中国农民进城定居的意愿与影响因素——基于CGSS2010的分析
作者简介:杨传开(1985- ),男,山东泗水人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事城镇化与区域发展研究。E-mail:yck@sass.org.cn
收稿日期: 2017-06-20
要求修回日期: 2017-09-11
网络出版日期: 2017-12-15
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41701192,41501151)
教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目(17JJD790007)
上海市浦江人才计划项目(17PJC076)
The determinants for peasants' migration intentions of moving to cities in China: An analysis based on the CGSS 2010
Received date: 2017-06-20
Request revised date: 2017-09-11
Online published: 2017-12-15
Copyright
新型城镇化是以人为核心的城镇化,因此农民城镇化意愿备受关注。基于2010年中国综合社会调查(CGSS2010)的数据,采用描述性统计和多层次Logistic回归模型,探讨了农民进城定居意愿和对不同等级城镇的选择偏好,并分析了其影响因素。研究表明:农民进城定居意愿较弱,且大多倾向于在县城或小城镇而非地级及以上城市定居。农民的进城意愿和城市偏好存在着显著的地理空间异质性。来自于同一村庄的农民,其进城意愿和对不同等级城镇的偏好具有较多的相似性。影响农民进城意愿的主要因素包括:个体人力资本禀赋、家庭人口结构、物质资本存量、城乡联系以及地区社会经济发展水平等。地区经济发展水平和地理区位是农民选择到小城镇而非地级及以上城市定居的主要影响因素。因此,促进县域城镇化发展,提高农民人力资本和家庭收入,是实现农村城镇化和农民市民化的有效途径。
关键词: 乡城迁移; 城镇化; 定居意愿; 农民; 多层Logistic回归
杨传开 , 刘晔 , 徐伟 , 宁越敏 . 中国农民进城定居的意愿与影响因素——基于CGSS2010的分析[J]. 地理研究, 2017 , 36(12) : 2369 -2382 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201712008
China has experienced the unprecedented surge of rural-urban migration since the mid-1980s, which has led to rapid urban population growth. With the development of human-oriented new urbanization, the individual migration intentions attracted more attentions from scholars and governments in recent years. However, previous studies mainly examined the factors underpinning the peasant workers' intentions of settling down in various cities or returning rural hometowns, devoting insufficient attention to the peasants' migration intentions of leaving the countryside and moving to cities to settle down permanently. Based on the data of Chinese General Social Survey in 2010 (CGSS2010), the paper described the migration intentions of 4116 rural residents and then explained their migration intentions from three levels of individual, household and county with the multilevel Logistic model. The results are as follows. (1) The spatial heterogeneity makes the peasants who live in the same village have more similarity in migration intentions than those who live in different villages. Single level model ignores the spatial heterogeneity, and the inclusion of the spatial heterogeneity in the multilevel model can yield a better estimated result than single level model. (2) Most of the peasants do not intend to leave the countryside and move to cities in the next five years, and nearly 90% of peasants intend to stay in the countryside. 63.3% of peasants who intend to move to cities incline to moving to small cities and towns (counties, county-level cities and small towns), while 29.8% of peasants tend to move to prefecture-level cities, provincial capital cities and municipalities. (3) The peasants' migration decisions of leaving the countryside and moving to cities can be seen as a two-stage process. First, they decide whether or not to move to cities, and then they need to consider which city to settle down after they decide to leave the countryside. The empirical results show that the first-stage migration intentions are shaped by individual, household, and contextual factors jointly. Specifically, the peasants who have more human capitals (younger, with more education years, with migration experience), the peasants whose household has more children, higher economic status, more lands and more relationships with the city, and the peasants living in developed regions are more likely to move to cities. However, the second-stage migration decision is mainly shaped by regional economic development level and the residence locations. Specifically, the peasants living in undeveloped areas with their current residences not far from large cities have more willingness to move to large cities. (4) Finally, based on these findings above, some policy implications can be drawn. The governments should pay more attentions to improving the attractiveness of county-level cities and towns. And increasing peasants' human capitals and promoting the development of rural economy are the effective ways to promote the development of new urbanization.
Fig. 1 Peasants' migration decision processes of moving to cities图1 农民进城定居的迁移决策过程 |
Tab. 1 Definitions and statistics description of variables表1 变量定义与统计描述 |
| 变量名称 | 变量定义 | 是否到城镇定居 | 选择哪类城市定居 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 均值 | 方差 | 均值 | 方差 | ||||
| 因变量 | |||||||
| 未来5年,是否计划到城镇定居 | 是=1,否=0 | 0.099 | 0.298 | - | - | ||
| 如果到城镇定居,选择哪类城市 | 地级及以上城市=1,县城及小城镇=0 | - | - | 0.320 | 0.467 | ||
| 个体/家庭变量 | |||||||
| 个体特征 | 年龄 | 调查时的实际数值(岁) | 48.045 | 14.433 | 39.365 | 13.222 | |
| 教育年限 | 实际数值(年) | 6.285 | 3.890 | 8.439 | 3.511 | ||
| 务工经历 | 有外出务工经历=1,无=0 | 0.377 | 0.485 | 0.569 | 0.496 | ||
| 家庭结构 | 老人数量 | 家中65岁及以上老人数量 | 0.366 | 0.653 | 0.209 | 0.506 | |
| 儿童数量 | 家中15岁及以下儿童数量 | 0.708 | 0.864 | 0.868 | 0.960 | ||
| 经济状况 | 高于当地平均水平 | 高于当地平均水平=1,否则=0 | 0.070 | 0.255 | 0.146 | 0.353 | |
| 低于当地平均水平 | 低于当地平均水平=1,否则=0 | 0.441 | 0.497 | 0.294 | 0.456 | ||
| 物资资本 | 家庭住房面积 | 对实际值取对数(m2) | 4.635 | 0.574 | 4.629 | 0.642 | |
| 家庭人均耕地面积 | 对实际值取对数(亩) | 0.990 | 0.745 | 1.030 | 0.783 | ||
| 城乡联系 | 土地流转 | 有参与土地流转=1,无=0 | 0.203 | 0.402 | 0.254 | 0.436 | |
| 外出务工劳动力 | 家庭外出务工劳动力数量 | 0.967 | 1.121 | 1.011 | 1.124 | ||
| 地区变量 | |||||||
| 社会经济 | 地区人均GDP | 对实际值取对数(元) | 9.836 | 0.605 | 9.907 | 0.699 | |
| 地区粮食产量 | 对实际值取对数(千t) | 3.190 | 1.046 | 3.013 | 1.080 | ||
| 城镇化率 | 地区城镇化率(%) | 37.154 | 16.908 | - | - | ||
| 城乡收入差距 | 对城乡居民收入绝对差距取对数(元) | 8.979 | 0.375 | - | - | ||
| 地理区位 | 现居地政区类型 | 市辖区=1,非市辖区=0 | - | - | 0.190 | 0.393 | |
| 到大城市距离 | 对迁出地到所在地级市和省会城市距离的和取对数(km) | - | - | 5.473 | 0.887 | ||
Tab. 2 The determinants for peasants' migration intentions of moving to cities表2 农民进城定居意愿的影响因素 |
| 变量 | 模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 | 模型4 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | β | S.E. | EXP(β) | β | S.E. | EXP(β) | β | S.E. | EXP(β) | ||
| 个体变量 | |||||||||||
| 年龄 | -0.032*** | 0.005 | 0.969 | -0.032*** | 0.005 | 0.969 | -0.032*** | 0.005 | 0.969 | ||
| 教育年限 | 0.123*** | 0.020 | 1.131 | 0.120*** | 0.020 | 1.128 | 0.137*** | 0.021 | 1.147 | ||
| 迁移经历 | 0.466*** | 0.123 | 1.594 | 0.457*** | 0.123 | 1.579 | 0.461*** | 0.124 | 1.586 | ||
| 家庭变量 | |||||||||||
| 老人数量 | -0.130 | 0.112 | 0.878 | -0.137 | 0.113 | 0.872 | -0.130 | 0.113 | 0.878 | ||
| 儿童数量 | 0.169** | 0.068 | 1.184 | 0.184*** | 0.068 | 1.202 | 0.172** | 0.069 | 1.188 | ||
| 高于当地平均水平 | 0.648*** | 0.186 | 1.912 | 0.660*** | 0.186 | 1.935 | 0.673*** | 0.186 | 1.960 | ||
| 低于当地平均水平 | -0.453*** | 0.130 | 0.636 | -0.444*** | 0.130 | 0.641 | -0.439*** | 0.131 | 0.645 | ||
| 住房面积 | -0.186* | 0.108 | 0.830 | -0.210** | 0.108 | 0.811 | -0.227** | 0.110 | 0.797 | ||
| 人均土地面积 | 0.167** | 0.084 | 1.182 | 0.183** | 0.086 | 1.201 | 0.247*** | 0.089 | 1.280 | ||
| 土地流转 | 0.318** | 0.136 | 1.374 | 0.326** | 0.136 | 1.385 | 0.329** | 0.137 | 1.390 | ||
| 外出务工劳动力数量 | 0.091* | 0.054 | 1.095 | 0.099* | 0.054 | 1.104 | 0.090* | 0.054 | 1.094 | ||
| 地区变量 | |||||||||||
| 地区人均GDP | 0.278* | 0.142 | 1.320 | 0.322** | 0.145 | 1.380 | |||||
| 地区粮食产量 | -0.171** | 0.083 | 0.843 | -0.191** | 0.083 | 0.826 | |||||
| 城镇化率 | -0.007 | 0.006 | 0.993 | -0.007 | 0.006 | 0.993 | |||||
| 城乡差距 | 0.055 | 0.216 | 1.057 | 0.051 | 0.215 | 1.052 | |||||
| 交互项 | |||||||||||
| 人均GDP×教育年限 | 0.072** | 0.029 | 1.075 | ||||||||
| 人均GDP×人均土地面积 | 0.393*** | 0.146 | 1.481 | ||||||||
| 人均GDP×住房面积 | -0.148 | 0.156 | 0.862 | ||||||||
| 截距项 | -2.327*** | -1.471** | -3.781* | -4.267* | |||||||
| μ | 0.543 | 0.461 | 0.420 | 0.411 | |||||||
| -2log likelihood | 2614.885 | 2329.900 | 2321.531 | 2307.575 | |||||||
| 样本量 | 4116 | 4116 | 4116 | 4116 | |||||||
注:*表示P<0.10,**表示P<0.05,***表示P<0.01,β为系数,S.E.为标准误,EXP(β)为发生比。 |
Fig. 2 The relationship between peasants' migration intentions and age图2 农民进城意愿与年龄的关系 |
Tab. 3 Peasants' preferences for different size cities表3 进城农民对不同等级城市的定居偏好 |
| 现居住地 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 迁移倾向 | 县/县级市 | 市辖区 | 合计 | |||
| 人数 | 占比(%) | 人数 | 占比(%) | 人数 | 占比(%) | |
| 小城镇 | 61 | 18.4 | 18 | 24.0 | 79 | 19.5 |
| 县城/县级市 | 160 | 48.3 | 18 | 24.0 | 178 | 43.8 |
| 地级市 | 30 | 9.1 | 16 | 21.3 | 46 | 11.3 |
| 省城 | 33 | 10.0 | 14 | 18.7 | 47 | 11.6 |
| 直辖市 | 22 | 6.6 | 6 | 8.0 | 28 | 6.9 |
| 无所谓 | 25 | 7.6 | 3 | 4.0 | 28 | 6.9 |
| 合计 | 331 | 100 | 75 | 100 | 406 | 100 |
Tab. 4 The determinants for peasants' settlement intentions of different size cities表4 农民选择不同等级城市定居的影响因素 |
| 变量 | 模型5 | 模型6 | 模型7 | 模型8 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | β | S.E. | EXP(β) | β | S.E. | EXP(β) | β | S.E. | EXP(β) | |
| 个体变量 | ||||||||||
| 年龄 | -0.014 | 0.012 | 0.986 | -0.012 | 0.012 | 0.988 | -0.015 | 0.012 | 0.985 | |
| 教育年限 | 0.078 | 0.048 | 1.081 | 0.089** | 0.045 | 1.093 | 0.054 | 0.048 | 1.055 | |
| 迁移经历 | 0.321 | 0.307 | 1.379 | 0.269 | 0.291 | 1.309 | 0.257 | 0.297 | 1.293 | |
| 家庭变量 | ||||||||||
| 老人数量 | 0.224 | 0.276 | 1.251 | 0.260 | 0.257 | 1.297 | 0.310 | 0.260 | 1.363 | |
| 儿童数量 | 0.018 | 0.155 | 1.018 | 0.056 | 0.148 | 1.058 | 0.106 | 0.152 | 1.112 | |
| 高于当地平均水平 | 0.399 | 0.409 | 1.490 | 0.419 | 0.381 | 1.520 | 0.341 | 0.387 | 1.406 | |
| 低于当地平均水平 | -0.186 | 0.339 | 0.830 | -0.307 | 0.320 | 0.736 | -0.405 | 0.327 | 0.667 | |
| 住房面积 | 0.250 | 0.241 | 1.284 | 0.122 | 0.225 | 1.130 | -0.032 | 0.259 | 0.969 | |
| 人均土地面积 | -0.242 | 0.214 | 0.785 | -0.096 | 0.197 | 0.908 | -0.320 | 0.247 | 0.726 | |
| 土地流转 | 0.378 | 0.318 | 1.459 | 0.236 | 0.302 | 1.266 | 0.174 | 0.307 | 1.190 | |
| 外出务工劳动力数量 | -0.065 | 0.132 | 0.937 | -0.057 | 0.123 | 0.945 | -0.065 | 0.125 | 0.937 | |
| 地区变量 | ||||||||||
| 地区人均GDP | -0.655*** | 0.242 | 0.519 | -0.698*** | 0.247 | 0.498 | ||||
| 地区粮食产量 | -0.044 | 0.147 | 0.957 | 0.003 | 0.150 | 1.003 | ||||
| 到大城市的距离 | -0.483** | 0.202 | 0.617 | -0.561** | 0.230 | 0.571 | ||||
| 现居地政区类型 | 0.782* | 0.473 | 2.186 | 0.787 | 0.490 | 2.197 | ||||
| 交互项 | ||||||||||
| 教育年限×到大城市距离 | 0.139** | 0.060 | 1.149 | |||||||
| 人均土地×到大城市距离 | 0.442 | 0.309 | 1.556 | |||||||
| 住房面积×到大城市距离 | 0.320 | 0.320 | 1.377 | |||||||
| 截距项 | -0.946*** | -2.326 | 7.226** | 9.261*** | ||||||
| μ | 1.393 | 1.547 | 0.684 | 0.706 | ||||||
| -2log likelihood | 463.424 | 445.604 | 428.048 | 421.021 | ||||||
| 样本量 | 378 | 378 | 378 | 378 | ||||||
注:*表示P<0.10,**表示P<0.05,***表示P<0.01,β为系数,S.E.为标准误,EXP(β)为发生比。 |
Fig. 3 The relationship between the distance to large cities and the peasants' migration intentions图3 到大城市距离与农民对不同等级城市定居偏好的关系 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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