城镇化背景下中部农区县域中小学空间集中趋势与非均衡发展研究——以河南省泌阳县为例
作者简介:刘凯(1972- ),男,河南泌阳人,博士,副教授,研究方向为地理学哲学、地理信息科学、城市与区域发展。E-mail: liukai106@126.com
收稿日期: 2017-03-20
要求修回日期: 2017-07-28
网络出版日期: 2017-09-15
基金资助
教育部人文社会科学规划基金项目(15YJA720003)
Spatial concentration tendency and unbalanced development of elementary and middle schools under the background of urbanization in central rural area: A case study of Biyang county in Henan province
Received date: 2017-03-20
Request revised date: 2017-07-28
Online published: 2017-09-15
Copyright
县域中小学等级规模的合理空间布局对实现义务教育公平具有重要意义。采用核密度估计、变异系数、集中度分析等方法对中部农区泌阳县2004-2016年间城乡中小学校空间集中趋势和非均衡发展状况进行实证研究。结果表明:中小学学校、学生都具有向县城、城镇集中的趋势,学校规模出现两极分化,全县范围内县城小学、中心小学、乡镇小学在校生、教师集中度显著增加,乡村学校学生、教师明显减少;县城学校对周边乡镇中小学产生辐射作用,使周围15 km范围内乡村中小学校学生、学校急剧减少,而15 km外农村相对影响较小;县域整体基础义务教育呈现由均衡化、一致化向差异化、非均衡化、集聚化发展的趋势,城镇学校出现“大型校”“巨型校”“大班额”,而乡村学校则相反,出现“小型校”“超小校”“小班额”与“麻雀班”;乡村中小学“空巢化”现象严重,全县学校在校生变异系数增大,非均衡发展状况突出。
刘凯 , 刘荣增 . 城镇化背景下中部农区县域中小学空间集中趋势与非均衡发展研究——以河南省泌阳县为例[J]. 地理研究, 2017 , 36(9) : 1680 -1696 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201709007
The reasonable spatial distribution of the county-level elementary and middle schools is of importance to the realization of the fairness of compulsory education. Methods such as Kernel density estimation, variation coefficient and concentration analysis are used to make an empirical study on the spatial centralization tendency and the unbalanced development of elementary and middle schools from 2004 to 2016 in Biyang county of Henan province. The results show: (1) The tendencies of middle and elementary schools and current students are centralizing to the urban area, the numbers of both schools and current students increase in urban county area, polarization of school scale occurs, schools of appropriate scales decrease substantially; (2) The schools located in the urban area have great radiation function to the surrounding schools located in rural area within a scope of 15 km from the center point of the urban area, resulting in a significant reduction of students in the surrounding schools; comparatively, schools in villages located beyond 15 km are influenced little; (3) The concentration ratio of students and teachers in elementary schools located in urban and town areas, center elementary schools increases distinctively; and a decreasing tendency occurs to students and teachers in village schools; (4) The compulsory education in the county presents the tendency of developing from status of equalization, consistency to differentiation, polarization, unbalanced and centralization; (5) The loss of students in rural schools and the concentration of urban students make the scales of urban, town and rural schools differentiated and polarized, generating "Large school", "Giant school" and "Giant class" in urban and town areas, while generating "Small school", "Super-small school", "Small class" and "Sparrow class" in rural area; (6) Phenomenon of "Empty-nest" schools in villages is severe, the variation coefficient of the number of students in the study area is growing bigger, and the unbalanced development status is prominent.
Key words: urbanization; disequilibrium; compulsory education; "empty nest"; "giant schools"
Fig. 1 Administrative divisions and map of sample points of elementary and middle schools of Biyang county in Henan图1 河南省泌阳县行政区划与中小学样点 |
Tab.1 Scale grade of elementary and middle schools in Biyang county in 2004 and 2016表1 2004年和2016年泌阳县小学、中学的规模等级 |
| 年份 | 小学 | 中学 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ级 | Ⅱ级 | Ⅲ级 | Ⅳ级 | Ⅰ级 | Ⅱ级 | Ⅲ级 | Ⅳ级 | ||
| 2004 | 54 | 309 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 20 | 7 | |
| 2016 | 191 | 120 | 17 | 18 | 6 | 11 | 11 | 5 | |
Fig. 2 Spatial variation of the scale of junior middle schools in Biyang county in 2004 and 2016图2 2004年、2016年泌阳县初级中学规模的空间变化 |
Fig. 3 Spatial variation of scale of elementary schools in Biyang county in 2004 and 2016图3 2004年、2016年泌阳县小学规模的空间变化 |
Fig. 4 Changes of the number of students of elementary center school and non-center school in Biyang county图4 泌阳县非中心小学与中心小学在校生人数变化 |
Fig. 5 Voronoi maps of elementary schools in Biyang county in 2004 and 2016图5 2004年、2016年泌阳县小学的Voronoi图 |
Tab. 2 Comparison of students and schools in and out of buffer of 15 kilometers of the center of built-up area in the county from 2004 to 2016表2 2004-2016年县城中心15 km内、外小学变化 |
| 范围 | 减少人数(人) | 减少人数(%) | 撤并学校(所) | 撤并学校(%) | 超小校增加(所) | 超小校占比(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 km内 | 11970 | 47.8 | 23 | 18.8 | 48 | 48.5 |
| 15 km外 | 7220 | 12.7 | 15 | 6.1 | 52 | 21.2 |
Tab. 3 Concentration ratio of elementary teachers and students in rural center school, schools in county seat and schools in town in 2004 and 2016 (%)表3 泌阳县2004年、2016年乡中心小学、县城与乡镇小学的学生和教师的集中度(%) |
| 年份 | 县城学生 | 乡镇学生 | 中心小学 | 县城教师 | 乡镇教师 | 乡小教师 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 15 | 20.9 | 12.5 | 15 | 19.3 | 13.2 |
| 2016 | 31.7 | 39.8 | 23.7 | 28 | 33 | 18.5 |
Fig. 6 Concentration ratio of teachers and students of center elementary schools and town elementary schools in Biyang county in 2004 and 2016图6 泌阳县2004年、2016年各乡镇中心小学与乡镇小学的在校生与教师的集中度 |
Fig. 7 The changes of proportion of elementary students and teachers in elementary schools in Biyang county during 2004-2016图7 2004-2016年泌阳县小学在校生与教师比例变化 |
Fig. 8 The Kernel density of students, teachers, schools, and classes in Biyang county in 2004 and 2016图8 2004年、2016年泌阳县中小学各指标的Kernel密度图 |
Fig. 9 The clustering process of big schools in towns and county seat in Biyang county during 2004-2016图9 2004-2016年泌阳县乡镇大型学校聚集过程 |
Fig. 10 The spatial distribution of "super-small school" and "giant school" in Biyang county in 2004 and 2016图10 2004年、2016年泌阳县的“超小校”与“巨型校”的空间分布 |
Fig. 11 The spatial distribution of "sparrow class" and "big class" in Biyang county in 2004 and 2016图11 2004年、2016年泌阳县“麻雀班”与“大班额”的空间分布 |
Tab. 4 The changes of variation coefficient of elementary and middle school students in Biyang county表4 泌阳县中小学在校生人数的变异系数变化 |
| 2004年 | 2008年 | 2012年 | 2016年 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 小学 | 109 | 160 | 186.2 | 197.1 |
| 中学 | 46.1 | 72.7 | 77.9 | 74.5 |
Fig. 12 The spatial distribution of variant coefficient and "empty nest" school in Biyang county in 2004 and 2016图12 2004年、2016年泌阳县在校学生人数的变异系数与“空巢化”学校的空间分布 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
| [1] |
[
|
| [2] |
[
|
| [3] |
[
|
| [4] |
[
|
| [5] |
[
|
| [6] |
[
|
| [7] |
[
|
| [8] |
[
|
| [9] |
[
|
| [10] |
[
|
| [11] |
[
|
| [12] |
[
|
| [13] |
[
|
| [14] |
|
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
|
| [17] |
|
| [18] |
[
|
| [19] |
[
|
| [20] |
[
|
| [21] |
[
|
| [22] |
[
|
| [23] |
[
|
| [24] |
[
|
| [25] |
[
|
| [26] |
[
|
| [27] |
[
|
| [28] |
[
|
| [29] |
[
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |