中国货运航空企业发展过程及航线网络演化格局
作者简介:莫辉辉(1979- ),男,副研究员,主要研究方向为民航发展规划、交通运输与区域发展等。E-mail: huihuimo@163.com
收稿日期: 2017-03-16
要求修回日期: 2017-06-17
网络出版日期: 2017-08-10
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41371143)
Air cargo carriers development and network evolution:A case study of China
Received date: 2017-03-16
Request revised date: 2017-06-17
Online published: 2017-08-10
Copyright
自1997年首家货运航空企业运营以来,中国专业化货运航空发展已有二十年历史。受经济全球化和金融危机的影响,货运航空企业发展经历破产、重组、转型等变革,目前仅存6家,专业化航空货运市场规模相对较小。HHI指数分析表明,中国货运航空企业市场结构演化表现为“U”型特征,近期呈现向高寡头占有市场发展趋势。以中邮航、国货航、中货航及顺丰航空为代表,进一步分析货运航空企业的网络拓展、组织效率和枢纽格局。研究发现:四大航企航线网络拓展较为平稳,主要在三大城市群建设单枢纽或者双枢纽、通过“轴辐”模式组织运营,因而具有较高的网络组织效率。研究建议加快培育货运航空企业,鼓励拓展航线网络,并在中国内陆及全球建设货运航空枢纽。
莫辉辉 , 胡华清 , 王姣娥 . 中国货运航空企业发展过程及航线网络演化格局[J]. 地理研究, 2017 , 36(8) : 1503 -1514 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201708009
China has a history of about 20 years for developing air cargo carriers since the first was in operation in 1997. Influenced by the economic globalization and financial crisis, China's air cargo carriers experienced bankruptcy, reorganization or transition during the last ten years. Nowadays, only six air cargo carriers have survived. From the trajectory of aircraft movement, flying hours, cargo traffic operated by China's air carriers, the historical periods can be divided into three stages: (1) initial development before 2001, (2) rapid development between 2001 and 2010, and (3) reorganization and transition since 2011. We found three modes on developing air cargo carries. The first mode originates from the express company, such as China Postal Airlines (CF), Shunfeng Airlines (O3), and YTO Cargo Airlines Co., Ltd. (YG). The second comes from the specialization of cargo department of combination carriers, such as China Cargo Airlines (CK) and Air China Cargo Co., Ltd (CA). The third made a transition to combination carriers, such as Donghai Airlines (DZ) and Yangtze River Express Airlines Co., Ltd (Y8). Then we employ the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to investigate the market structure of China's air cargo carriers, and the result shows a U-shaped trend of HHI. The HHI index represents the highly concentrated market of China's air cargo carriers. With the data of the big four air cargo carriers in China, including CF, CK, CA and O3, we further study the spatial expansion, organization efficiency and hub configuration of those airline networks. The results show that: (1) the network expansion of the Big Fours remains relatively stable; (2) CK and CA aim to develop the international market, reversely CF and O3 in domestic market; (3) The Big Fours have a relatively short average path length, which represents a relatively efficient network organization; (4) The Big Fours established a hub-and-spoke transport mode with one or two hubs to organize the airline network efficiently, such as CF with a hub in Nanjing Lukou international airport, CK in Shanghai Pudong international airport, CA in Beijing capital international airport and Shanghai Pudong international airport, and O3 in Shenzhen Bao'an international airport and Hangzhou Xiaoshan international airport. With the rapid growth of air cargo demands in the future, China needs 2 or 3 large-scale air cargo carriers with global competitiveness, which replies to the Belt and Road Initiative. Air cargo carriers are encouraged to expanse network and establish hubs in inland areas especially in western China, also across the world.
Key words: air cargo carrier; market structure; airline network; organization efficiency; hub
Fig. 1 The development route of China's air cargo carriers since 1997图1 1997年以来中国货运航空企业发展路线图 |
Fig. 2 Development mode of China's air cargo carriers图2 中国货运航空企业发展模式 |
Fig. 3 Transport volume of China's air cargo carriers and its market share, 1997-2015图3 1997-2015年中国货运航空企业的业务总量及在整个货运市场的占有率 |
Fig. 4 Competition pattern of China's air cargo market, 1997-2015图4 1997-2015年货运航空市场竞争态势 |
Fig. 5 The change of fleets of existing air cargo carriers, 1997-2015图5 既有货运航空企业1997-2015年机队变化情况 |
Fig. 6 The airline network of the Big Fours in 2005图6 四大航企航线网络格局示意图 |
Fig. 7 The connecting airports and linkage coefficient of the Big Fours图7 四大航企通航点及连接率变化趋势 |
Fig. 8 The average path length of the Big Fours in domestic market vs. global market图8 四大航企网络国内及全球市场组织效率变化趋势 |
Fig. 9 The hub degree and its primacy coefficient of the Big Fours图9 四大航企枢纽度及首位率变化趋势 |
Fig. 10 Spatial distribution of hubs of China's air cargo carriers图10 中国货运航空企业枢纽分布示意图 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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