西北贫困地区乡村类型识别与振兴途径研究
作者简介:文琦(1979-), 男, 宁夏彭阳人, 博士(后), 教授, 硕士生导师,主要研究方向为乡村发展与贫困化。E-mail: wenq98@163.com
收稿日期: 2018-11-15
要求修回日期: 2019-02-20
网络出版日期: 2019-03-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41661042、41761034)
Identification and revitalization of rural poverty-stricken areas in northwest China
Received date: 2018-11-15
Request revised date: 2019-02-20
Online published: 2019-03-20
Copyright
乡村振兴战略是新时期我国推进城乡融合发展的重要举措。贫困地区既是脱贫攻坚的主战场,又是乡村振兴的重点区域。如何科学识别村落类型,分类推进典型区域乡村振兴发展,对于破解农村发展不平衡不充分问题具有重要的现实意义。本文解析了乡村地域系统发展理论,阐释了城乡融合发展理论,剖析了村域空间结构格局演变和城乡要素结构功能优化重组;构建了西北干旱贫困地区乡村振兴村落类型识别体系,从乡村主体、产业发展、人居环境、资源禀赋4个子系统进行逐级分类判断,识别乡村主导类型,结合专家征询分析与村落特征,将乡村振兴村落类型识别为集聚提升类、三产融合类、城郊融合类、特色保护类、搬迁撤并类,结合不同乡村振兴模式提出了相应地发展路径,以期为乡村振兴提供理论依据与决策参考。
文琦 , 郑殿元 . 西北贫困地区乡村类型识别与振兴途径研究[J]. 地理研究, 2019 , 38(3) : 509 -521 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020181230
The rural revitalization strategy is an undertaking in China to advance urban and rural integration. China is an agricultural country with a large but poor rural population. At the village level, the rural revitalization strategy has the potential to alleviate poverty and affect millions of citizens. Poverty-stricken areas are a composite of fragile ecological environments and rural impoverished communities. Beyond that, they are also major battlefields for poverty elimination as well as crucial regions for rural revitalization. How to scientifically identify the different types of rural areas and promote rural revitalization of typical areas will be of significant importance for resolving problems such as unbalanced, inadequate rural development. This study features Tongxin, which is a poverty-stricken county located in northwest China, and relies on an approach including a comprehensive evaluation method to measure rural development level, using technology to identify village type as well as expert consultation method analysis. At the same time, this paper proposes a theory of a rural regional system, elaborates on the urban-rural integrative development theory, and analyzes the structural framework evolution of rural spaces as well as the reconstruction and optimization of the structural function of urban and rural areas. It formulates an identification system for the rural poverty-stricken areas in northwest China, which are to be revitalized; to do so, it makes classifications and determinations through four sub-systems (rural subject, industry development, living environment, and resources) so as to identify the rural type. In combination with consultation and analysis from experts, as well as consideration of the rural features, the rural areas to be revitalized are classified into different types: agglomeration for improvement, mixing three industries, urban-suburban integration, protection due to its special nature, relocation and merging. In combination with different modes of rural revitalization, corresponding development methods are proposed accordingly, so as to provide theoretical evidence and decision references for new urbanization and urban-rural integration strategies in addition to the rural revitalization strategy.
Fig. 1 The development stages of rural regional system图1 乡村地域系统发展阶段 |
Fig. 2 The rural revitalization mechanism图2 乡村振兴机制 |
Fig. 3 The flow chart of village type identification for rural revitalization图3 乡村振兴村落类型识别流程 |
Fig. 4 The location of the study area图4 研究区位置 |
Tab. 1 The sample selection results表1 样本选择结果 |
| 自然类型区占 全县面积比(%) | 样本村 数量(个) | 抽样 户数(户) |
|---|---|---|
| 西部扬黄灌区(32.4) | 10 | 386 |
| 中部干旱山区(14.7) | 4 | 180 |
| 东部旱作塬区(52.9) | 14 | 874 |
| 合计 | 28 | 1440 |
Tab. 2 The identification index system of village type in rural revitalization表2 乡村振兴村落类型识别指标体系 |
| 一级指标 | 二级指标 | 计算方法及指标说明 | 权重 | 功效性 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 乡村 主体 (RS) | 流出人口占比 | (户籍人口数-户籍在本地常住人口数)/户籍人口数 | 0.312 | 逆指标 |
| 外出从业劳动力占比 | 外出劳动力/农村劳动力 | 0.216 | 逆指标 | |
| 0~16岁儿童占比 | 0~16岁儿童人口数/常住人口数 | 0.202 | 逆指标 | |
| 60岁以上老年人占比 | 60岁以上老年人口数/常住人口数 | 0.270 | 逆指标 | |
| 产业 发展 (ID) | 种植业发展水平 | 以种植业为主农户占比 | 0.042 | 正指标 |
| 养殖业发展水平 | 以养殖业为主农户占比 | 0.058 | 正指标 | |
| 劳动力就业水平 | 以务工为主农户占比 | 0.049 | 正指标 | |
| 农业产业化发展带动农户数 | 农业合作社等组织带动农户参与数量 | 0.430 | 正指标 | |
| 村庄经济发展水平 | 村集体经济收入 | 0.421 | 正指标 | |
| 人居 环境 (LE) | 农民收入水平 | 农民人均纯收入 | 0.377 | 正指标 |
| 农户居住条件 | 拥有安全住房占比 | 0.257 | 正指标 | |
| 社会保障水平 | 新型农村合作医疗参合率 | 0.133 | 正指标 | |
| 公共基础设施水平 | 拥有公共基础设施数量/调查设施总数 | 0.233 | 正指标 | |
| 资源 禀赋 (RE) | 行政村平均高程 | ArcGIS栅格统计 | 0.126 | 逆指标 |
| 行政村平均坡度 | ArcGIS坡度分析,栅格统计 | 0.082 | 逆指标 | |
| 人均耕地面积 | 村庄耕地总面积/村庄总人数 | 0.355 | 正指标 | |
| 土地产出率 | 单位土地面积农作物纯利润 | 0.333 | 正指标 | |
| 行政村到县政府驻地距离 | 直接获得 | 0.049 | 逆指标 | |
| 行政村到所在乡镇政府驻地距离 | 直接获得 | 0.054 | 逆指标 |
Fig. 5 The technical route of village type identification for rural revitalization图5 乡村振兴村落类型识别技术路线 |
Fig. 6 Spatial differences in the level of rural development图6 乡村发展水平的空间差异 |
Fig. 7 Spatial distribution of rural types图7 乡村类型的空间分布 |
Tab. 3 The policies and approaches of rural revitalization in different types of villages表3 不同类型村庄的乡村振兴政策与途径 |
| 乡村类型 | 主要特征 | 政策措施 | 途径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 集聚提升类 | 乡村主体缺乏,村庄老弱化程度较高,具有一定产业发展基础 | 完善农村养老体制机制和农业基础设施建设;完善人才引进和返乡创业鼓励机制 | 老年农业 鼓励返乡创业 |
| 三产融合类 | 乡村主体较好,青壮年劳动力较多,但缺乏产业支撑,村庄经济发展落后 | 培育发展特色产业,延长农业产业链,实现三产融合发展,促进农村农业农民现代化 | 村企合作 农业合作社 特色农业与旅游业 |
| 城郊融合类 | 地理区位优越,多位于城郊融合区或乡镇中心区 | 统筹城乡发展空间,推进重点镇、中心镇建设,促进城郊融合发展 | 城郊融合发展 就地城镇化 |
| 特色保护类 | 乡村主体兴旺,产业发展较好,地域特色鲜明 | 重构乡村内部生产、生活、生态空间,缩小城乡公共服务差距,建设生态宜居乡村 | 优化乡村空间 城乡公共服务均等化 |
| 搬迁撤并类 | 乡村主体老弱化、产业空心化、资源贫瘠化、环境污损化 | 进行村庄搬迁撤并,促进迁出区生态恢复和迁入区社会重构与治理能力提升 | 易地搬迁 生态补偿 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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