山东省城市关联网络演化特征——基于“中心地”和“流空间”理论的对比
作者简介:王成(1989- ),女,山东青岛人,博士研究生,研究方向为城市地理和城市网络。E-mail:wangchengcnu@163.com
收稿日期: 2017-03-20
要求修回日期: 2017-08-04
网络出版日期: 2017-11-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41771183,41571154)
Evolution of associated network characteristics between cities in Shandong province: Comparing central place and flow space theories
Received date: 2017-03-20
Request revised date: 2017-08-04
Online published: 2017-11-20
Copyright
基于“中心地”和“流空间”理论,综合运用城市流强度模型和改进后的引力模型,从城市外向服务可能性的角度,分析山东省城市经济联系强弱,并结合省内企业集团母子公司的跨地域布局,构建基于要素流动的抽象城市关联。对比探究2000-2009年山东省两类城市关联格局多中心网络化的演化趋势,判别省内四个地区两类城市关联动向,印证了“流空间”理论基础上的城市关联研究,能够克服“中心地”理论对于空间距离和城市属性相对稳定性的过分依赖,客观有效地反映城市关联结构和方向的动态演化过程。研究发现:① 山东省城市关联结构从“点—线—网”三个维度均表现出多中心演化态势,城市网络关联均衡化趋势显现。② 城市网络关联日趋紧密,关联结构发育成熟,城市区域内部形成紧密高效的多核心“环形”骨干网络。③ 鲁东、鲁中地区内部经济联系的向心性消减,鲁南、鲁西北城市经济关联局域内向集中,“抱团取暖”发展成效显著。④ 鲁东半岛企业关联内向集中明显,对中西部地区的带动作用相对较弱。
王成 , 王茂军 . 山东省城市关联网络演化特征——基于“中心地”和“流空间”理论的对比[J]. 地理研究, 2017 , 36(11) : 2197 -2212 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201711013
Based on the theories of 'central place' and 'flow space', this paper used the urban flow intensity model and the improved gravity model to analyze urban economic ties in Shandong province from the perspective of urban network development from the city center. We built an abstract city association based on elements flow by combining geographic space of enterprise groups in Shandong province. We compared the evolution of a polycentric network from the two types of urban association patterns in Shandong province from 2000 to 2009 to determine the trends in network characteristics in two types of cities in four regions. We confirmed that the study of city relationships based on flow space theory avoided an over reliance on space-distance concepts. We also found that the relative stability of urban attributes during the study period based on central place theory effectively could not reflect the dynamic processes of city connection structures and direction. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) The urban structure correlations in Shandong province showed the evolution of a multi-center pattern from the dimensions of 'point-line-network', and a trend of urban network association equilibrium was emerging. (2) City network connections became more closely related. The structure of the association was mature, which provided additional possibilities for the development of the regional polycentric network. A close and efficient multi-core ring network was formed in the urban area, which provided a more extensive and convenient channel for the circulation of regional elements. (3) In the eastern and central parts of Shandong, cities' concentric internal economic ties tended to decline. However, in the southern and northwestern parts of the province, cities' close internal economic interactions were maintained with the central city and there was strong development of their economy. (4) The inward-focus characteristics of enterprise associations in eastern Shandong were obvious, but the eastern part had weaker cooperation with the central and western parts.
Fig. 1 Urban correlation structures based on the theories of 'central place' and 'flow space'图1 “中心地”和“流空间”理论对应的城市关联结构 |
Tab.1 The pattern of urbanization and regional development strategy in Shandong province表1 山东省城镇化和区域发展战略格局 |
| 省域新型城镇化总体格局 | “一群一带双核六区” | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空间载体 | 山东半岛城市群 | 鲁南城镇发展带 | 双核城市 | 六个城镇密集区 | ||
| 范围 | 2个副省级城市(济南、青岛);11个地级市(淄博、东营、烟台、潍坊、泰安、威海、日照、莱芜、德州、聊城、滨州) | 5个地级市(枣庄、济宁、日照、临沂、菏泽) | 济南青岛 | 济淄泰莱德聊、青潍、烟威、东滨、济枣菏、临日 | ||
| 对应战略区域 | 山东半岛蓝色经济区 | 黄河三角洲高效生态经济区 | 省会城市群经济圈 | 西部经济隆起带 | ||
| 范围 | 青岛、烟台、威海、潍坊、日照、东营、滨州的无棣、沾化,共涉及6市、2县(市、区) | 东营、滨州两个市和潍坊北部寒亭区、寿光市、昌邑市,德州乐陵市、庆云县,淄博高青县,烟台莱州市,共涉及6个市的19个县(市、区) | 济南、淄博、泰安、莱芜、德州、聊城、滨州,共涉及7个市 | 枣庄、济宁、临沂、德州、聊城、菏泽6市和泰安市的宁阳县、东平县,共60个县(市、区) | ||
| 省域发展战略格局 | “两区一圈一带” | |||||
注:根据《山东省新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年)》整理。 |
Tab.2 "City-enterprise" 0/1 Boolean matrix表2 “城市-企业”0/1布尔矩阵 |
| 企业 | 城市 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 滨州 | 东营 | 青岛 | 济南 | 济宁 | 莱芜 | |
| 山东电力集团公司 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 海尔集团 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 山东钢铁集团有限公司 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 山东魏桥创业集团有限公司 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 中国石化胜利油田有限公司 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 海信集团有限公司 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tab.3 "City-city" 0/1 Boolean matrix表3 “城市-城市”0/1布尔矩阵 |
| 城市 | 滨州 | 德州 | 东营 | 菏泽 | 济南 | 济宁 | 莱芜 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 滨州 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 德州 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| 东营 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 菏泽 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 济南 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 济宁 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 莱芜 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tab.4 The indicators used to evaluate the status of nodes and the trends of network evolution表4 评价节点网络地位及演变趋势的相关指标 |
| 指标 | 内涵 | 表征意义 | 表达式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 关联规模 | 城市对外关联总量 | 城市节点在网络中的影响度,即广义的网络关联地位 | |
| 关联强度 | 两个城市节点之间的关系量与网络中最大关系量的比值 | 城市关联对在网络关联中的重要性 | |
| 多中心测度 | 表示网络中节点关联值的标准差;括号部分表示节点层次多中心程度;∆为网络密度;φ为全局效率 | 反映低密度网络多中心程度;基于网络效率表征区域多中心程度 | |
| 网络 密度 | 城市网络中实际存在的关系总数与理论上可能存在的最多关系数量之比 | 整体网络关联疏密程度及多中心趋势 | |
| 网络 中心势 | 比较最核心节点的度数中心性指数与其他节点的差值总和,与最大可能差值的总和之比 | 度量整个网络的中心化程度,反映区域整体网络发展的均衡与偏离程度 | |
| 关联 隶属度 | 某一城市与其他城市的关联规模,与该城市对外关联总量的比值加和对称化处理 | 城市节点的主要关联方向 |
Fig. 2 The intensity of economic ties and business contacts图2 经济关联和企业关联强度分布图 |
Fig. 3 The sketch map of urbanization patterns and the strategic region in Shandong图3 山东省城镇化格局与战略区域示意图 |
Fig. 4 The sketch map of the space unit in Shandong图4 山东省空间单元划分示意图 |
Fig. 5 Sketch map of three types of regional association图5 三类地域关联示意图 注:参考相关文献[41]绘制。 |
Tab.5 Index changes in the overall network association characteristics in Shandong in 2000-2009表5 2000-2009年山东省整体网络关联特征指标变化 |
| 关联类型 | 基尼系数 | 网络密度 | 网络中心势 | 节点层次多中心程度 | 全局效率 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000年 | 2009年 | 2000年 | 2009年 | 2000年 | 2009年 | 2000年 | 2009年 | 2000年 | 2009年 | |
| 经济关联 | 0.530 | 0.523 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 1.63% | 1.34% | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.85 |
| 企业关联 | 0.576 | 0.564 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 4.48% | 2.96% | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.72 | 0.98 |
Fig.6 Changes in different urban relationship types in Shandong in 2000-2009图6 2000-2009年山东省不同类型城市关联变动情况 |
Fig. 7 The changes in the 'Boston matrix' of two types of city connection图7 两种类型城市关联的“波士顿矩阵”变动情况 |
Fig. 8 The linkage structure of the urban economy in Shandong in 2000 and 2009图8 2000年、2009年山东省城市经济关联结构 |
Tab.6 The change in the number of city pairs of different grades of correlation intensity in Shandong表6 山东省不同关联强度层级包含的城市对数量变动 |
| 关联类型 | 年份 | 5%~10% | 11%~20% | 21%~50% | 50%以上 | 合计 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经济关联 | 2000 | 19 | 17 | 7 | 2 | 45 |
| 2009 | 29 | 20 | 13 | 7 | 69 | |
| 企业关联 | 2000 | 15 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 41 |
| 2009 | 40 | 35 | 17 | 7 | 99 |
Fig. 9 Urban correlation structure based on enterprise spatial distribution in Shandong in 2000 and 2009图9 2000年、2009年基于企业空间布局的城市关联结构 |
Fig. 10 Membership degree of urban economic linkages in Shandong in 2000 and 2009图10 2000年、2009年山东省经济关联隶属度 |
Fig. 11 Membership degree of enterprise linkages in Shandong in 2000 and 2009图11 2000年、2009年山东省企业关联隶属度 |
Tab.7 Changes in the proportion of the degree of city correlations in different directions表7 城市不同方向关联占比变动 |
| 地区 | 鲁东 | 鲁中 | 鲁南 | 鲁西北 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 关联类型 | 经济关联 | 企业关联 | 经济关联 | 企业关联 | 经济关联 | 企业关联 | 经济关联 | 企业关联 | |
| Ci-j关联占比 | 2000 | 16.5 | 15.8 | 22.4 | 18.7 | 13.2 | 9.1 | 4.3 | 13.4 |
| 2009 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 20 | 6.3 | 14.7 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 4.2 | |
| 变动 | -2.4 | 1.8 | -2.4 | -12.4 | 1.5 | -4.7 | 1 | -9.2 | |
| Cj-j关联占比 | 2000 | 27.5 | 0 | 9.4 | 12 | 12.1 | 0 | 7.2 | 13.3 |
| 2009 | 21.6 | 13.8 | 6.4 | 2.3 | 17.8 | 7.5 | 9.3 | 4.7 | |
| 变动 | -5.9 | 13.8 | -3 | -9.7 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 2.1 | -8.6 | |
| Cout关联占比 | 2000 | 56 | 84.2 | 68.2 | 69.3 | 74.7 | 90.9 | 88.5 | 73.3 |
| 2009 | 64.3 | 68.6 | 73.6 | 91.4 | 67.5 | 88.1 | 85.4 | 91.1 | |
| 变动 | 8.3 | -15.6 | 5.4 | 22.1 | -7.2 | -2.8 | -3.1 | 17.8 | |
Tab.8 Changes in urban related structures in Shandong during 2000-2009表8 2000-2009年山东省城市关联结构变动 |
| 类型 | 年份 | 节点 | 轴线 | 网络 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经济关联 | 2000 | 青岛;济南 | 胶济、京沪沿线 | 线型 |
| 2009 | 青岛、济南、临沂、济宁; 济南、淄博、潍坊、泰安 | 胶济、京沪沿线强化 | 星型 | |
| 企业关联 | 2000 | 青岛、济南 | 济南—青岛、济南—淄博、济南—烟台等 | 星型 |
| 2009 | 青岛、烟台、潍坊 | 青岛—烟台、青岛—潍坊、青岛—济南等 | 环型 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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