轮轴式产业集群内企业网络特征及形成机理——基于2014年奇瑞汽车集群实证分析
作者简介:陈肖飞(1986- ),男,河南三门峡人,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事产业集群与区域发展研究。E-mail: chenfei_niglas@163.com
收稿日期: 2017-08-23
要求修回日期: 2017-11-24
网络出版日期: 2018-02-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41430637,41401133,41671133),中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2017M622332),河南省博士后基金2017年项目
Characteristics and construction mechanism of enterprise networks in "Hub-and-Spoke" cluster: Empirical evidence from Chery cluster in 2014, China
Received date: 2017-08-23
Request revised date: 2017-11-24
Online published: 2018-02-20
Copyright
随着全球经济格局调整和规则重构,全球“第四次产业转移浪潮”为中国轮轴式产业集群升级提供了一扇“区位机会窗口”。基于对以奇瑞汽车集群为代表的轮轴式产业集群实地调研,通过企业半结构式访谈和问卷调查,研究了2014年集群内部企业间的产业联系网络、创新合作网络和社会交流网络,深度刻画了企业网络结构特征和形成机理。研究发现:① 企业网络中心性较为突出,呈现显著的“核心—边缘”结构。说明以QR为代表的核心企业在集群内部拥有绝对的“市场权利”“技术权利”和“网络权利”,对企业网络形成具有重要的支配作用;② 企业网络整体发育层次较低,差异较大。其中产业联系网络发育水平相对较高,创新合作网络最低,说明企业间交往仍以产品垂直供货和水平分工协作为基础,虽然在核心企业主导下外围节点间存在社会交流现象但程度相对较弱,同时汽车生产系统技术差异及“小团体”“俱乐部”等现象也导致企业间创新合作网络的发育迟缓。③ 企业网络建构是地理临近性、关系异质性和认知互动性共同作用的结果。其中,企业地理空间接近和面对面交流为网络形成提供了基本条件,企业关系资产和行动者网络为网络形成提供了介质条件,企业技术关联和路径创造为网络形成提供了保障条件。
陈肖飞 , 苗长虹 , 潘少奇 , 艾少伟 . 轮轴式产业集群内企业网络特征及形成机理——基于2014年奇瑞汽车集群实证分析[J]. 地理研究, 2018 , 37(2) : 353 -365 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201802009
Along with the adjustment of world economic structure and the reconstruction of global rules, "the fourth wave of industrial transfer" in the world provides an opportunity window of "Hub-and-Spoke" cluster in China. Within the "Hub-and-Spoke" cluster, the division of labor and the strengthening of social relations gradually form complex enterprise networks. Taking Chery automobile cluster as a typical representative of "Hub-and-Spoke" cluster, this study is conducted based on in-depth interview and questionnaire survey for a long period time to measure the characteristics and the construction mechanism of enterprise networks. Some conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) Enterprise networks centrality is very prominent and networks presents a significant "core-periphery" structure. It is pointed out that the core enterprises represented by QR have the absolute "market rights", "technical rights" and "network rights" in the cluster, which have played an important role in the construction of the enterprise networks; (2) The overall development level of enterprise networks is relatively low, but the differences are large. Industrial network is relatively high, however, the innovation network is still the lowest. Vertical supply and horizontal division of products are still the main forms of enterprise communication. Although there is a phenomenon of social interaction among enterprises, the degree is relatively weak. At the same time, the technical differences in production system and the "small club" also lead to the slow development of the innovation network. (3) The construction of enterprise networks are the results of the interaction of the geographic proximity, the relationship heterogeneity and the cognitive interaction. Geographic spatial proximity and face-to-face communication provide the basic condition for network formation. Enterprise relationship assets and actor networks offer the medium conditions for network formation. Enterprise technology association and path creation furnish the guarantee conditions for network formation.
Fig. 1 The theoretical perspective and framework of enterprise network formation图1 企业网络形成的理论视角及框架建构 |
Tab. 1 The basic situation of enterprises in this study表1 调研企业基本情况① |
| - | 企业名称 | 主要来源地 | 主要产品 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | 国内转移企业 | 境外转移企业 | - | - |
| 动力及装备 系统 | YD、YQ、 JF、ZS | RH、PX | 浙江、江苏、安徽、台湾、韩国 | 金属模具、塑料燃油箱、发动机零部件、汽车主模具、汽车合金材料 |
| 车身/安全 系统 | SW、XK、YX、SD、HX、YSDY、LY | MSTK、FZ、AK、DMS、JSZY、MKR | 上海、河北、辽宁、吉林、浙江、台湾、日本、美国、澳大利亚、加拿大 | 汽车窗户、雨刮、汽车地毯、方向盘、手柄、限位器、汽车座椅、保险杠、仪表盘、门护板、汽车转向器 |
| 底盘系统 | TY、JA、JN、WXHX、TL、STR | TH、KB、TA、BTL、PT、HL、NSTLY | 浙江、江苏、四川、香港、美国、加拿大 | 制动硬管、制动软管、机械转向器、动力转向器、底盘模块、盘式制动器、真空助力器、汽车密封件、胶管 |
| 电子电器 系统 | RC、BLR | DL、BNE、ATK MRL、FLA、BSHJ | 广西、广东、台湾、美国、意大利、法国、德国 | 空调、发动机冷却、电子系统、汽车灯具、车载娱乐系统、电器元件 |
① 由于访谈企业和受访者要求,根据相关保密协议,研究将以字母表示相关企业。 |
Fig. 2 The structure of enterprise networks图2 奇瑞集群内部企业网络结构图② ② 这里仅表达了网络内部结构,没有反映同外部的连接关系。蓝色表示国内转企业,橙色表示境外转移企业,红色表示本土核心企业。 |
Tab. 2 The degree node of enterprises in networks表2 企业节点在集群网络中节点值 |
| 企业 名称 | 节点值 | 企业 名称 | 节点值 | 企业 名称 | 节点值 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 产业联系 | 创新合作 | 社会交流 | 产业联系 | 创新合作 | 社会交流 | 产业联系 | 创新合作 | 社会交流 | |||
| QR | 41 | 23 | 19 | HX | 7 | 3 | 2 | MRL | 5 | 3 | 0 |
| TA | 11 | 4 | 9 | MSTK | 7 | 0 | 11 | PX | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| BTL | 10 | 4 | 11 | NSTLY | 7 | 3 | 3 | JF | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| YD | 10 | 5 | 9 | SD | 6 | 2 | 2 | HJ | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| YSDY | 10 | 6 | 5 | JN | 6 | 3 | 2 | YX | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| STR | 9 | 4 | 15 | XK | 6 | 4 | 2 | WX | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| LY | 9 | 4 | 2 | RC | 6 | 2 | 3 | PT | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| HL | 9 | 3 | 3 | RH | 5 | 5 | 10 | ZS | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| MKR | 8 | 3 | 9 | AK | 5 | 1 | 0 | YQ | 3 | 2 | 8 |
| FZ | 8 | 2 | 5 | SW | 5 | 1 | 7 | JSZY | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| TY | 8 | 6 | 8 | BNE | 5 | 1 | 9 | BS | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| TH | 8 | 6 | 7 | ATK | 5 | 0 | 4 | BLR | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| DMS | 8 | 2 | 3 | TL | 5 | 2 | 1 | HX | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| JA | 7 | 4 | 1 | DL | 5 | 4 | 1 | ||||
| KB | 7 | 3 | 3 | FLA | 5 | 2 | 1 | ||||
Fig. 3 Core-periphery characteristic of enterprise networks图3 企业网络的核心—边缘结构 |
Tab. 3 Cluster coefficient of core enterprise nodes表3 部分企业节点聚类系数值 |
| 度值 排序 | 网络类型 | 度值 排序 | 网络类型 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 产业联系 节点/系数 | 创新合作 节点/系数 | 社会交流 节点/系数 | 产业联系 节点/系数 | 创新合作 节点/系数 | 社会交流 节点/系数 | ||
| 1 | QR/0.122 | QR/0.140 | QR/0.170 | 12 | TH/0.571 | BTL/0.270 | TH/0.333 |
| 2 | TA/0.600 | TH/0.223 | STR/0.181 | 13 | DMS/0.607 | HJ/0.220 | SW/0.333 |
| 3 | BTL/0.533 | TY/0.233 | MSTK/0.227 | 14 | JA/0.619 | LY/0.083 | JF/0.405 |
| 4 | YD/0.289 | YSDY/0.167 | BTL/0.300 | 15 | KB/0.762 | NSTLY/0.167 | FZ/0.300 |
| 5 | YSDY/0.489 | YD/0.250 | RH/0.211 | 16 | HX/0.627 | KB/0.167 | ATK/0.417 |
| 6 | STR/0.611 | RH/0.200 | TA/0.194 | 17 | MSTK/0.414 | PT/0.026 | DMS/0.500 |
| 7 | LY/0.556 | JA/0.333 | MKR/0.250 | 18 | NSTLY/0.367 | JN/0.167 | RC/0.500 |
| 8 | HL/0.472 | STR/0.250 | YD/0.292 | 19 | SD/0.400 | MRL/0.133 | KB/0.300 |
| 9 | MKR/0.514 | TA/0.250 | BNE/0.236 | 20 | JN/0.320 | JF/0.500 | YX/0.167 |
| 10 | FZ/0.536 | DL/0.250 | TY/0.321 | 21 | XK/0.104 | HX/0.152 | NSTLY/0.500 |
| 11 | TY/0.536 | XK/0.038 | YQ/0.393 | 22 | RC/0.533 | MKR/0.160 | HL/0.500 |
Fig. 4 The communication frequency of enterprises with relational assets图4 拥有社会关系资产的企业之间交往意愿与频率 |
Fig. 5 Technical learning and willingness or not in cluster图5 企业间技术学习及合作意愿 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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