pattern from 2001 to 2013 using the GDI index, spatial autocorrelation, and the average growth index. Finally, based on the dual perspectives of grain production and social economy, we have established the impact factor evaluation system of 'quality of cultivated land + agent of agricultural production input + economic environment + farmers' income' and explored the main impact factors that cause change in China's food security, particularly socioeconomic factors. We found the following results. First, China's cropland pressure has been decreasing since 2001, but greater changes have taken place in the degree of spatial differentiation and the trend of accumulative spatial agglomeration. Specifically, the spatial agglomeration of high cropland pressure areas have become increasingly obvious. Second, China's cropland pressure pattern is generally stable with minor changes, and there is an obvious north-south differentiation trend; cropland pressure in areas along the southwest and southeast coasts increases quickly. Third, socio-economic factors, including farmers' income, economic level, and industrial structure, have a more obvious impact on changes in cropland pressure. The effect of these factors exceeds that of the grain production input factor. Furthermore, the quality of cultivated land is the fundamental factor that determines cropland pressure.
Tab. 1 Comprehensive evaluation system of the factors that influence cropland pressure表1 耕地压力的影响因素评价体系 |
| 评价因子 | 代表性指标 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| F1耕地质量 | 标准耕地系数 | 计算方法见式(17),代表粮食种植的自然条件 |
| F2化肥投入 | 单位面积化肥使用量(t/hm2) | 计算方法:化肥折纯量/粮食作物播种面积,表征农业生产要素的投入水平 |
| F3灌溉水平 | 灌溉面积占比(%) | 计算方法:有效灌溉面积/农作物播种面积,代表农业基础设施的投入水平 |
| F4经济水平 | 人均GDP(万元) | 表征经济环境与发展水平的影响 |
| F5产业结构 | 第二、第三产业产值占比(%) | 计算方法:(第二产业增加值+第三产业增加值)/GDP,体现非农产业发展水平的影响 |
| F6农民收入 | 农村居民人均可支配收入(元) | 反映粮食生产的投入能力和种粮积极性 |
Fig. 1 The trends of the pressure index of cultivated land and grain output in China from 2001 to 2013图1 2001-2013年中国耕地压力指数及粮食产量的变动趋势 |
Tab. 2 The global differentiation of the pressure index of cultivated land in China since 2001表2 2001-2013年中国耕地压力指数的总体分异情况 |
| 年份 | CV(0.1倍) | T(0.5倍) | GE | A | GDI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 0.2132 | 0.3133 | 0.3949 | 0.2172 | 0.2851 |
| 2005 | 0.3629 | 0.5484 | 0.6318 | 0.3360 | 0.4709 |
| 2009 | 0.6243 | 0.9358 | 0.9775 | 0.4903 | 0.7594 |
| 2013 | 0.6261 | 0.9596 | 1.0593 | 0.5098 | 0.7911 |
Tab. 3 The spatial autocorrelation indexes of cropland pressure in China from 2001 to 2013表3 2001-2013年中国耕地压力的空间自相关指数与变动特征 |
| 年份 | Moran's I | Moran's I-Z得分 | Moran's I-P值 | Getis-Ord' G | Getis-Ord' G-Z得分 | Getis-Ord' G-P值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 0.0355 | 3.5880 | 0.0003 | 0.0000 | -1.4949 | 0.1349 |
| 2005 | 0.0946 | 11.8434 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 5.4952 | 0.0000 |
| 2009 | 0.0562 | 10.2226 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 7.0937 | 0.0000 |
| 2013 | 0.0583 | 10.4659 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 7.3811 | 0.0000 |
Fig. 2 The number of prefectural-level units in their respective cropland pressure area in China from 2001 to 2013图2 2001-2013年中国不同耕地压力区地级单元个数的变化情况 |
Fig. 3 The spatial-temporal patterns of the pressure index of cultivated land quantities in China from 2001 to 2013图3 2001-2013年中国耕地压力指数的时空格局 |
Fig. 4 The spatial patterns of the average growth index of the cultivated land pressure index in China图4 中国不同时段耕地压力指数的平均增长指数格局 |
Fig. 5 The spatial pattern of change of the cultivated land pressure index in China from 2001 to 2013图5 2001-2013年中国耕地压力指数变动的空间格局 |
Tab. 4 The parameter estimate of influencing factors in terms of cropland pressure change表4 耕地压力变动因素模型的参数估计 |
| 变量 | 回归系数 | 标准差 | t统计 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1耕地质量(标准耕地系数) | -0.248* | 0.020 | -12.648 | 0.000 |
| F2化肥投入(单位面积化肥使用量) | 0.043* | 0.014 | 3.022 | 0.003 |
| F3灌溉水平(灌溉面积占比) | -0.084* | 0.017 | -5.064 | 0.000 |
| F4经济水平(人均GDP) | 0.094* | 0.031 | 3.019 | 0.003 |
| F5产业结构(第二、第三产业产值占比) | 0.342* | 0.114 | 2.991 | 0.003 |
| F6农民收入(农村居民人均可支配收入) | -0.177* | 0.036 | -4.892 | 0.000 |
注:*表示P在0.01下显著。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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