国家园林城市时空演变特征及其影响机理
作者简介:芮旸(1985- ),男,安徽合肥人,博士,讲师,主要从事城乡转型与空间治理研究。E-mail:ruiyang@nwu.edu.cn
收稿日期: 2017-05-16
要求修回日期: 2017-09-28
网络出版日期: 2018-01-31
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41401184,41601174)
The spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics and the impact mechanism of national garden cities in China
Received date: 2017-05-16
Request revised date: 2017-09-28
Online published: 2018-01-31
Copyright
“树典型”的国家治理方式生产出诸多针对特定类型地域的评选项目,将此类项目评定结果抽象为点状地理事物进行空间分析是值得探究的方向。以国家园林城市为例,基于对其政策演进、发展历程及特色模式的宏微观结合分析,选择2003 年、2009 年、2015 年3个时点,采用网格维数、集中度系数、核密度估计、ESDA及叠置分析、矩阵分析、PPCC等方法,探究其时空演变的多维特征及影响机理。结果表明:① 国家园林城市在时间演化上,历经建设探索、生态化发展和宜居性提升3个阶段;② 在结构特征上,表现出分形状况较复杂的特征和分布集聚程度不断上升的趋势;③ 在分布格局上,与中国的综合自然地理区划高度耦合、与“胡焕庸线”显著相关,呈现为“东南密西北疏”的特征且变化不大;④ 在关联格局上,一直存在全局自相关性,冷热点区域的变动明显;⑤ 在影响机理上,水热气候条件、历史园林资源、城市发育状况、经济发展水平的区域分异和部门评审管理权力、地方政府重视程度等因素的相互作用是其演变的动力。
芮旸 , 唐蓓佩 , 王兴 , 马滕 , 刘晓琼 . 国家园林城市时空演变特征及其影响机理[J]. 地理研究, 2018 , 37(1) : 20 -36 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201801002
The application of a geographical perspective in the development of representative national level spatial models of governance in China constitutes a gap in the literature. The purpose of this study was to address this gap through a spatial analysis of the outcomes of numerous regional projects aimed at establishing a "typical" model of national governance. National garden cities in China were considered as illustrative case studies for developing this model. Three points in time were selected based on macro-level and micro-level analyses of the development histories and characteristic patterns of national garden cities and the evolution of policies to support their development. Using a range of methods that included grid dimension and coefficient of concentration measurements, kernel density estimation, ESDA and overlay analysis, matrix analysis, and PPCC, this study investigated the multidimensional characteristics and the influence mechanism of the spatio-temporal evolution of national garden cities in China. The following findings emerged from the study. First, national garden cities have undergone three stages in their evolution: construction and exploration, ecological development, and adjustments to improve their livability. Second, an examination of their structural characteristics indicated greater complexity and a trend reflecting an increasingly concentrated distribution relating to their fractal situation. Third, their distribution pattern was found to be strongly associated with China's physical and geographical divisions. Moreover, their distribution was closely correlated with the "Hu Line", demonstrating "dense in the southeast and sparse in the northwest" characteristics that have remained largely constant. Fourth, there has been a global autocorrelation relating to the pattern of association that indicates significant changes in hotspot and coldspot areas. Last, the findings revealed that interactions between factors such as hydrothermal climatic conditions, historical garden resources, urban development status, regionally differentiated levels of economic development, departmental reviews and management, and the degree of attention of local governments constituted the impact mechanism driving the evolution of China's national garden cities.
Fig. 1 The spatial distribution of national garden cities图1 国家园林城市空间分布 |
Fig. 2 Summary of important landscape greening policies and the construction of garden cities commencing from 1949图2 1949年以来中国园林绿化及“创园”重要政策梳理 |
Fig. 3 The degrees and types of structural changes of national garden cities图3 国家园林城市数量及类型结构变化 |
Tab. 1 Classification of national garden cities表1 国家园林城市分类型的分析 |
| 类型 | 数量(个) | 占比(%) | 城市建成区所处局部地形 | 山水格局 | 特色景观意象 | 典型例证 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 滨海型国家园林城市 | 34 | 10.97 | 海岸平原 | 依山傍海 | 天连海色蓝深浅,城接山光绿淡浓 | 青岛 |
| 入海河流河口地区 | 城依山,水绕城 | 一岫坡陀凝碧草,河流蜿蜒入城中 | 温州 | |||
| 平原型国家园林城市 | 163 | 52.58 | 三角洲平原 | 水网交错 | 绿林织河网,人家尽枕水 | 苏州 |
| 山前洪积、冲积平原 | 水从山出,城在山前 | 山随绿野尽,水入邑城中 | 西安 | |||
| 平原中腹 | 地阔水疏 | 阡陌纵横万亩连,绿满田畴麦叶齐 | 商丘 | |||
| 江河沿岸冲积平原 | 江水穿(绕)城 | 无山平野云天阔,有绿高城烟江微 | 武汉 | |||
| 河谷型国家园林城市 | 113 | 36.45 | 河流阶地 | 两山夹川 | 一河护城将绿绕,两山排闼送青来 | 兰州 |
| 山间盆地 | 群山环抱 | 翠峰环野立,一水抱城流 | 柳州 | |||
| 低山丘陵 | 城随山转,山水相依 | 江环千嶂合,山城绿葱茏 | 重庆 |
Fig. 4 The ln-ln plot for constructing the grid dimension of national garden cities图4 国家园林城市空间分布的网格维数双对数散点图 |
Tab. 2 The data used to calculate the grid dimension of national garden cities表2 国家园林城市空间分布的网格维数测算数据 |
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003年 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 23 | 21 | |
| 0.8878 | 1.6037 | 1.9101 | 2.1911 | 2.4356 | 2.4523 | 2.4173 | 2.7009 | 2.6703 | ||
| 2009年 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 28 | 29 | 35 | |
| 0.9199 | 1.5257 | 2.0168 | 2.1510 | 2.3072 | 2.5560 | 2.8842 | 2.9236 | 3.1629 | ||
| 2015年 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 20 | 21 | 26 | |
| 0.9413 | 1.1893 | 1.3837 | 1.5874 | 1.9242 | 2.1825 | 2.2419 | 2.4211 | 2.6705 | ||
Tab. 3 Variations in the concentration of the spatial distribution of national garden cities表3 国家园林城市空间分布的集中度变化 |
| 年份 | 分布省份总数(个) | 国家园林城市总数(个) | 集中度系数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 18 | 52 | 9.82 |
| 2009 | 28 | 180 | 22.13 |
| 2015 | 30 | 310 | 22.88 |
Fig. 6 Regional evolution of hotspots in the spatial distribution of national garden cities图6 国家园林城市空间分布的热点区域演化 |
Fig. 9 A matrix for analyzing historic garden heritage and national garden cities at the provincial scale图9 各省份历史园林遗产数量与国家园林城市数量的矩阵分析 |
Fig. 10 A matrix for analyzing the number of cities and national garden cities at the provincial scale图10 各省份城市数量与国家园林城市数量的矩阵分析 |
Tab. 4 Percentage contribution of national garden cities to China's per capita GDP in 2015表4 2015年中国各省份国家园林城市占比与人均GDP |
| 省份 | 国家园林城市 占比(%) | 人均GDP (万元) | 省份 | 国家园林城市 占比(%) | 人均GDP (万元) | 省份 | 国家园林城市 占比(%) | 人均GDP (万元) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 北京 | 100.00 | 4.40 | 安徽 | 68.18 | 1.20 | 重庆 | 100.00 | 1.58 |
| 河北 | 34.29 | 1.65 | 福建 | 45.45 | 2.40 | 四川 | 35.14 | 1.24 |
| 山西 | 45.45 | 1.40 | 江西 | 50.00 | 1.23 | 贵州 | 22.22 | 0.81 |
| 内蒙古 | 30.43 | 2.37 | 山东 | 73.33 | 2.33 | 云南 | 34.48 | 1.00 |
| 辽宁 | 29.03 | 2.44 | 河南 | 60.53 | 1.38 | 西藏 | 12.50 | 1.09 |
| 吉林 | 72.73 | 1.79 | 湖北 | 59.46 | 1.65 | 陕西 | 23.08 | 1.49 |
| 黑龙江 | 22.58 | 1.64 | 湖南 | 23.33 | 1.41 | 甘肃 | 22.22 | 0.94 |
| 上海 | 100.00 | 4.76 | 广东 | 43.90 | 2.65 | 青海 | 12.50 | 1.38 |
| 江苏 | 82.35 | 2.99 | 广西 | 42.86 | 1.18 | 宁夏 | 85.71 | 1.45 |
| 浙江 | 77.42 | 2.97 | 海南 | 22.22 | 1.46 | 新疆 | 35.29 | 1.55 |
Fig. 12 The impact mechanism of the spatiotemporal evolution of national garden cities图12 国家园林城市时空演变的影响机理 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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