微观尺度下基于商圈的北京市商业空间结构优化
作者简介:王芳(1987- ),女,内蒙古呼和浩特人,博士,讲师,研究方向为城市地理。E-mail: wangf741@163.com
收稿日期: 2017-02-26
要求修回日期: 2017-06-19
网络出版日期: 2017-09-15
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41371536,41101119)
内蒙古自然科学基金项目(2016BS0401)
Commercial spatial structure optimization based on trade area analysis from a micro-scale perspective in Beijing
Received date: 2017-02-26
Request revised date: 2017-06-19
Online published: 2017-09-15
Copyright
随着中国经济发展方式的转变,城市商业空间逐渐成为推动发展和塑造城市空间的强劲力量。基于微观尺度,将商圈的研究向城市内部细分地域拓展,运用POI、网络房产数据等开源大数据,通过构建人口住宅小区空间化模型,以及运用哈夫模型与Voronoi相结合的方法,对北京市各功能类型商业区的商圈进行划分,分析其空间服务范围和服务人口,从而探讨城市商业空间的合理性。结果表明:饮食文化型、专营型、购物中心型、便利型、综合型五种类型商业区的商圈布局和服务人口均有不同的特征;普遍存在着城市周边商圈面积过大、服务人口过多,城市内部存在部分布局盲点,商业功能类型与人口布局不协调等问题。基于此,提出优化北京市商业空间优化的相应建议:加快城市周边商业发展、弥补中心城区商业布局不足、根据商业区类型设定布局发展方向、从功能结构和空间结构方面深化城市商业规划。
王芳 , 牛方曲 , 王志强 . 微观尺度下基于商圈的北京市商业空间结构优化[J]. 地理研究, 2017 , 36(9) : 1697 -1708 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201709008
Urban commercial districts are concentrated areas for shopping, leisure, business and other activities. For urban planners, the layout of commercial districts should not only be appropriately concentrated to realize economic benefit, but also properly dispersed to accommodate the distribution of the population. Taking Beijing as a case study, this paper conducted a small-scale research of trade areas by utilizing the open source big data, such as POI (Point of Information) and real estate information websites. We created a model of spatialization of the population on a residential block scale as well as a combined measure of Huff model and Voronoi diagram. These methods were used to systematically analyze the commercial spatial structure from the viewpoint of a small area in Beijing. We explored the layout and population of trade areas of five different functional types of commercial districts based on our previous related research, including dietary and cultural commercial districts, franchise-type commercial districts, shopping commercial districts, convenience commercial districts, and complex commercial districts. The results reveal that different kinds of trade areas have different spatial distribution features. Problems were also found: the areas of commercial trade areas at the urban fringes and the number of people they serve are too large; there are blind spots in the urban center; and there is incongruity between the commercial district type and population layout. Based on these findings, we propose several measures to optimize the commercial spatial structure: promoting the development of commerce in the outer space of the central city; making up for the layout shortage of commercial districts in the central city; defining the direction and development of the commercial districts based on the functional type; improving the urban commercial planning based on the functional and spatial structures.
Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of residential areas in Beijing图1 北京市居住区空间分布图 |
Fig. 3 The distribution of different commercial districts in Beijing图3 北京市商业区分布 |
Tab.1 The classification and functional characteristics of commercial districts in Beijing表1 北京市商业区类型划分及功能特征 |
| 功能特征 | 主要商业网点 | 空间分布特征 | 数量(人) | 平均面积(km2) | 典型商业区 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 饮食文化型商业区 | 以饮食服务为主 | 各类餐饮店 | 一级和二级饮食文化商业区多分布在三环和四环附近,三级商业区的分布则相对分散 | 240 | 0.015 | 如魏公村附近 |
| 专营型商业区 | 以某一类专营服务为主 | 家电电子商场、家居建材市场等 | 主要集中在三、四环附近以及五环外 | 264 | 0.068 | 如四惠建材城附近 |
| 购物中心型商业区 | 以高档、综合性购物为主 | 大型商场、购物中心、商业街等 | 该类一级和二级商业区主要集中二、三环附近;二三级在五环外也有分布 | 350 | 0.121 | 如王府井、西单 |
| 便利型商业区 | 以基本生活服务为主 | 超市、便利店、餐饮店等 | 空间分布较为分散,无明显集聚区 | 120 | 0.011 | 如看丹路附近 |
| 综合型商业区 | 职能最为综合,提供多种商业服务 | 各类专业店、综合市场、餐饮店、超市等 | 主要布局在城市居住区附近和人流相对集中的区域 | 89 | 0.051 | 如回龙观批发市场附近 |
Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of commercial networks in Beijing图2 北京市零售商业网点分布图 |
Fig. 4 The spatial distribution of different kinds of commercial trade areas in Beijing图4 北京市各类商业区的商圈空间服务范围及服务人口 |
Tab.2 Dietary and cultural commercial trade areas within different ring roads in Beijing表2 北京市饮食文化型商业区各环线商圈服务情况 |
| 空间范围 | 商业区数量(个) | 平均服务面积(km2) | 平均服务人口(人) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二环内 | 30 | 2.03 | 42221 |
| 二环到三环 | 72 | 1.47 | 34202 |
| 三环到四环 | 64 | 2.71 | 43364 |
| 四环到五环 | 47 | 11.56 | 78936 |
| 五环外 | 27 | 72.72 | 182707 |
Tab.3 Franchise-type commercial trade areas within different ring roads in Beijing表3 北京市专营型商业区各环线商圈服务情况 |
| 空间范围 | 商业区数量(个) | 平均服务面积(km2) | 平均服务人口(人) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二环内 | 20 | 2.78 | 54474 |
| 二环到三环 | 30 | 2.72 | 71396 |
| 三环到四环 | 71 | 3.88 | 79685 |
| 四环到五环 | 79 | 5.71 | 59193 |
| 五环外 | 64 | 41.72 | 70487 |
Tab.4 Shopping commercial trade areas within different ring roads in Beijing表4 北京购物中心型商业区各环线商圈服务情况 |
| 空间范围 | 商业区数量(个) | 平均服务面积(km2) | 平均服务人口(人) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二环内 | 48 | 1.69 | 52539 |
| 二环到三环 | 68 | 1.82 | 47557 |
| 三环到四环 | 81 | 6.61 | 50950 |
| 四环到五环 | 71 | 4.74 | 37652 |
| 五环外 | 82 | 28.01 | 73922 |
Tab.5 Convenience commercial trade areas within different ring roads in Beijing表5 北京市便利型商业区各环线商圈服务情况 |
| 空间范围 | 商业区数量(个) | 平均服务面积(km2) | 平均服务人口(人) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二环内 | 5 | 7.13 | 157222 |
| 二环到三环 | 14 | 9.28 | 211669 |
| 三环到四环 | 18 | 6.20 | 113274 |
| 四环到五环 | 48 | 11.08 | 78812 |
| 五环外 | 35 | 56.20 | 154606 |
Tab.6 Complex commercial trade areas within different ring roads in Beijing表6 北京综合型商业区各环线商圈服务情况 |
| 空间范围 | 商业区数量(个) | 平均服务面积(km2) | 平均服务人口(人) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二环内 | 14 | 4.14 | 97260 |
| 二环到三环 | 22 | 5.6 | 113150 |
| 三环到四环 | 22 | 8.1 | 126393 |
| 四环到五环 | 17 | 52.05 | 214694 |
| 五环外 | 14 | 111.28 | 311640 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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